重复经颅磁刺激对不完全性脊髓损伤患者的干预效果

目的 观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对不完全性脊髓损伤患者运动功能的影响.方法 22例T5~T12节段脊髓损伤患者(ASCI C级)随机分为rTMS 组和对照组.12例rTMS组患者于Cz部位给予磁刺激,并接受康复训练;10例对照组患者仅进行康复训练.治疗前后比较ASIA运动评分、轻触觉评分、针刺觉评分,抗重力体位双下肢主动关节活动度(ROM),脊髓损伤步行指数Ⅱ(WISCIⅡ)和功能独立性评定(FIM).结果 rTMS组和对照组患者治疗前临床评价指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组治疗后ASIA运动评分、双下肢ROM、FIM评分均有改善(P<0.05);rTMS组治疗后WISCIⅡ也有改善(P<0.05),且ASIA运动评分高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 rTMS可促进不完全性脊髓损伤患者的运动功能改善,提高步行功能.     

重复经颅磁刺激对不完全性脊髓损伤患者的临床疗效观察

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗C4～T12平面不完全性脊髓损伤患者神经性疼痛和脊髓功能独立性的疗效。方法:招募C4～T12平面脊髓损伤(ASIA C/D级)患者48例,对入选患者随机区组法分为观察组和对照组,每组各24例。对照组患者在常规康复的基础上辅以安慰剂治疗(极低阈强度的经颅磁刺激治疗),观察组在常规康复的基础上辅以80%阈强度的经颅磁刺激治疗,分别于治疗前和治疗6个月后评估2组患者的脑皮质运动诱发电位(MEP)和静息运动阈值(RMT)、疼痛简化McGill疼痛问卷(SF-MPQ)和脊髓功能独立性评估量表Ⅲ(SCIM-Ⅲ)。结果:治疗6个月后,观察组MEP波幅较治疗前及对照组明显提高(P0.05),RMT较治疗前及对照组明显下降(P0.05);对照组MEP波幅和RMT治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义。治疗后,观察组患者SF-MPQ各项评分均较治疗前明显下降(均P0.05),其中PRI-S、PRI-T及VAS评分更低于对照组(均P0.05),PRI-A和PPI评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;对照组治疗前后SF-MPQ各项评分比较差异无统计学意义。治疗后,观察组患者SCIM-Ⅲ评分明显高于治疗前及对照组(均P0.05),对照组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义。结论:在常规康复的基础上辅以重复经颅磁刺激可明显改善C4～T12节段不完全性脊髓损伤患者的神经性疼痛,提高患者运动功能独立性。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中恢复期患者功能康复的影响

探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)对脑卒中恢复期患者功能康复的影响。选取2015年2月~2017年2月我院收治的脑卒中患者70例,将其随机分为两组,各35例。对照组采用常规药物疗法、康复训练及假刺激疗法,观察组在药物治疗与康复训练基础上运用低频r TMS治疗。比较两组运动功能、日常生活能力评分以及运动诱发电位(MEP)潜伏期与中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)。观察组运动功能、日常生活能力评分均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组MEP潜伏期与CMCT均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在脑卒中恢复期患者治疗中,低频r TMS可显著增强康复训练效果,提高患者肢体运动功能,改善日常生活能力,是一种无创、安全、有效的新型治疗方式,值得应用。     

重复经颅磁刺激对不完全性脊髓损伤患者运动和步行功能的疗效

目的观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗对不完全性脊髓损伤患者运动和步行功能的影响。方法 18例C2~T12节段不完全性脊髓损伤患者(AIS D级)随机分为治疗组(n=10)和对照组(n=8)。治疗组于Cz部位给予rTMS,对照组患者给予假刺激。两组患者均接受常规康复治疗。治疗前后比较ASIA下肢运动评分(LEMS)、改良Ashworsh量表(MAS)、10 m步行速度、脊髓损伤步行指数Ⅱ(WISCIⅡ)和脊髓功能独立性评定(SCIM)。治疗后随访2周。结果治疗后,治疗组LEMS、10 m步行速度、SCIM均有改善(P<0.05),随访2周上述指标与治疗前比较仍有提高(P<0.05);对照组随访2周与治疗前比较SCIM有所改善(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,治疗组治疗后LEMS改善更多,随访2周LEMS仍优于对照组(P<0.05);MAS、10 m步行速度、WISCIⅡ和SCIM治疗后及随访两组比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 rTMS可进一步改善不完全性脊髓损伤患者的下肢运动功能。     

