Localized Management of Sinus Floor Technique for Implant Placement in Fresh Molar Sockets

Background: The use of osteotome for vertical bone augmentation and localized sinus elevation with minimal surgical trauma represents a suitable procedure to increase the vertical dimension of available bone for implant placement. Purpose: The aim of this study was to report clinical and radiographic results of localized management of sinus floor (LMSF) in fresh molar sockets at 13‐year follow‐up. Materials and Methods: Fifty‐three patients, needing one or two maxillary molar extraction, were enrolled in this study. LMFS procedure was performed and 68 implants were positioned. A presurgical distance from the alveolar crest to the floor of the maxillary sinus and the amount of new radiopacity between the sinus floor and alveolar crest were measured from the mesial and distal surfaces of each dental implant surface. Results: After a mean follow‐up period of 9.76 ± 5.27 years (ranged from 4 to 17 years) a survival rate of 100% was reported. Mean bone height at temporary prosthesis placement was 7.99 ± 1.16 mm. They were stable over time, reporting a mean value of 8.01 ± 1.46 mm at 13‐year follow‐up. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that LMSF procedure in fresh molar sockets allowed to expand the dimensions of resorbed posterior maxillary alveolar bone both vertically and horizontally with a success rate of 100% of implant osseointegration over time.     

Sinus bone formation and implant survival after sinus membrane elevation and implant placement: a 1- to 6-year follow-up study

Objectives: To investigate the long‐term clinical and radiographic results of the maxillary sinus membrane elevation technique where implants were inserted in a void space created by the elevation of the sinus membrane without adding any graft material. Materials and methods: A total of 84 patients were subjected to 96 membrane elevation procedures and simultaneous placement of 239 implants. Changes of intra‐sinus and marginal bone height in relation to the implants were measured in intraoral radiographs taken at insertion, after 6 months of healing, after 6 months of loading and then annually. Computerized tomography was performed pre‐surgically and 6 months post‐surgically. Resonance Frequency Analyses measurements were performed at the time of implants placement, at abutment connection and after 6 months of loading. The implant follow‐up period ranged from a minimum of one to a maximum of 6 years after implants loading. Results: All implants were stable after 6 months of healing. A total of three implants were lost during the follow‐up period giving a survival rate of 98.7%. Radiography demonstrated on average 5.3±2.1 mm of intra‐sinus new bone formation after 6 months of healing. RFA measurements showed adequate primary stability (implant stability quotient 67.4±6.1) and small changes over time. Conclusion: Maxillary sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of implants without the use of bone grafts or bone substitutes result in predictable bone formation with a high implant survival rate of 98.7% during a follow‐up period of up to 6 years. The intra‐sinus bone formation remained stable in the long‐term follow‐up. It is suggested that the secluded compartment allowed for bone formation according to the principle of guided tissue regeneration. The high implant survival rate of 98.7% indicated that the implants sufficiently supported the fixed bridges throughout the study period. This technique reduces the risks for morbidity related to harvesting of bone grafts and eliminates the costs of grafting materials. To cite this article:
Cricchio G, Sennerby L, Lundgren S. Sinus bone formation and implant survival after sinus membrane elevation and implant placement: a 1‐ to 6‐year follow‐up study.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 1200–1212.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02096.x     

Sinus floor elevation via the maxillary premolar extraction socket with immediate implant placement: a case series

Background: When immediate implant placement is considered for teeth with close proximity to the sinus floor, apical extension of the osteotomy is significantly limited, and often a staged approach is used. Implant placement into fresh extraction sockets and sinus floor manipulation using bone‐added osteotome sinus floor elevation with implant placement are techniques most often used independently or sequentially. Very few reports have described the combined use of immediate implant placement in fresh sockets and the bone‐added osteotome sinus floor elevation technique. Methods: We present five cases in which a maxillary premolar was extracted and an implant placed into the extraction site with simultaneous abfracture of the sinus floor using osteotomes. All teeth were extracted atraumatically, and sockets carefully debrided and checked for integrity of the walls. After ideal osteotomy preparation, particulate bone graft was placed in the osteotomy and appropriately sized osteotomes were used for sinus floor elevation. After sufficient elevation, implant placement was completed and particulate bone was packed in the bone–implant gap when indicated. Results: All implants were restored after a minimum healing period of 6 months. At the time of final restoration, bone was seen surrounding the implants from the apical portion to the most coronal thread. All five implants healed without complications and were in function for periods ranging from 6 to 12 months. Conclusions: Immediate implant placement with simultaneous osteotome sinus floor elevation is an advantageous combination of two successfully used techniques. This combined approach can significantly reduce the treatment time for implant therapy in teeth with close sinus proximity and provide the operator with the ability to place implants of desired length.     

Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Surgery with Autogenous Bone Grafts as Ceiling: A Pilot Study and Test of Principle

Background: Studies have pointed out that the mere elevation of the maxillary sinus membrane might suffice to allow for bone formation indicating the additional use of augmentation materials to be redundant. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess whether elevation of the sinus mucosal lining combined with applying an autologous bone graft as a ceiling and placement of a short implant would allow for bone formation around the implant thus surpassing the need for applying augmentation materials around the installed implants. Materials and Methods: Fourteen consecutive patients were subjected to maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery and simultaneous placement of an implant. Using the lateral bone‐wall window technique, the membrane was exposed and elevated. Next, a bone graft taken from the zygomatic rim was placed as a ceiling above the inserted implant to ensure that the sinus membrane would not collapsed around a significant part of the implant. Finally, the bone window was returned in place. After connecting the healing abutment, the wound was closed. Results: All implants were stable and no implants were lost. There were no complications after harvesting the bone graft. Radiographic evaluation showed a bone gain of 3.2 ± 0.9 mm after 3 months and 3.6 ± 0.9 mm after 1 year. Less than 6% of the implant was not covered by bone after 1 year. Conclusion: Maxillary sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of short endosseous implants with a bone graft as a ceiling on top of the implant result in predictable bone formation around the implant and good osseointegration on radiographs.     

Implant placement in fresh extraction sockets and simultaneous osteotome sinus floor elevation: a case series

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical success of implants placed in fresh extraction sockets with simultaneous maxillary sinus floor elevation using the osteotome technique. Twelve patients were included. All the patients required the extraction of a maxillary premolar--close to the maxillary sinus--and were scheduled for immediate implant placement. One experimental implant was placed per patient, with an 18-month follow-up period. The graft materials used in both sinus augmentation and peri-implant bone defects were a mixture of collagen gel and corticocancellous porcine bone particles. All implants were allowed to heal for 6 months prior to prosthetic rehabilitation. One of the 12 experimental implants failed because of an abscess during early healing. No implants failed after definitive prosthetic rehabilitation. No significant bone loss was detected at the final follow-up visit. The mean bone height before sinus elevation and implant placement was 7.8 mm. Eighteen months after surgery, the mean bone height was 12 mm. When adequately performed, the surgical procedure described in the present study--immediate implant placement and simultaneous sinus floor elevation--appears to be unproblematic and predictable in terms of clinical success.     

Nasal floor elevation combined with dental implant placement

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to report on the survival of dental implants placed in conjunction with nasal floor elevation. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 32 consecutive patients from two private practices was evaluated. All patients presented with alveolar bone height deficiency in the anterior region, which was not sufficient to place a dental implant according to a computed tomography (CT) scan preformed prior to implantation. Elevation and augmentation of the nasal mucosa was performed simultaneously with dental implant placement. Data collection included demographic information, as well as records of the pre‐operative available bone height, implant dimensions, bone addition following nasal floor augmentation, and survival of the implants at last follow‐up. Results: Overall, 32 patients received 100 implants that were performed in conjunction with nasal floor elevation. The average pre‐operative available bone height according to a CT scan that was preformed prior to implantation was 9.1 ± 0.9 mm and ranged from 7.3 to 11.2 mm. Bone addition following nasal floor augmentation was 3.4 ± 0.9 mm and ranged between1.1 and 5.7 mm. The mean follow‐up time was 27.8 ± 12.4 months, and during that follow‐up period, no implant failure was recorded, resulting in 100% implant survival. Conclusion: Nasal floor elevation might serve as a predictable procedure, which allows implant placement in areas with significant atrophy together with increased implant stability due to the bicortical support.     

