Pulmonary complications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following transthoracic esophagectomy

AIM: To investigate the incidence of various types of postoperative pulmonary complications (POPCs) and to evaluate the significance of perioperative arterial blood gases in patients with esophageal cancer accompanied with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) after esophagectomy. MEHTODS: Three hundred and fifty-eight patients were divided into POPC group and COPD group. We performed a retrospective review of the 358 consecutive patients after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer with or without COPD to assess the possible influence of COPD on postoperative pulmonary complications. We classified COPD into four grades according to percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and analyzed the incidence rate of complications among the four grades. Perioperative arterial blood gases were tested in patients with or without pulmonary complications in COPD group and compared with POPC group. RESULTS: Patients with COPD (29/86, 33.7%) had more pulmonary complications than those without COPD (36/272, 13.2%) (P<0.001). Pneumonia (15/29, 51.7%), atelectasis (13/29, 44.8%), prolonged 02 supplement (10/29, 34.5%), and prolonged mechanical ventilation (8/29, 27.6%) were the major complications in COPD group. Moreover, patients with severe COPD (grade n B, FEV1 < 50% of predicted) had more POPCs than those with moderate(gradeⅡA,50%-80% of predicted) and mild (gradeⅠ≥80% of predicted) COPD (P<0.05). PaO2 was decreased and PaCO2 was increased in patients with pulmonary complications in COPD group in the first postoperative week. CONCLUSION: The criteria of COPD are the critical predictor for pulmonary complications in esophageal cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy. Severity of COPD affects the incidence rate of the pulmonary complication, and percent-predicted FEV1 is a good predictive variable for pulmonary complication in patients with COPD. Arterial blood gases are helpful in directing perioperative management.     

肺栓塞的抗凝疗程和复发率分析

目的 探讨肺栓塞患者抗凝疗程和肺栓塞复发率的关系.方法 对2002-2009年我院诊治并好转出院的167例肺栓塞患者进行随访,分别观察存在临时危险因素的肺栓塞患者、特发性肺栓塞患者和持续存在危险因素的肺栓塞患者序贯口服华法林抗凝治疗的疗程、复发率和出血发生率,并分析复发率与年龄、性别的关系.结果 特发性肺栓塞患者的复发率高于存在临时危险因素的肺栓塞患者(P＜0.05).持续存在危险因素的肺栓塞患者口服抗凝疗程较其余两组长,但出血发生率也高于其余两组(P值均＜0.05).特发性肺栓塞患者男性复发率高于女性(P＜0.05).结论 肺栓塞患者序贯口服华法林抗凝疗程应采取个体化方案,在综合评价复发风险和出血风险后决定,使患者取得最佳的长期获益.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between duration of anticoagulant therapy and recurrence rate in pulmonary embolism. Methods 167 patients with pulmonary embolism who were treated and improved in our hospital from 2002 to 2009 were followed up. The duration of anticoagulant therapy, recurrence rate and bleeding incidence were observed in patients with pulmonary embolism associated with temporary risk factors, patients with idiopathic pulmonary embolism and patients with pulmonary embolism associated with permanent risk factors. The relationship between recurrence rate and age, gender was analyzed. Results The recurrence rate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary embolism was higher than that in patients with pulmonary embolism associated with temporary risk factors ( P ＜0. 05). The duration of anticoagulant therapy in patients with pulmonary embolism associated with permanent risk factors was longer than that in other groups, but the risk of bleeding was also higher than that in other groups (all P ＜ 0. 05). The recurrence rate in male patients with idiopathic pulmonary embolism was higher than that in female patients ( P ＜0. 05). Conclusions For patients with pulmonary embolism,the duration of anticoagulant therapy must be individualized, is decided after the comprehensive evaluation of recurrence risk and bleeding risk,so that patients get the best long-term benefit.     

