The effect of daily walking on body fat distribution

The effect of daily walking on body fat distribution was investigated using an electronic pedometer and ultrasonography. Subjects were 77 women, aged 31 to 72 years. They were divided into four groups according to the average number of steps they walked per day (I<7,500, 7,500 ≤II<10,000, 10,000 <III<12,500, 12,500 ≤IV). Subcutaneous fat in the trunk and limbs, and the minimum thickness of subcutaneous fat (Smin) and the maximum thickness of preperitoneal fat (Pmax) below the xiphoid process were measured by ultrasonography. Abdominal wall fat index (AFI) reflecting the intra-abdominal fat accumulation was obtained by dividing Pmax by Smin. Fat distribution was analyzed by ANCOVA, controlled for age, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and menopausal status. Energy and macronutrient intake were obtained through a nutritional survey. There were no significant differences in anthropometric variables, energy and macronutrient intake, and subcutaneous fat thickness in trunk and limbs. Pmax of Group I was significantly higher than Group IV. Furthermore, Group I showed significantly higher AFI than the other three Groups (II, III, IV). The results of this study suggested that women who walked less than 7,500 steps per day tend to have significantly increased intra-abdominal fat accumulation.     

长链脂肪乳剂及中/长链脂肪乳剂水解速率的比较研究

目的：比较长链脂肪乳剂、物理混合的中／长链脂肪乳剂及结构脂肪乳剂的水解速率。方法：应用1、^14C甘油棕榈酸标记的长链三酰甘油（LCT）和2，3－^3H甘油辛酸标记的中链三酰甘油（MCT），分别标记Intralipid,Lipofundin及Structolipid，在体外添加缓冲液、脂蛋白酯酶和肝酯酶后，置37℃温箱中水浴、卵育。采用气相色谱仪测定核素核记的各种脂肪酸及三酰甘油浓度，游离脂肪酸浓度用放射性核素扫描计数测定，通过计算培养液中^14C标记的长链脂肪酸及^3H标记的中链脂肪酸分别在^14C标记LCT及^3H标记MCT中的比例。来计算三种脂肪乳剂的水解率。结果：物理混合的中／长链脂肪乳剂及结构脂肪乳剂的水解程度明显高于长链脂肪乳剂，差异有统计学意义。物理混合的中／长链脂肪乳剂水解程度高于结构脂肪乳剂，但在水解程度及水解速度上却无统计学差异。结论：物理混合的中／长链脂肪乳剂及结构脂肪乳剂的水解率明显高于长链脂肪乳剂。     

The Effect of a Calorie Controlled Diet Containing Walnuts on Substrate Oxidation during 8-hours in a Room Calorimeter

Objective: Dietary macronutrient proportions affect substrate utilization, but in practice people consume foods. We hypothesized that in overweight adults, a calorie controlled diet based on core foods and including walnuts may be advantageous in promoting greater use of fat stores.

Methods: This crossover study tested the effects of diet-related energy expenditure and fat oxidation in 16 overweight individuals over an 8-hour period. The 2 diets included breakfast and lunch meals during the measurement period and an evening meal the night before. They comprised core foods of bread/cereals, fruit, vegetables, milk/yogurt, and meat, and either walnuts (walnut diet) or olive oil (control diet). There was no difference in the energy and macronutrient composition of the diets in the measurement period. Energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), and macronutrient oxidation were assessed during two 8-hour stays in a room calorimeter facility.

Results: During the 8-hour measurement period, no difference in energy expenditure was noted between the diets, but a significant difference in RQ was observed between diets (control 0.908 ± 0.046 vs. walnut 0.855 ± 0.036, p = 0.029). Carbohydrate oxidation was lower and fat oxidation was higher during the walnut period than during the control period.

Conclusions: A calorie controlled diet of core foods including walnuts may be advantageous in promoting the use of body fat stores, at least under acute conditions.     

Comparative Cholesterol Lowering Properties of Vegetable Oils: Beyond Fatty Acids

Objective: Our laboratory has previously reported that the hypolipidemic effect of rice bran oil (RBO) is not entirely explained by its fatty acid composition. Although RBO has up to three times more serum cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids (SATS) than some unsaturated vegetable oils, we hypothesized that its greater content of the unsaponifiables would compensate for its high SATS and yield comparable cholesterol-lowering properties to other vegetable oils with less SATS.