闭合式上颌窦提升术在种植修复中的应用体会

目的 探讨闭合式上颌窦提升术在上颌后牙区骨量不足患者种植修复中的临床疗效。方法 选择我院2009年至2012年上颌后牙区20例牙槽骨高度不足种植患者,采用闭合式上颌窦提升技术,同期植入27颗种植体,随访至少12个月。选择20例条件相近病例,行开放式上颌窦提升同期种植体植入作为对照组。结果 随访期间,26枚种植体均获得了良好的骨结合,种植修复取得了较好的临床效果。1枚种植体二期手术时,被纤维组织包裹,松动。种植体成功率96.30%。实验组植入骨吸收量小于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 选择合宜的外科操作技巧,在上颌萎缩后牙区采取闭合式上颌窦提升术同期植入种植体的方法能大大缩短患者的治疗时间,取得很高的成功率以及良好的临床效果。     

两种上颌窦底提升术的短期临床效果研究

目的    研究上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨高度为3 ~ < 4 mm时,行经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升或侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入的短期临床效果。方法    选择2016年1月至2018年12月于西安交通大学口腔医院种植科行经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升和侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入的患者45例（50侧上颌窦,上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨高度为3 ~ < 4 mm）,于术前、术后当日或术后第2天及术后6 ~ 9个月的愈合期后行影像学检查,比较两种术式的上颌窦底新骨形成高度、上颌窦底黏膜穿孔率及种植体早期成功率。结果   采用经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升或侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入的分别有19例和26例（上颌窦分别为21、29侧）患者;上颌窦底黏膜穿孔率分别为4.76%和0,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。经过6 ~ 9个月的愈合期,两种术式上颌窦底新骨形成高度分别为（5.18 ± 0.48）mm和（7.32 ± 0.84）mm,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;两种术式种植体早期成功率分别为95.83%和100%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论    当上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨高度为3 ~ < 4 mm时,两种术式均安全可靠,早期成功率高。     

Bone reformation with sinus membrane elevation: a new surgical technique for maxillary sinus floor augmentation

Background: Various maxillary sinus floor augmentation techniques using bone grafts and bone substitutes are frequently used to enable placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla. A previous case report demonstrated the possibility of promoting bone formation in the sinus by lifting the membrane without using a grafting material. However, the predictability of the technique is not known. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether sinus membrane elevation and the simultaneous insertion of titanium implants without additional grafting material constitute a valid technique for bone augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 10 patients in whom a total of 12 maxillary sinus floor augmentations were performed. A replaceable bone window was prepared in the lateral sinus wall with a reciprocating saw. The sinus membrane was dissected, elevated superiorly, and sutured to the sinus wall to create and maintain a compartment for blood clot formation. One to three dental implants were inserted through the residual bone and protruded at least 5 mm into the maxillary sinus. The bone window was replaced and secured with the overlying mucosa. Bone height was measured directly at each implant site at the time of insertion. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed on each implant at the time of initial placement, at abutment surgery, and after 12 months of functional loading. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in the immediate postoperative period and 6 months later, prior to exposure of the implants. Results: A total of 19 implants (Brånemark System®, TiUnite?, Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) in lengths of 10 to 15 mm were placed, with an average residual bone height of 7 mm (range, 4–10 mm). All implants remained clinically stable during the study period. Comparisons of pre‐ and postoperative CT radiography clearly demonstrated new bone formation within the compartment created by the sinus membrane elevation procedure. RFA measurements showed mean implant stability quotient values of 65, 66, and 64 at placement, at abutment connection, and after 12 months of loading, respectively. Conclusions: The study showed that there is great potential for healing and bone formation in the maxillary sinus without the use of additional bone grafts or bone substitutes. The secluded compartment created by the elevated sinus membrane, implants, and replaceable bone window allowed bone formation according to the principle of guided tissue regeneration. The precise mechanisms are not known, and further histologic studies are needed. Sinus membrane elevation without the use of additional graft material was found to be a predictable technique for bone augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor.     