肌抑制素与慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的营养不良

目的 调查慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者的营养状况,通过检测外周血清中肌抑制素的水平,探讨肌抑制素与COPD患者营养不良的关系.方法 选71例COPD稳定期患者和60例老年健康对照者,参照营养不良多参数评分(MNI)对所有受试者的营养状况进行总体评价;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测受试者血清中肌抑制素、TNFα、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平.结果 COPD患者MNI显著升高,其中MNI≥5分者55例(77%),MNI＜5分者16例.MNI≥5分者血清中肌抑制素水平为(12.18±4.76)μg/L,较MNI＜5分者[(9.73±2.85)μg/L]和健康对照者[(7.93±2.35)μg/L]显著升高(P＜0.001).COPD患者TNFα显著升高,与健康对照者比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).COPD患者血清肌抑制素水平与MNI、TNFα水平呈正相关(r=0.438,P=0.000;r=0.234,P=0.041).结论 COPD患者普遍存在较严重的营养不良,血清肌抑制素水平明显升高,营养不良与血清肌抑制素升高密切相关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence and severity of malnutrition in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , analyze serum levels of myostatin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and C reactive protein (CRP) , and investigate the relationship between serum myostatin and malnutrition in COPD. Methods Seventy-one patients with stable COPD and 60 age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Pulmonary function was tested in all of the subjects and the severity of malnutrition was evaluated by a multiple-parameter malnutritional index (MNI). Based on the MNI scores, patients with COPD were divided into group Ⅰ (MNI≥5 score) and group Ⅱ (MNI ＜ 5 score) , the former represents the patients with severe or very severe malnutrition while the latter represents the patients with mild or without malnutrition. Serum concentration of myostatin, TNFα and CRP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The MNI score was significantly elevated in patients with COPD [(7. 75 ±3. 86)score] compared with the controls [(1. 13 ±0. 96)score; P＜0.001],and 55 patients (77%) in COPD group Ⅰ showed MNI ≥ 5 (9. 30 ± 3. 01) score. Serum myostatin concentration was significantly elevated in COPD group Ⅰ [(12. 18 ±4. 76)μg/L] than in COPD group Ⅱ [(9. 73 ±2.85) μgL] and controls [(7.93 ±2.35) μg/L], with each P ＜ 0.001. Serum TNFα concentration was also significantly elevated in patients with COPD compared with the controls (P ＜ 0. 001).Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum myostatin levels were significantly correlated with MNI scores (r = 0. 438, P - 0. 000) and TNFa levels (r = 0. 234, P = 0. 041) in COPD group (combined group I and Ⅱ) while MNI scores were correlated inversely with BMI in COPD group (r = - 0. 530, P = 0. 000) . After stratified with subgroups, the correlation between myostatin levels and MNI scores was more significant and the correlation coefficient was higher (r =0.464, P =0.000) in COPD group I patients. Moreover,myostatin levels were inversely correlated with BMI (r = - 0. 287, P = 0. 034) and forced expiratory volume in one second of the predicted value (r = - 0. 264, P = 0. 049) in COPD group I patients. Conclusions Malnutrition commonly and substantially exists in patients with COPD; serum myostatin concentration is significantly elevated and is correlated with the severity of malnutrition in the patients. The elevation of serum myostatin may contribute to malnutrition in COPD patients.     

Cardiac response to exercise in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） increases the risk of cardiovascular problem.The symptom of dyspnea on exertion may be associated with pulmonary dysfunction or heart failure, or both. The study objective was to determine whether cardiac dysfunction adds to the mechanism of dyspnea caused mainly by impaired lung function in patients with mild-tomoderate COPD. Methods Patients with COPD and healthy controls performed incremental and constant work rate exercise testing. Venous blood samples were collected in 19 COPD patients and 10 controls before and during constant work exercise for analysis of Nterminal-pro-BNP （NT-pro-BNP）. Results Peak oxygen uptake and constant work exercise time （CWET） were significantly lower in COPD group than in control group （15.81±3.65 vs 19.19±6.16 ml/min kg, P=0.035 and 7.78±6.53 min vs 14.77±7.33 rain, P=0.015, respectively）. Anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse and heart rate reserve were not statistically significant between COPD group and control group. The NT-pro-BNP levels both at rest and during constant work exercise were higher in COPD group compared to control group, but without statistical significance. The correlations between CWET and NT-proBNP at rest or during exercise in patients with COPD were not statistically significant. Conclusions Heart failure does not contribute to exercise intolerance in mild-to-moderate COPD.（J Geriatr Cardioi 2009; 6：147-150）.     

