AIDS病人基线肌酐清除率异常的发生率及影响因素

目的分析影响艾滋病(AIDS)病人基线肌酐清除率异常的因素。方法收集2005-2012年在昆明市第三人民医院入组抗病毒治疗时的AIDS病人临床资料,运用Logistic回归分析病人基线肌酐清除率下降的影响因素。结果共收集2251例AIDS病人的资料,其中出现肌酐清除率异常的病人806例(占35.8%)。Logistic回归分析显示:体重[比值比(OR)=0.671,95%可信区间(CI):0.553~0.827]是保护性因素,性别(OR=1.311,95%CI:1.079~1.593)及年龄(OR=1.523,95%CI:1.364~1.702)是危险因素。体重低、年龄大、女性艾滋病病人更易出现肌酐清除率异常。结论肌酐清除率异常在艾滋病病人抗病毒治疗前发生率高,对于年龄大、体重低的女性病人,在抗病毒治疗时需要积极监测肌酐清除率及尿常规,以指导抗病毒治疗方案的选用及剂量的调整。     

索磷布韦/维帕他韦单用或联合利巴韦林治疗3B型HCV/HIV感染者的效果及安全性

目的 观察索磷布韦/维帕他韦单用或联合利巴韦林方案对我国基因3B型HCV/HIV感染者的治疗效果和安全性。方法 选取2017年1月—2020年12月于昆明市第三人民医院就诊的3B型HCV/HIV合并感染者299例,使用索磷布韦/维帕他韦单用或联合利巴韦林治疗12周,停药后随访12周。评估治疗结束后12周的持续病毒学应答率(SVR12)和不良反应。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ²检验。使用Agresti-Coull方法构建SVR12的95%CI。采用单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析SVR的影响因素。结果 299例3B型HCV/HIV感染者患者的平均年龄为(43.92±6.84)岁,男性占77.3%(231/299),肝硬化患者占36.5%(109/299),曾接受过抗病毒治疗者占13.4%(40/299),索磷布韦/维帕他韦联合利巴韦林治疗患者占27.8%(83/299)。患者总体SVR12为87.0%(260/299),其中索磷布韦/维帕他韦单用与联用利巴韦林SVR12比较,差异无统计学意义...     

156例HIV/TB患者治疗转归及死亡危险因素分析

目的分析156例HIV/TB患者的治疗转归情况及死亡危险因素。方法选取本院2015年1月―2017年11月收治的156例HIV/TB患者,入组时已接受抗病毒治疗者继续维持抗病毒治疗并联合抗结核治疗,未接受抗病毒治疗者先抗结核治疗2周以后启动抗病毒治疗。抗病毒治疗方案:替诺福韦+拉米夫定+依非韦伦;抗结核治疗方案根据患者情况确定,其中单纯肺结核患者采用2HRZE/4HR方案,总疗程6个月;合并肺外结核者采用2HRZE/10HRE方案,总疗程12个月,记录治疗转归。进行追踪随访,根据死亡情况将患者分为死亡组与存活组,比较2组年龄、性别、体质量指数、抗病毒治疗情况、药敏试验、CT表现、HIV病程、HIV感染途径、肺结核类型、合并肺外结核、服药情况、CD~+_4T淋巴细胞计数。采用多因素Logistic回归分析明确肺结核合并艾滋病患者抗结核治疗后死亡的危险因素。结果156例患者中治愈79例、完成疗程38例、治疗失败10例、死亡29例,治疗成功率75.00%、死亡率18.59%。最终死亡组29例、存活组127例。死亡组抗结核治疗开始前的CD~+_4T淋巴细胞计数150个/μL、静脉吸毒感染HIV、涂阳肺结核、有过中断服药患者的占比(79.31%,58.62%,65.52%,24.14%)明显高于存活组(48.03%,35.43%,37.01%,8.66%),接受抗病毒治疗患者的占比(34.48%)低于存活组(57.48%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析证实,CD~+_4T淋巴细胞计数150个/μL、静脉吸毒感染HIV、涂阳肺结核、中断服药是肺结核合并艾滋病患者抗结核治疗后死亡的危险因素,接受抗病毒治疗则是保护因素(P0.05)。结论 CD~+_4T淋巴细胞计数150个/μL、静脉吸毒感染HIV、涂阳肺结核、中断服药是肺结核合并艾滋病患者抗结核治疗后死亡的危险因素,接受抗病毒治疗则是保护因素,应重视双重感染患者的抗病毒治疗,并加强服药的追踪管理,尽最大可能提高患者用药依从性,以期改善双重感染患者的抗结核治疗预后,降低死亡风险。     