闭合式上颌窦底提升术同期种植体植入临床应用分析

目的探讨采用闭合式上颌窦提升术进行上颌窦底提升及同期种植体植入的效果及技术特点。方法对56例患者共64枚种植体应用骨挤压技术经牙槽嵴顶入路行闭合式上颌窦底提升术及同期种植体植入术。观察方法为临床检查和X线片检查。结果全部患者均在术后6个月完成义齿修复。随访时间8个月-5年,平均19.4个月,发现有3例鼻腔出血;义齿修复后种植体无松动及脱落。术后X线片检查种植区窦底高度平均提升(3.85±0.12)mm,种植体周围无阴影,形成良好的骨结合。结论闭合式上颌窦底提升术较传统的开放式上颌窦提升术简化了手术步骤,缩短了手术时间,减轻了患者术后反应,是一种简单有效的窦底提升技术。     

Osteotome sinus floor elevation and simultaneous placement of implants--a 1-year retrospective study with Astra Tech implants

Background: The bone support for implants in the posterior part of the maxilla is often poor. This condition may be treated with augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. The most common technique used is to elevate the sinus floor by inserting a bone graft through a window opened in the lateral antral wall, although less invasive techniques with osteotomes have been used since 1994. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of implants placed in the posterior maxilla with the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique without grafting. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 36 consecutive patients in whom 53 implants were inserted with the OSFE technique. The indication for sinus floor elevation was that the bone height below the maxillary sinus was considered to be 10 mm or less. Results: The mean height of the alveolar process in the intended implant sites was 6.3 ± 0.3 mm, and the mean elevation of the sinus floor was 4.4 ± 0.2 mm. At the 1‐year follow‐up, two implants had been lost, both in edentulous patients. The remaining 51 implants inserted were in function, giving a 1‐year cumulative survival rate of 96%. Implants used in single‐tooth replacements and in partially edentulous cases had a 100% survival rate. The mean marginal bone level at the time of loading of the implants was 0.1 ± 0.04 mm below the reference point. One year later, the corresponding value was 0.5 ± 0.06 mm. The mean bone loss between the two examinations was 0.4 ± 0.05 mm. Conclusions: The OSFE technique, without bone grafts, was found to produce predictable results in the treatment of 36 patients with restricted bone volume in the posterior part of the maxilla.     

上颌窦底提升不植骨同期植入种植体的临床疗效观察

目的 观察冲压式上颌窦底提升术(osteotome sinus floor elevation,OSFE)不植骨并同期植入种植体的临床疗效及技术特点.方法 自2000年1月至2008年12月对65例患者经牙槽嵴顶入路,行OSFE并同期行种植体植入术,共植入96枚种植体,手术过程中上颌窦内不植入任何骨充填材料.缺牙区牙槽骨可用骨高度为5～8 mm,平均(6.78 4±1.04)mm.观察方法 为临床和X线片检查.对种植体凸入上颌窦内不同长度、安底改建情况进行卡方检验.结果 除1例单牙种植术后15 d因种植体松动、牙龈红肿取出种植体,其余64例患者随访>5年12例,>3年14例,>2年28例,>1年lO例,平均随访33.4个月.96枚种植体中除1枚于种植15 d后松动取bm外,其余种植体均获得良好的骨结合并完成上部义齿修复,种植体周围软组织无炎症,咀嚼功能良好.种植体凸入上颌窦内1～5 mm,平均2.57 mm,51枚(54%)种植体根方有不同程度的新骨形成,33枚(35%)种植体根方形成了新的上颌窦底,11枚(12%)种植体根周末见明显新骨形成.统计分析显示,种植体凸入上颌窦内的长度与上颌窦底骨改建差异无统计学意义(x2=6.113,P=0.191).结论 应严格把握OSFE适应证;OSFE时不植骨并同期植人种植体的短期临床效果是可预期的;新的窦底形成与上颌窦底提升高度无明显相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical results of osteotome sinus floor elevation(OSFE)without grafting combined with simultaneous implant placement.Methods A total of 65 patients underwent maxillary sinus floor elevation from alveolus without any bone grafting from January 2000 to December 2008 and 96 implants were placed in the maxillary posterior edentulous region simultaneously.Clinical and radiography examinations were performed.The residual bone height ranged from 5 to 8 mm and the mean bone height was(6.78±1.04)mm.The mean following period was 33.4 months.Statistical analysis was perfbrmed by chi square test.Results Ninety-five of 96 implants were clinically stable and functioned without any pain and other complaints.One implant Was extracted 15 days after operation because of mobility and the other implants obtained osseointegration.The mean implant protrusion lengh Was 2.6 mm,ranging from 1 to 5 mm.Different degree of new bone formation was observed in 51(54%)of implants.New maxillary sinus floor outline Was observed in 33(35%)of implants and there was no obvious new bone in 11(12%)of implants.There Was no significant deference between the implant protrusion length and sinus floor remodeling.Conclusions Under strict indications,the clinical results of OSFE without bone grafting combined with simultaneous implant placement were predictable in short term.The new sinus floor formation was not related to the implant protrusion length.     