Nocturnal hypoxemia and serum S100B changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with normal oxygen saturation at daytime

<正>Objective To evaluate the incidence of nocturnal hypoxemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) patients with a normal saturation pulse oxygen(S_pO_2) when awake and its effect on the serum levels of S100B. Methods A total of 64 COPD patients with normal oxygen saturation when awake at daytime who were admitted to the Department of Emergency of the First     

低剂量CT扫描在评价老年菌阴性肺结核患者抗结核治疗效果中的应用

目的 采用低剂量CT扫描对老年菌阴性肺结核患者抗结核治疗效果进行评价.方法 对47例菌阴性肺结核抗结核治疗后1～12个月复查的老年患者采用低剂量CT扫描(120 kV,20 mAs),通过与治疗前常规CT(120 kV,200～280 mAs)扫描影像学结果的比较,对老年菌阴性肺结核患者抗结核治疗效果进行评价.结果 老年菌阴性肺结核患者初诊CT征象最常见的为腺泡实变融合和肺叶/肺段实变,其发生率分别为100.0和76.6%,而空洞的发生率相对较少;1～3个月复查好转的征象主要为树芽征,而腺泡融合实变和肺叶/肺段实变的好转主要发生于4～9个月,空洞性病变显效较慢,持续时间为6～12个月.结论 低剂量CT扫描能较好地反映老年菌阴性肺结核的不同影像学征象及抗结核治疗后的影像学,适合对老年菌阴性肺结核患者治疗后的效果进行评价.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of antituberculosis therapy in elderly patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis by low-dose computed tomography (CT).Methods Forty-seven elderly patients diagnosed as smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis were rechecked with low-dose chest CT scan (120 kV, 20 mAs) after 1-12 months of antituberculous therapy respectively. These images were compared with common CT before treatment (120 kV, 200-280 mAs). Results In the elderly patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, the most common CT signs before treatment were acinus consolidation (100%) and lobar or segmental consolidation (77%), but the cavity was seen less. After effective antituberculous therapy, tree-inbud was improved after one to three months, the acinus consolidation and lobular or segmental consolidations were improved after four to nine months, and the cavitations were slowly improved after six months. Conclusions Low-dose CT can provide sufficient information for the therapeutic effects of antituberculous therapy of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly and could be used for rechecking.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试中文版临床应用意义的评价

Objective To determine the reliability and validity of the COPD assessment test (CAT)Chinese version in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ), and to study its value in evaluating quality of life in Chinese patients.Methods One hundred and thirty-five patients with COPD in stable condition from Peking Union Medical College Hospital were assessed by interview with CAT Chinese version,and underwent pulmonary function test on the same day.The validity was documented by performing correlation analysis, and Pearson' s correlation coefficients were calculated.The stages of COPD determined by CAT score and lung function were compared to observe the value of CAT in determining disease severity.Results Cronbach' s alpha of CAT Chinese version was 0.805.CAT score increased with the severity of the disease, and was negatively correlated to FEV1 % of predicted ( r = - 0.567, P ＜ 0.01 ).CAT score varied significantly in patients ( 10 ± 5, 16 ± 6, 21 ± 7 and 23 ± 6 ), with different severity of COPD ( x2 =48.437, P ＜0.01 ).There was a high degree of consistency between the stages of COPD determined by CAT score and lung function.Conclusions The Chinese version of the CAT had good internal consistency reliability and validity, and can be used to assess the quality of life for Chinese COPD patients.It provided a simple, valid and standardized measurement of COPD health status.     