Methods: To study the comparative effects of different unsaturated vegetable oils on serum lipoprotein levels, nine cynomologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets, for four weeks, in a Latin square design, containing rice bran, canola or corn oils (as 20% of energy) in a basal mixture of other fats to yield a final dietary fat concentration of 30% of energy. All animals were fed a baseline diet containing 36% of energy as fat with 15% SATS, 15% monounsaturated fatty acids (MONOS) and 6% polyunsaturated fatty acids (POLYS).

Results: Despite the lower SATS and higher MONOS content of canola oil and the higher POLYS content of corn oil, RBO produced similar reductions in serum total cholesterol (TC) (?25%) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (?30%). In addition, as compared to the baseline diet, the reduction in serum TC and LDL-C cholesterol with RBO was not accompanied by reductions in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) which occurred with the other two dietary oils. Using predictive equations developed from data gathered from several studies with non-human primates, we noted that the observed serum TC and LDL-C lowering capabilities of the RBO diet were in excess of those predicted based on the fatty acid composition of RBO.

Conclusions: These studies suggest that non-fatty acid components (unsaponifiables) of RBO can contribute significantly to its cholesterol-lowering capability.     

沈阳肥胖新生儿的回顾性调查

<正> 肥胖儿童有逐年增多的趋势,导致儿童的肥胖,除了先天遗传因素外,胚胎期及生后的环境和营养因素具有重要作用。新生儿肥胖的状况及其发生率直接反映遗传因素、胚胎期、环境和营养作用的情况。但有关这方面的资料尚未见有报道,我们对此作了回顾性调查,以引起对这方面情况的重视,亦为探讨成年期疾病的早期预防对策提供一些基础资料。     

高脂膳食对正常人血脂及全血中微量元素Zn、Cu、Mn、Cr的影响

对摄取高脂膳食的29名健康男性青年的研究结果表明:摄取高脂膳食(占总热能25％)第10天,受试者血清甘油三酯(TG),血清总胆固醇(TC)、及全血中 Cu 的含量明显升高(P<0.05)。摄取高脂膳食(占总热能34％)第5天,受试者的 TG、TC 含量明显升高(P<0.05),第10天全血中 Zn,Cu明显升高(P<0.05)。实验前、后受试者的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇酯(HDL-C)和全血中 Mn、Cr 均无明显改变(P>0.05)。作者认为,每天脂肪的摄入量最好占总热量的25％以下,还应注意饮食搭配,经常摄入一些富含 Zn、Cu 食物,以补充其消耗。     

Epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue in Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals: Implications for cardiometabolic diseases

BackgroundObesity is prevalent in Indigenous populations who exhibit significant differences in body fat composition. While excess regional adiposity can be partially inferred from clinical measurements, noninvasive imaging allows for direct quantification of specific fat depots. Epicardial fat is a visceral adipose tissue that has been strongly associated with cardiometabolic disease in other populations. However, this ectopic fat depot has yet to be characterized in Indigenous populations.MethodsWe studied 100 individuals matched for ethnicity (Indigenous Australian and Caucasian descent), age, gender, and body mass index. Epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes was quantified with computed tomography. Associations of ethnicity and adiposity measures were assessed using linear regression.ResultsIndigenous individuals had significantly greater epicardial fat volumes compared to non-Indigenous individuals (95.8 ± 37.5 vs 54.1 ± 27.6 cm³, p < 0.001). In contrast, subcutaneous fat volumes were comparable in Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous individuals (22.1 ± 15.1 vs 20.3 ± 13.5 cm³, p = 0.54). Sequential adjustment for age, gender, comorbidities, biochemical parameters, and medication use did not attenuate the association between Indigenous ethnicity and greater epicardial fat volume in multivariable models (B = 43.0, p < 0.001). Furthermore, this association did not materially change with the inclusion of various adiposity measures, such as body mass index, subcutaneous adipose tissue, or weight.ConclusionsIndigenous individuals have significantly greater epicardial fat, but similar subcutaneous fat volumes, compared to non-Indigenous individuals. This finding extends previous observations on body fat composition differences in these individuals, and supports the possibility that epicardial fat and other visceral adipose depots may be contributing to the greater burden of cardiovascular disease in Indigenous populations.     