Transcrestal sinus floor elevation: a retrospective study of 46 patients up to 16 years

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and radiographic data of transcrestal sinus floor elevation (TSFE) of residual alveolar bone ≤3 mm. Methods: Forty‐six patients, edentulous in one or both maxillary posterior segments, were enrolled in this study. The residual alveolar ridge was measured. TSFE without bone grafting was performed. Three months after the first surgery procedure, 66 implants were placed without grafting material. A presurgical distance from the alveolar crest to the floor of the maxillary sinus and the amount of new radiopacity between the sinus floor and alveolar crest were measured from the mesial and distal surfaces of each dental implant surface. Results: After a mean follow‐up period of 10.43 ± 5.01 years (ranged from 5 to 16 years), a survival rate of 95.45% was reported. Mean bone levels at implant placement were 7.12 ± 0.90 mm and, after 1 year, were 13.28 ± 1.23 mm. They were stable over time, reporting an up to 16 years' value of 13.07 ± 2.63 mm. Conclusions: The results of this retrospective clinical study confirmed the reliability of the TSFE procedure and the maintenance of bone levels without grafting procedures over time.     

��ͬ��ʽֲ������������ֲ��Ĺ���Ƶ�ʷ����Ƚ�

??Objective    Use resonance frequency analysis??RFA??to quantitatively compare the stability of implants placed in the posterior maxillary sites with conventional implantation and by using 3 sinus augmentation techniques??osteotome sinus floor elevation and 1- and 2-step lateral window techniques??. Methods    A total of 103 patients?? with single implant or multiple Straumann implants ??139 implants in total??in the maxillary posterior area??were chosen from the implant center of Dalian Stomatological Hospital from 2013 to 2014. They were divided into four groups according to the residual ridge height??and the implants were implanted with the different technologies??conventional implantation??group A????osteotome sinus floor elevation??group B???? 1- and 2-step lateral window techniques??group C and D??. Implant stability quotient??ISQ??was recorded from RFA at the time of implant placement and 6 months later. Results    All implants had obtained osseointegration. The differences in ISQ at placement versus 6 months later were statistically significant??P < 0.05??in each group??average increase of ISQ being 4.96 ± 2.41??5.39 ± 2.09??4.47 ± 1.48 and 5.16 ± 1.99??respectively. The statistically significant difference in ISQ among four groups was found in the 4 groups neither at placement nor 6 months later??P > 0.05??. Conclusion    In atrophic posterior maxilla??the reasonable treatment options can be selected according to native vertical bone height. There was no statistical difference on ISQ among 3 sinus augmentation techniques??osteotome sinus floor elevation and 1- and 2-step lateral window techniques. All implants obtain osseointegration. The clinical outcomes among different technique of placement can be quantitatively compared by ISQ??which is measured by RFA.     