中国1998年至2007年临床确诊的肺真菌病患者的多中心回顾性调查

目的 了解我国主要肺真菌病的种类、临床特征、预后及其影响因素等.方法 入选1998年1月至2007年12月中国10个城市16个中心的所有满足诊断标准的肺真菌病患者,收集临床、微生物学及影像学资料并进行回顾性分析.结果 共收集到临床确诊的肺真菌病病例474例,男309例,女165例.年龄3～97岁,平均(53±18)岁.474例患者中,位于前5位的肺真菌病依次为肺曲霉病(180例,37.9%)、肺念珠菌病(162例,34.2%)、肺隐球菌病(74例,15.6%)、肺孢子菌病(23例,4.8%)及肺毛霉病(10例,2.1%).后3年与前7年相比,以上比例无显著变化.肺念珠菌病的主要致病原以对普通唑类抗真菌药敏感的白色念珠菌(308/474,65.0%)与热带念珠菌(57/474,12.0%)为主.相对于细菌性肺炎患者而言,肺真菌病患者咯血(147/474,31.0%)与胸腔积液(95/474,20.0%)较多见,而影像学表现特异性较差,经典晕轮征(4/474,0.8%)与新月征(17/474,3.6%)仅见于个别肺曲霉病患者.本组肺真菌病患者合并基础疾病的前4位依次为肿瘤(包括实体瘤及恶性血液病,94/474,19.8%)、COPD(52/474,11.0%)、肺结核(50/474,10.5%)、糖尿病(48/474,10.1%).与其他3种常见肺真菌病相比,肺隐球菌病患者发病年龄轻,社区发病更多见,较少伴有基础疾病与免疫功能低下,预后较好.结论 我国肺真菌病前5位致病原依次为曲霉、念珠菌、隐球菌、孢子菌及毛霉,其中念珠菌属中以白色念珠菌及热带念珠菌为多.相对于其他肺真菌病而言,肺隐球菌病患者发病年龄较轻,社区发病多,预后较好.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the pathogens, clinical manifestations, prognosis of and the risk factors for pulmonary mycosis in China. Methods All cases of pulmonary mycosis from 16 centers in 10 cities from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2007 that met the diagnostic criteria were included for clinical,microbiological and radiological analysis. Results Totally 474 cases of pulmonary mycosis were retrieved.The top 5 pulmonary mycosis was pulmonary aspergillosis ( 180 cases, 37. 9% ), pulmonary candidiasis ( 162 cases, 34. 2% ), pulmonary cryptococcosis ( 74 cases, 15. 6% ), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( 23cases, 4. 8% ) and pulmonary mucormycosis ( 10 cases, 2. 1% ). The constituent ratio in the last 3 years was similar to that in the former 7 years. The main pathogens of pulmonary candidiasis were Candida albicans ( 308/474, 65.0% ) and Candida tropicalis ( 57/474, 12.0% ), which were sensitive to common azoles.Compared with bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary mycosis showed more symptoms of hemoptysis ( 147/474,31.0% ) and pleural effusion (95/474, 20.0% ), and less radiological specificity. Classical halo sign (4/474, 0. 8% ) and crescentic sign (17/474, 3. 6% ) were only shown in several cases of pulmonary mycosis. The most common underlying diseases were tumor ( including solid tumor and malignant hematological diseases ) ( 94/474, 19.8% ), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( 52/474, 11.0% ), pulmonary tuberculosis(50/474, 10. 5% ) and diabetes(48/474, 10.1% ). Compared with the other common pulmonary mycosis, pulmonary cryptococcosis affected younger patients, and more cases were community-acquired, but fewer cases with underlining diseases or compromised immune function, and had a better prognosis. Conclusion The ahead five species of pulmonary mycosis in China were orderly pulmonary aspergillomycosis,pulmonary candidosis, pulmonary cryptococcosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pulmonary mucormycosis. The main pathogens of pulmonary candidosis were Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis,which were sensitive to common azoles. Compared with the other common pulmonary mycosis, pulmonary cryptococcosis catch younger patients, had more community-acquired cases, and had better prognosis.     