金华市AIDS病人抗病毒治疗病毒学失败情况分析

目的了解金华市艾滋病(AIDS)病人接受抗病毒治疗后病毒学抑制效果,分析病毒学失败的发生状况及其影响因素。方法通过国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统收集资料,并进行描述性和分析性流行病学分析。结果 1 009例治疗病例有70例病毒学失败,病毒学失败率6.94%;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,低年龄、近期CD4+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)水平低、最近7天有漏服药物、最近治疗方案为拉米夫定(3TC)+齐多夫定(AZT)+奈韦拉平(NVP)是出现病毒学失败的影响因素。年龄20岁以下组病毒学失败可能性高于年龄20至39岁组[比值比(OR)=0.088,95%可信区间(CI):0.018~0.421];近期CD4细胞水平200个/μL以下病毒学失败可能性高于200至399个/μL(OR=0.051,95%CI:0.019~0.135)和400个/μL及以上(OR=0.189,95%CI:0.072~0.497);最近7天有漏服药物病毒学失败可能性高于未漏服(OR=0.061,95%CI:0.009~0.389);最近治疗方案为3TC+AZT+NVP出现病毒学失败的可能性高于3TC+AZT+依非韦仑(EFV)(OR=4.276,95%CI:1.558~11.733)。结论金华市AIDS病人抗病毒治疗失败率处于较低水平,针对重点人群进行强化抗病毒治疗依从性指导,加强CD4细胞水平监测,优化治疗方案等措施有助于减低病毒学失败率。     

北京市社区卒中后三个月的残疾情况及其影响因素

目的 调查北京1个社区首发和复发卒中患者3个月内的残疾情况及其影响因素.方法 根据北京城区1个社区的卒中注册登记研究,对2007-2008年监测到的首发和复发性卒中患者,采用Barthel指数（BI）量表进行残疾评估,定义BI＜ 95为残疾,BI＜ 50为重度残疾、BI 50 ～ 94为轻度残疾. 结果 ①共登记急性发病3个月时,完成BI评估的299例患者.总残疾率为40.1％（120/299）,轻度和重度残疾分别占55％ （66/120）和45％（54/120）.卒中残疾率随年龄增加而上升,＜60岁、60 ～ 69岁、70 ～ 79岁、≥80岁卒中患者的残疾率分别为28.2％、27.4％、48.5％、62.1％（趋势检验x2=15.791,P＜0.000 1）.接受降压治疗的卒中患者3个月内残疾率低于未接受降压治疗者（34.9％比51.4％,P＜ 0.05）.②多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄增加是卒中后残疾的独立危险因素（OR=1.05,95％ CI：1.02～1.07）.降压治疗是合并高血压病史的卒中患者无残疾的独立保护因素（OR=0.40,95％ CI：0.22 ～0.75）. 结论 卒中后残疾为卒中常见并发症.在社区首发和复发卒中残疾患者中,重度残疾占有很高的比例.年龄增加是卒中后残疾的独立危险因素,降压治疗是合并高血压病史的卒中患者无残疾的独立保护因素.     

抗病毒治疗1年后的疗效评价及病毒抑制失败影响因素分析

目的了解抗艾滋病病毒(HIV)治疗情况并进行疗效评价,探索抗病毒治疗(ART)病毒抑制失败的影响因素,提出改进ART效果的措施。方法收集成都市疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病防治科所提供的成都市HIV感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)抗病毒治疗的随访资料,对资料进行清理分析。结果共收集1682例HIV/AIDS病人,经标准方案治疗1年后CD_4~+T淋巴细胞计数从(184.49±103.82)个/μL上升到(313.11±157.41)个/μL,ART前后差异有统计学意义(t=-40.778,P0.001)。病毒抑制失败86例,失败率为5.1%。拟合多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄[比值比(OR)=2.073,95%可信区间(CI)=1.012~4.248,P=0.046]、漏服(OR=5.994,95%CI=2.314~15.528,P0.001)及治疗方案(OR=2.059,95%CI=1.223~3.467,P=0.007)与病毒抑制失败的关系具有统计学意义。结论漏服是影响病毒抑制失败的主要因素,应关注老年患者的病毒抑制情况,通过提高患者依从性和尽量使用最优治疗方案来降低病毒抑制失败率。     