胶原骨冲击法上颌窦内提升术的临床研究

背景:经典的上颌窦内提升术(OSAF、BAOSAF)具有较好的治疗效果。但是伴有上颌窦穿孔(10%)、无法预测的植骨量等并发症。多种植骨材料和改良手术方法业已应用ISL。目的:评价应用胶原骨做为上颌窦内提升术提升介质和植骨材料的手术方法,对上颌后牙区剩余骨高度不足患者进行种植手术同期植入胶原骨,探讨其技术要点及临床效果。材料与方法:2007年9月至2009年2月,共完成12例胶原骨Bio-col冲击法上颌窦内提升手术病例。男性5例,女性7例,平均年龄43.4岁(27—58岁),共植入种植体12枚。随访3年以上7例,2年以上5例。平均随访2.6年。评价方法为临床检查、X线检查和共振频率检查(Osstell)。患者上颌后牙区窦底剩余骨高度在5.8—8.0mm(平均6.6mm),提升高度为4.5—10.3mm(平均7.3mm)。术中采用胶原骨Bio-col作为冲击介质辅助提升,并利用胶原骨特性将其置于种植体根部正上方,同期植入种植体并暴露,5个月后完成种植修复。结果:12例中没有上颌窦黏骨膜穿破,术后种植体均获得良好的骨结合并完成种植修复。5个月修复时,共振频率值72—84(平均78)。1年期X线评测,提升高度为2.8—7.6mm(平均5.8mm)观察期内,无种植体脱落,患者对修复效果满意。结论:改良的胶原骨冲击法上颌窦内提升术,有效的降低上颌窦穿孔的风险,并且获得良好的成骨高度。克服既往上颌窦提升后窦底植骨或不植骨,骨高度降低的难题。     

Resonance frequency analysis of stability on ITI implants with osteotome sinus floor elevation technique without grafting: a 5-month prospective study

Objective: The aim of the present study was to (1) monitor the stability changes of ITI implants placed in atrophic posterior maxillary ridges with osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) without grafting during the first 5 months of healing utilizing resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and (2) determine the factors that affect the implant stability quotient (ISQ) at placement and healings. Material and methods: Forty‐two ITI implants were placed in the posterior maxilla in 32 patients with OSFE without bone grafting. The residual vertical bone height ranged from 4 to 8 mm (average 6.36 mm). Bone type was classified into one to four groups according to the Lekholm and Zarb index. ISQ was tested on the day of surgery and consecutively at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks by RFA. Results: The 40 osseointegrated implants represented a survival rate of 95.2%. All the 40 implants achieved good primary stability and reached a comparably high stability at 16 weeks postoperation with a dip between 2 and 6 weeks in the stability curve. There was no significant difference of ISQ between type3 and type4 bone at implant placement and follow‐up. The mean ISQ and its changing pattern did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference according to the pretreatment vertical bone height and implant length. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that uneventful osseointegration may be predictable applying OSFE alone with no grafting in atrophic posterior maxilla. Residual bone height (RBH), implant length, and bone type did not seem to affect the implant stability in this clinical situation.     

The use of autologous venous blood for maxillary sinus floor augmentation in conjunction with sinus membrane elevation: an experimental study

Background: There have been reports of successful bone formation with sinus floor elevation induced by simply elevating the maxillary sinus membrane and filling the sinus cavity with a blood clot. Purpose: We investigated the feasibility of maxillary sinus floor augmentation using the patient's own venous blood in conjunction with a sinus membrane elevation procedure. Materials and methods: An implant that protruded 8 mm into the maxillary sinus after sinus membrane elevation was placed in the maxillary sinus of six adult female mongrel dogs. The resulting space between the membrane and the sinus floor was filled with autologous venous blood retrieved from each dog. The implants were left in place for 6 months. Results: During the experimental period, the created space collapsed and the sinus membrane fell down onto the implant. A small amount of new bone formation occurred in the space created by the collapsed membrane. The average height of newly formed bone around the implants in the sinus was 2.7±0.7 mm on the buccal side and 0.6±0.3 mm on the palatal side. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study indicate that blood clots do not have sufficient integrity to enable the sinus membrane to remain in an elevated position for therapeutically effective periods of time. Accordingly, it is recommended that this method be used only when a small aount of new bone formation is necessary around implants in the maxillary sinus cavity. To cite this article:
Kim H‐R, Choi B‐H, Xuan F, Jeong S‐M. The use of autologous venous blood for maxillary sinus floor augmentation in conjunction with sinus membrane elevation: an experimental study.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21 , 2010; 346–349.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01855.x     

Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation without Bone Grafts – A 3‐Year Retrospective Study with Astra Tech Implants

Background: The bone support for implants in the posterior part of the maxilla is often poor. This condition may be treated with augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. The most common technique used is to elevate the sinus floor by inserting a bone graft through a window opened in the lateral antral wall. In 1994, a less‐invasive technique using osteotomes was suggested by Summers. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of implants placed in the posterior maxilla with the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique without grafting. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 36 consecutive patients in whom 53 implants were inserted with the OSFE technique. The indication for sinus floor elevation was that the bone height below the maxillary sinus was considered to be 10 mm or less. Results: The mean height of the alveolar process in the intended implant sites was 6.3 ± 0.3 mm, and the mean elevation of the sinus floor was 4.4 ± 0.2 mm. Two implants in edentulous patients were lost at the 1‐year follow‐up, and one more at the 3‐year examination. The remaining 50 implants inserted were in function, giving a 3‐year cumulative survival rate of 94%. Implants used in single‐tooth replacements and in partially edentulous cases had a 100% survival rate. The marginal bone level at the time of loading of the implants was 0.1 ± 0.04 mm below the reference point. One year later, the corresponding value was 0.5 ± 0.06 mm. The mean bone loss between the two examinations was 0.4 ± 0.05 mm. At the final examination after 3 years, the mean bone level was situated 0.6 ± 0.09 mm below the reference point, indicating a nonsignificant change between 1 year and 3 years. Conclusions: The OSFE technique, without bone grafts, was found to produce predictable results in the treatment of 36 patients with restricted bone volume in the posterior part of the maxilla.     

上颌窦底内提升同期植入种植体的临床效果观察

目的:观察单纯上颌窦内提升术同期牙种植修复的临床效果.方法:上颌后牙区牙槽骨严重吸收的36例患者,种植区剩余牙槽骨高度为(5.9±2.1)mm,行单纯上颌窦内提升同期牙种植术,共植入42枚种植体,其中瑞士Straumann种植体22枚、韩国奥齿泰SSⅡ种植体13枚、法国安多健种植体7枚.术后3～4个月,行上部结构修复,同时观察种植体的稳定性和种植体周围骨结合情况.随访期(12.2±3.6)个月.结果:36例患者上颌窦底提升高度(2.83±1.12)mnl,41枚种植体成功负载,种植体稳定,骨结合状况良好,无不良自觉症状.1枚种植体术后5周脱落,脱落2个月后重新种植,成功负载.结论:单纯上颌窦内提升同期牙种植术能有效治疗上颌窦底牙槽骨高度不足的上颌后牙缺失,手术创伤小,操作简便,并发症少,近期效果满意.     

经牙槽嵴顶行上颌窦底提升同期植入种植体的疗效评价

目的:观察使用骨挤压器经牙槽嵴顶入路提升上颌窦底、同期植入种植体的临床效果。方法:对104例单侧或双侧上颌后牙缺失患者,经牙槽嵴顶入路行上颌窦底提升,同期植入种植体,共126颗。全部病例均行X线曲面断层片,其中30例在后期随访中行螺旋CT扫描及三维重建。结果:上颌窦剩余牙槽骨平均高度为9.16mm(5～11mm),用骨挤压器平均提升上颌窦底高度3.95mm(2～6mm),无1例上颌窦黏膜穿孔。随访16～82个月,成功率达100%,所有病例均无上颌窦并发症。CT扫描及三维重建显示,种植体顶端有一层完整骨质覆盖,种植体完全埋入骨质中。结论:应用骨挤压器,经牙槽嵴顶入路行上颌窦提升同期植入种植体,与上颌窦外提升术相比,手术创伤小、操作简便、并发症少,其近、远期效果均满意;螺旋CT扫描及三维重建可作为上颌窦提升种植体植入术后判断手术效果的有效手段。