无创呼吸机对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的 研究无创呼吸机对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并2型糖尿病的患者的疗效观察.方法 将138例患者分为A1、A2和B三个组,每组46例,其中A1、A2组为AECOPD合并2型糖尿病患者,B组为无糖尿病的AECOPD患者.三组入院期间均给予常规治疗,三组同时用无创呼吸机治疗.结果 A2组和B组两组治疗前后血气分析和肺功能改善明显;A1组治疗前后动脉血氧分压无明显改善.经继续治疗后动脉血氧分压明显改善,但失败机会未改善.结论 对于AECOPD合并2型糖尿病的患者早期合理应用无创呼吸机对于血气分析及肺功能改善明显且使失败机会下降.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinic effect of noninvasive ventilation(NIPV) on patients of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary (AECOPD) incorporating with diabetes 2. Methods The total of 138 patients were divided into 3 groups: AECOPD incorporating with diabetes 2 treating with NIPV:A1 group(46 cases), A2 group(46 cases),AECOPD group(46 cases). The 3 groups were given noninvasive ventilation and the routine therapy. Results After intervention,the results of blood gas analysis and pulmonary functionin group A2 and group B are statistically different ( P ＜ 0. 05) than before. The results of PaO2 in Group A1 are not statistically different than before. After intervention,PaO2is better than before in group Al, but the opportunity of failure is not improved. Conclusions Rational using the NIPV with AECOPD incorporating with diabetes 2 can improve blood gas analysis and pulmonary function, which decrease the opportunity of failure.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试中文版临床应用意义的评价

目的 研究COPD评估测试(CAT)中文版用于评估我国COPD患者生命质量的信度和效度,观察其用于评估生命质量的作用和价值.方法 选择北京协和医院COPD稳定期患者,应用CAT中文版评估患者的生命质量,同时测定肺功能,对结果进行相关性分析,评价CAT内部一致性的信度和效度.根据CAT评分对患者进行分级,并与根据肺功能的分级进行比较,观察其对病情严重程度的评估价值.结果 135例COPD患者中,男105例,女30例,年龄45～84岁,平均(65±10)岁.CAT评分随患者病情加重而逐渐增加,CAT量表的总克龙巴赫α系数为0.805,CAT总分与FEV1占预计值%呈显著负相关(r值为-0.567,P＜0.01).病情严重程度不同的4组COPD患者,其CAT总分分别为(10±5)分、(16±6)分、(21±7)分和(23±6)分,组间比较的差异有统计学意义(x2值为48.437,P＜0.01).根据CAT分级和根据肺功能COPD严重程度分级比较,两者具有高度一致性.结论 CAT中文版用于我国COPD患者,具有良好的内部一致性信度和效度,可用于患者生命质量的评估,是一种简易、可靠、有效的标准化测量方法.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the reliability and validity of the COPD assessment test (CAT)Chinese version in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ), and to study its value in evaluating quality of life in Chinese patients.Methods One hundred and thirty-five patients with COPD in stable condition from Peking Union Medical College Hospital were assessed by interview with CAT Chinese version,and underwent pulmonary function test on the same day.The validity was documented by performing correlation analysis, and Pearson' s correlation coefficients were calculated.The stages of COPD determined by CAT score and lung function were compared to observe the value of CAT in determining disease severity.Results Cronbach' s alpha of CAT Chinese version was 0.805.CAT score increased with the severity of the disease, and was negatively correlated to FEV1 % of predicted ( r = - 0.567, P ＜ 0.01 ).CAT score varied significantly in patients ( 10 ± 5, 16 ± 6, 21 ± 7 and 23 ± 6 ), with different severity of COPD ( x2 =48.437, P ＜0.01 ).There was a high degree of consistency between the stages of COPD determined by CAT score and lung function.Conclusions The Chinese version of the CAT had good internal consistency reliability and validity, and can be used to assess the quality of life for Chinese COPD patients.It provided a simple, valid and standardized measurement of COPD health status.     