The technological challenges of reducing the saturated fat content of foods

Industrial food scientists modify oil formulations in order to meet their customers’ needs such as cost and nutritional content, but the fat formulae must also function during production of the food and in the finished food product. Unlike mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids (SFA) are resistant to oxidation and become solid at room temperatures. Reducing the level of SFA therefore creates technical difficulties. Techniques such as plant breeding to reduce polyunsaturated fat and so increase oxidative stability, and fractionation and interesterification to provide greater firmness, are discussed. Opportunities for SFA reduction are identified in baked goods, such as biscuits, cakes and pastries, using formulations which are already available on the market. Other products, such as meat, dairy and confectionery, would prove harder to reformulate. An example of a successful change in fatty acid profiles of foods is the removal of industrially produced trans fatty acids, which was largely complete in the UK by 2006. Similar methods could be used to bring about a reduction in intake of saturated fat, but the food industry would need compelling scientific, regulatory or public relations arguments to motivate these changes due to the costs involved.     

Beyond Saturated Fat: The Importance of the Dietary Fatty Acid Profile on Cardiovascular Disease

Saturated fat reduction is a primary goal for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In a recent epidemiologic study, a low-fat diet high in saturated fat (10.6%-16.0% energy) was associated with less progression of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas carbohydrate intake (67% energy) was associated with a greater degree of progression in postmenopausal women.     

Effects Of Dietary Fat On Virus-Induced Autoimmune Disease

High fat diet suppresses cell-mediated immune response but enhances the production of autoantibodies against thymus cells and DNA in mice.     

DIETARY PROTEIN INTAKE AND FAT ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN

Protein-deficient diets impair fat absorption in healthy infants. The relevance of this observation to dietary situations prevalent in developing countries is suggested.     

儿童肥胖度、体脂分布与贫血的关系研究

目的 以探讨儿童肥胖度、体脂分布与贫血的关系。方法 对上海市543名7－10岁儿童身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、血红蛋白含量的测量和检测。结果 发现：不同肥胖度的各组间血红蛋白含量均值及贫血率差别无显性;肥胖组与非肥胖组相比,BMI、F％、IBM、TPR、SUM有显性差别,而血红蛋白值无显性差别;非肥胖组儿童,体脂含量F％、TPR中心型体脂分布均明显高于非中心型体脂分布,差别有显性意义（P＜0．01）,但血红蛋白含量在两组间也无显性差别。结论 BMI、F％、LBM、.TPR.、SUM与肥胖有关;非肥胖组,F％、TPR与中心型体脂分布有关：贫血与肥胖及中心型体脂分布无关。     

Compositional method for measuring the nutritional label components of industrial pastries and biscuits based on Vis/NIR spectroscopy

Food nutritional labeling is compulsory in the European Union since 13 December 2016. The analysis of all batches of foodstuff using the official methods is expensive and the food industry seeks cost-efficient solutions for measuring the components of nutritional labels. The information is commonly provided in the form of fractions or parts of a number of nutritional categories, typically expressed in percentage units. This corresponds with so-called compositional data for which specific statistical methods and models have been developed. Compositional data analysis focuses on log-ratios between the parts, so that their relative scale and inherent interplay are accounted for. This study set up and validates a new rapid technique to measure the nutritional makeup of industrial pastries and biscuits for labelling purposes. Nutritional components and types of fat were separately modeled. Compositional partial least squares (PLS) calibration models, formulated through adequate log-ratio coordinates, were fitted based on visible and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and applied to estimate the composition of (1) moisture, total fat, protein, and carbohydrates and (2) saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats from intact and ground samples of a variety of types of industrial pastry and biscuit present in the market. This investigation proposes a useful and methodologically well-founded approach for measuring the components of the nutritional label or its verification, which may be set-up to other foodstuffs.     

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular health

Epidemiologic studies have shown a beneficial association between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), specifically linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6), intake and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Clinical studies have shown that n-6 PUFAs have the most potent cholesterol-lowering effects of the individual fatty acid classes, and emerging evidence suggests that PUFAs have favorable effects on postprandial lipemia. However, some studies suggest that high intakes of linoleic acid may have adverse effects on proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Research is needed to establish the optimal level of dietary PUFAs that maximally affects the greatest number of health risk factors.     