HBV相关慢加急性肝衰竭发病诱因分析

目的分析HBV相关慢加急性肝衰竭（HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure, HBV-ACLF）诱因及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院2007年3月-2010年2月收治的HBV—ACLF病例资料,对其诱因、临床转归及预后相关因素进行统计学分析。结果509例HBV—ACLF中,HBeAg（＋）287例,HBeAg（-）222例。能够追寻到明确诱因的,以抗病毒治疗相关因素为主,共67例,占13．2％。HBeAg（＋）与HBeAg（-）ACLF相比,抗病毒治疗相关因素诱发HBV—ACLF差异有统计学意义,分别为48例（16．7％）和19例（8．6％）。HBeAg（＋）和HBeAg（-）患者中断抗病毒治疗至发生ACLF的时间差异无统计学意义。509例HBV—ACLF治愈或好转266例（52．3％）。各诱发因素所致ACLF治愈好转率差异无统计学意义。Logistic回归多因素分析发现,HBV—ACLF预后与基础疾病、HBVDNA水平、病情分期及发病后是否采用抗病毒治疗密切相关。不能明确诱因的HBV-ACLF共210例（41．3％）。结论抗病毒药物的广泛应用使HBV-ACLF的诱因分布发生了变化,应重视抗病毒药物应用的规范化。一旦发生ACLF预后差,应及时给予适当的抗病毒治疗,并重视基础疾病的综合治疗。     

心房颤动导管消融术后尼非卡兰复律失败的危险因素探索

目的 探讨心房颤动导管消融术后尼非卡兰复律失败的危险因素。方法 选取自2020年11月～2022年1月于空军军医大学第一附属医院心脏内科首次接受导管消融术治疗的持续性心房颤动患者93例，根据尼非卡兰复律的结果将患者划分至尼非卡兰成功组(尼非卡兰组，n=47)和尼非卡兰失败组(电复律组，n=46)。分析基线资料，并先后使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析寻找独立的预测因素。结果 与电复律组比较，尼非卡兰组房颤病程短，CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分低，糖尿病患病率低(均P<0.05)。两组其它指标无统计学差异，未见室性心动过速等药物不良反应。单因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄≥65岁、CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分≥2分、长程持续性心房颤动和糖尿病是影响尼非卡兰复律疗效的潜在危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄≥65岁和糖尿病是尼非卡兰复律失败的独立预测因素。尼非卡兰复律失败不增加心房颤动早期复发的发生率。结论 本研究初步证明，年龄≥65岁和糖尿病是尼非卡兰复律失败的独立预测因素...     

阿克苏地区中老年HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗效果及其影响因素分析

目的 了解2021年新疆阿克苏地区中老年HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗效果及其影响因素，为艾滋病防治工作提供参考。方法 分析2021年阿克苏地区接受6个月以上抗病毒治疗的45岁以上中老年HIV/AIDS患者的病毒载量结果以及人口学特征、感染途径、药物治疗方案和治疗时间等资料。按病毒载量（viral load,VL）检测结果分为治疗无效组（VL≥1 000拷贝/ml）和治疗有效组（VL<1 000拷贝/ml），采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析抗病毒治疗效果的影响因素。结果 共检查1 054例中老年HIV/AIDS患者，抗病毒治疗有效897例、有效率85.1%；单因素分析结果显示，性别（χ2=4.770）与药物方案（χ2=14.329）是抗病毒治疗效果的影响因素（P<0.05）；多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，女性患者（OR=0.689,95%CI:0.483～0.983）是影响抗病毒治疗效果的保护因素，药物方案中其他方案（OR=2.226,95%CI:1.402～3.532）是影响抗病毒治疗效果的危险因素。结论 阿克苏地区中老年HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗...     

新疆伊犁地区2014年HIV感染者抗病毒治疗效果及其影响因素分析北大核心

目的了解伊犁地区艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者的抗病毒治疗效果及其影响因素,为提高生存质量,制定更加合理的治疗方案及控制艾滋病的传播蔓延提供科学依据。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,对2014年1月至2015年2月开始抗病毒治疗的356例HIV感染者进行调查,同时通过艾滋病抗病毒治疗管理系统收集相关的实验结果和诊疗记录。结果 356例HIV感染者中,抗病毒治疗失败者101例(28.4%),在接受抗病毒治疗的各时间段内,治疗有效者CD4^+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)计数不断地上升,并在各时间段之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗无效者CD4细胞计数变化情况不规律,从治疗第9个月开始不断地下降。通过单因素分析,年龄、治疗方案、最初临床分期(治疗前)、治疗时间、基线CD4细胞计数、病毒载量、漏服情况等,与抗病毒治疗失败相关,均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经过二元Logistic回归分析,接受治疗时间、漏服情况和最初临床分期,是抗病毒治疗的危险因素[比值比(OR)值分别为3.667,2.332,2.181]。结论伊犁地区HIV感染者接受抗病毒治疗前9个月治疗效果较好,随着治疗时间的延长,治疗效果不理想。应有针对性地开展预防艾滋病相关知识的宣传,加强对HIV感染者的管理和随访,可提高该地区抗病毒治疗的效果。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.