家庭氧疗对COPD患者肺功能影响研究

目的 探讨不同临床分级慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者经过长期家庭氧疗（LTOT）后肺功能变化情况.方法 选取220例COPD患者按照肺功能分级不同分为四组,所有患者均进行长期家庭氧疗,四年后复测所有患者的肺功能及相关生化、动脉血气指标.结果 四年后肺功能I、Ⅱ级患者的FEV1、FEV1/FVC%、FEV1%预计值及日间SaO2有下降趋势,且有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.而在肺功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者中上述指标然也有下降趋势,但这种趋势无统计学差异.结论长期家庭氧疗对于所有COPD患者均有益处,尤其对于肺功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者其延缓肺功能恶化的作用更为显著.     

A review of long-term oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study aimed to review the evidence for the use of long-term oxygen therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The design was a systematic Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of long-term oxygen therapy for COPD and main outcome measure was survival on home oxygen therapy. Five RCTs were identified. Data from two trials of nocturnal oxygen therapy in mild to moderate hypoxaemia were aggregated. Data from the other three trials could not be aggregated because of differences in trial design and patient selection. Treatment with continuous versus nocturnal oxygen therapy produced a significant improvement in mortality after 24 months [Peto odds ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.25-0.81] for the continuous therapy group. Treatment with oxygen therapy versus no oxygen therapy showed a significant improvement in mortality after five years in the group receiving oxygen therapy (Peto odds ratio 0.42, 95% CI 0.18-0.98). There was no difference in mortality for patients with COPD and mild to moderate daytime hypoxaemia and nocturnal desaturation receiving nocturnal oxygen therapy versus no oxygen therapy or sham treatment. Long-term oxygen therapy versus no oxygen therapy in patients with COPD and moderate hypoxaemia had no effect on survival. In conclusion, long-term oxygen therapy improved survival in a selected group of COPD patients with severe hypoxaemia but few co-morbidities. Long-term oxygen therapy did not improve survival in patients with moderate hypoxaemia or in those with mild to moderate hypoxaemia and arterial desaturation at night.     

长期无创通气治疗对重叠综合征患者肺功能及夜间血氧的影响

目的 探讨单纯慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者与重叠综合征患者夜间低氧情况及长期呼吸机无创通气治疗对重叠综合征(慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征)肺功能和血氧的影响.方法 140例稳定期COPD患者均进行夜间氧饱和度监测和肺功能检测,其中重叠综合征患者67例,观察10例重叠综合征患者单纯氧疗和氧疗+呼吸机无创通气治疗前后夜间血氧情况,对5例长期夜间无创通气治疗的重叠综合征患者进行1年动态夜间血氧和肺通气功能监测.结果 10例重叠综合征患者单纯氧疗及氧疗加呼吸机治疗比较,组间在动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、夜间最低氧饱和度(LSaO2)、夜间平均氧饱和度(MSaO2)、血氧饱和度低于90%的时间占总记录时间的百分比(SIT90%)等方面差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).长期(1年)无创通气治疗前后肺功能[呼吸峰流量(PEF)、肺活量(FVC)、FVC占预计值%、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1占预计值%]及夜间低氧指标(SIT90、MSaO2、LSaO2)明显改善(P值均<0.05).结果 阻塞程度相同的重叠综合征患者夜间低氧比单纯COPD患者严重,长期无创通气治疗可以改善重叠综合征患者肺通气功能及夜间低氧,长期氧疗+无创通气治疗是重叠综合征患者的第一线治疗方案.     

Cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulatory pathophysiology and management

The development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure in COPD patients signals a poor prognosis. In hypoxic patients, long-term oxygen therapy prolongs life and appears to prevent or lessen the progression of pulmonary hypertension. However, oxygen therapy does not benefit and is not indicated for all COPD patients, and even in those patients who improve with oxygen, there remains a need to further improve survival. Therefore, there continues to be active investigations into pharmacologic agents that might reduce pulmonary hypertension or improve right ventricular function. Although many agents appear to have salutary acute effects, it has been more difficult to establish evidence for sustained hemodynamic benefits from chronic drug therapy. Furthermore, some effective agents may not provide additive benefit when combined with standard supplemental oxygen use, although the available data are limited. Clearly, further research is necessary to identify which COPD patients, if any, may benefit from either beta-agonists or vasodilators for the treatment or prevention of cor pulmonale at some time during the natural history of their disease.     

Langzeitbehandlung der pulmonalen Hypertonie bei Patienten mit COPD

Pulmonary microcirculation is compromised by chronic hypoxia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Alveolar hypoxia, humoral and rheological mechanisms as well as rarefication and compression of pulmonary microvessels induce pulmonary hypertension in COPD. Slight to moderate pulmonary hypertension with mean pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) between 21 and 35 mmHg has a negative impact on the patient’s prognosis. In addition to treating the underlying disease with bronchodilators, antibiotics to combat bronchial infections, and inhaled cortico-steroids for severe COPD and frequent exacerbations, management of pulmonary hypertension with oxygen, vasodilators, positive inotropic medications, diuretics, and anticoagulant agents is under discussion. Long-term oxygen therapy has been shown to increase oxygenation and improve survival in patients with chronic hypoxemia. No evidence is currently available confirming positive long-term efficacy of systemic administration as well as inhalation of vasodilators. Repetitive phlebotomy can be considered in patients refractory to treatment, when hematocrit levels are above 50%. The risk of thrombosis is so high in cases of severe pulmonary hypertension that long-term anticoagulation can be recommended.     

长期家庭氧疗联合肺康复训练对慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的探讨长期家庭氧疗联合肺康复训练在慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者康复治疗中的疗效。方法选取48例慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者,按照计算机随机方法分为研究组与对照组,每组24例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,研究组患者在此基础上予以长期家庭氧疗和肺康复训练治疗,对两组患者进行为期12个月随访,对比两组患者肺功能、血气分析、6分钟步行距离、生存质量评分以及血清炎症因子水平。结果研究组与对照组患者的生活质量评分、动脉血气分析、肺功能、6分钟步行距离、炎症因子CRP及TNF-α水平检测值相比较,研究组比对照组患者上述指标具有明显改善,差异具有统计学意义,P0.05。结论长期家庭氧疗联合肺康复训练对慢阻肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者具有积极作用,值得推广。     

肺康复治疗对稳定期COPD患者肺功能及血气分析的影响

目的探讨肺康复治疗对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能及血气分析的影响。方法将80例稳定期COPD患者随机分为肺康复组（n=40）与对照组（n=40）,肺康复组给予体能锻炼、呼吸肌锻炼、氧疗、心理与行为干预等肺康复治疗措施,治疗6～8周,治疗前后测定肺功能及血气分析,比较两组患者肺功能及血气分析的变化。结果观察组治疗后肺功能、血气分析较治疗前及对照组治疗后均显著改善（P〈0．01）。结论肺康复治疗可提高稳定期COPD患者肺功能及血气分析,从而提高患者的生存质量。     

Domiciliary oxygen--by liquid or concentrator? Working Group on Oxygen Therapy of IUATLD.

A few hypoxaemic and even less non-hypoxaemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) benefit from portable oxygen. For these few, selected by double-blind tests against compressed air, liquid oxygen would seem more convenient and efficient. The extra cost of treating all hypoxaemic COPD patients with liquid oxygen by displacing the oxygen concentrator is not justified on the basis of current knowledge. The application of differing oxygen delivery systems to COPD patients requires more evaluation. The selection of patients for long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) still presents major difficulties, which reflects on the numbers of patients likely to benefit from portable oxygen. No studies have yet shown the benefit of LTOT to chronic respiratory failure in other disorders such as lung fibrosis. As the pathophysiology is quite different, extension of the use of LTOT and portable oxygen to non-COPD patients must be treated with great caution.