应用人体脂肪分析仪测定老年人体脂含量

应用人体脂肪分析仪测定老年人体脂含量李清亚，王育才（北京军区军事医学研究所，石家在０５００８１）关键词：体脂，肥胖ＴｈｅＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｏｄｙＦａｔＡｎａｌｙｚｅｒｆｏｒＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＦａｔＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＯｌｄＰｅｒｓ...     

三种市售中/长链脂肪乳注射液理化指标比较

Objective To compale the physical and chemical parameters of three market available medi-an/long chain fat emulsions.Methods The quality properties were determined and compared according to the fat emulsion injection quality standards in the Chinese Pharmacopeia Convention,the United States Pharmacopeia Con-vention,and the National Standard.Results Products A:the pH value was between 8.2-8.3;the particles with a size larger than 1 μm were 1.23%-1.53% and no particles were larger than 5 μm;the mean particle size was 0.246-0.256μm;the acid value was 0.2;the peroxide and methoxyl aniline values were 0 and 0.9-1.4;the he-molysis phosphatide was 0.6-0.9 g/L. The contents of fat,glycerin,and triglycerides were more than 97% of the labeled amounts;the content of phosphorus was 0.46-0.49 g/L. Products B:the pH value was between 8.2;the partocles with a size larger than 1 μm were 0.81%-1.62% and no particles were larger than 5 μm;the mean parti-cle size was 0.239-0.241 μm;the acid value was 0.4-0.5;the peroxide and methoxyl aniline values were 0 and 0.8-1.4;the hemolysis phosphatide was 0.2-0.6 g/L. The contents of fat,glycerin,and triglycerides were more than 94% of the labeled amounts;the content of phosphorus was 0.42 g/L. Products C:the pH value was between 7.7-8.1;the particles with a size larger than 1 μm were 0.42%-0.86% and no particles were larger than 5 μm;the mean particle size was 0.249-0.262 μm;the acid value was 0.3-0.4;the peroxide and methoxyl aniline values were 0 and 1.8-2.9;the hemolysis phosphatide was 0.5-0.8 g/L. The contents of fat,glycerin,and triglycerides were mole than 96% of the labeled amounts;the content of phosphoms was 0.44-0.46 g/L. Conclusion All properties of the median/long chain fat emulsions produced by the three manufacturers met the National Standard.     

脂肪测量器的应用价值探讨

目的用生物电阻抗方法测量全身和分段阻抗,与脂肪测量器测量结果对分析,以探讨脂肪测量器测量结果的应用价值。方法 应用生物阻抗法测量人体上、下肢他段阻抗;采用人体脂肪测量器测量人体脂肪含量。结果人体上肢生物电阻抗值与人体脂肪测量器测得的脂肪含量有着较好的线性关系,下肢和全身生物电阻抗值与人体脂肪测量器测得的脂肪含量相关性较差。结论脂肪测量器测得的脂肪含量能准确指示人体上半身脂肪率,不能作为人体总脂肪测量值。     

Significance of Adipose Tissue Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

In the general population, obesity is known to be associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality. In contrast, high body mass index (BMI) may provide a survival advantage for hemodialysis patients, which is known as the obesity paradox. Although BMI is the most commonly used measure for the assessment of obesity, it does not distinguish between fat and lean mass. Fat mass is considered to serve as an energy reserve against a catabolic condition, while the capacity to survive starvation is also thought to be dependent on its amount. Thus, fat mass is used as a nutritional marker. For example, improvement of nutritional status by nutritional intervention or initiation of hemodialysis is associated with an increase in fat mass. Several studies have shown that higher levels of fat mass were associated with better survival in hemodialysis patients. Based on body distribution, fat mass is classified into subcutaneous and visceral fat. Visceral fat is metabolically more active and associated with metabolic abnormalities and inflammation, and it is thus considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. On the other hand, subcutaneous fat has not been consistently linked to adverse phenomena and may reflect nutritional status as a type of energy storage. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues have different metabolic and inflammatory characteristics and may have opposing influences on various outcomes, including mortality. Results showing an association between increased subcutaneous fat and better survival, along with other conditions, such as cancer or cirrhosis, in hemodialysis patients have been reported. This evidence suggests that fat mass distribution (i.e., visceral fat and subcutaneous fat) plays a more important role for these beneficial effects in hemodialysis patients.