体感诱发电位和运动诱发电位检测在脊髓损伤中的应用

目的:观察比较躯体感觉诱发电位(somatosensoryevokedpotentials,SEP)和运动诱发电位(motorevokedpotentials,MEP)两种检测方法对脊髓功能变化的敏感度,探讨SEP和MEP检测在脊髓损伤功能评价及疗效中的应用。方法:采用Keypoint型肌电图诱发电位仪和MaglitecompactⅤ型磁刺激仪对36例脊髓损伤(Spinalcordinjury,SCI)患者入院时进行SEP和MEP检查,出院时复查SEP和MEP,对照分析20例门诊体检的健康志愿者SEP和MEP,观察治疗前后SEP和MEP潜伏期和波幅的变化。结果:36例SCI患者治疗前SEP和MEP潜伏期延迟,波幅降低,治疗后均有明显变化,SEP和MEP潜伏期缩短,波幅增高,前后比较,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:SEP和MEP是一种定量、客观的脊髓电生理检测技术,准确性好,灵敏度高,可作为SCI功能及疗效评定的依据。     

四肢联动训练对SCI患者躯体功能及心理控制源的影响

目的:探讨分析四肢联动训练对SCI患者躯体功能及心理控制源的影响.方法:选择SCI损伤程度为D级的40例患者为研究对象,将其随机分为观察组和对照组各20例;其中对照组予以常规康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上予以四肢联动训练;比较2组治疗前后的脊髓损伤神经学分类国际标准(ISNCSCI)量表、脊髓损伤步行指数Ⅱ(WISCI...     

重复经颅磁刺激对脊髓损伤后神经性疼痛及大脑皮质兴奋性的影响

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脊髓损伤后神经性疼痛(NP)的治疗效果及其对脊髓损伤后大脑皮质兴奋性的影响。方法:本研究选取在我科住院治疗的不完全性脊髓损伤后神经性疼痛患者共32例,用随机数字表法将32例患者分为实验组和对照组,试验组(n=17)给予常规物理治疗及右侧大脑M1区rTMS治疗,对照组(n=15)给予常规物理治疗及右侧大脑M1区假刺激。两组治疗均为每天1次,每周6天,连续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗4周后对两组患者进行视觉模拟评分(VAS)测试,并对右侧大脑半球的静息运动阈值(RMT)、运动诱发电位(MEP)进行测试及分析。结果:治疗4周后,试验组VAS评分降低,RMT波幅降低、MEP波幅增高,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:rTMS能有效缓解脊髓损伤后神经性疼痛,其机制可能与大脑皮质兴奋性改变相关。     

重复经颅磁刺激对不完全性脊髓损伤患者痉挛的影响

目的:观察高频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对不完全性脊髓损伤(SCI)患者双下肢痉挛的影响。方法:对18例不完全性SCI患者作为SCI组,另取7例健康正常人作为正常组。给予SCI组进行rTMS治疗,采用"8"字形线圈rTMS刺激不完全性SCI患者(M1区),刺激强度为90%的RMT,刺激频率10Hz,共4周。观察其对患者下肢改良Ashworth痉挛评分(MAS)的影响,同时观察rTMS刺激治疗前后患者下肢F波的出现率、潜伏时(F-lat)、H反射潜伏时(H-lat)、H反射以及M波最大波幅比值(Hmax/Mmax值)等电生理指标的变化,同时与正常组做比较。结果:治疗后,SCI组下肢MAS分级较治疗前明显改善(P0.05);SCI组治疗前F波和H反射潜伏时较正常组明显延长(P0.05),Hmax/Mmax值较正常组增高(P0.05);治疗后F波的平均潜伏时较治疗前减少(P0.05),H反射潜伏时无显著差异,Hmax/Mmax值降低(P0.05);SCI组F波出现率在治疗前后无差异性变化,Hmax/Mmax值和MAS之间无明显相关性。结论:rTMS治疗前后SCI患者的电生理和MAS指标变化,提示高频rTMS对治疗不完全性脊髓损伤患者下肢痉挛有一定的缓解作用,值得进一步的研究。     

体感诱发电位和运动诱发电位检测在脊髓损伤中的应用

目的：观察比较躯体感觉诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potentials，SEP)和运动诱发电位(motor evoked potentials，MEP)两种检测方法对脊髓功能变化的敏感度，探讨SEP和MEP检测在脊髓损伤功能评价及疗效中的应用。方法：采用Keypoint型肌电图诱发电位仪和MaglitecompactV型磁刺激仪对36例脊髓损伤(Spinal cord injury，SCI)患者入院时进行SEP和MEP检查，出院时复查SEP和MEP，对照分析20例门诊体检的健康志愿者SEP和MEP，观察治疗前后SEP和MEP潜伏期和波幅的变化。结果：36例SCI患者治疗前SEP和MEP潜伏期延迟，波幅降低，治疗后均有明显变化，SEP和MEP潜伏期缩短，波幅增高，前后比较，差异有极显著性意义(P&;lt;0.01)。结论：SEP和MEP是一种定量、客观的脊髓电生理检测技术，准确性好，灵敏度高，可作为SCI功能及疗效评定的依据。     

肌电生物反馈联合康复训练对脊髓损伤患者运动功能及功能独立性的影响

目的:观察肌电生物反馈疗法联合康复训练对脊髓损伤(SCI)患者运动功能障碍的康复疗效。方法:60例胸腰段不完全性脊髓损伤患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。2组均进行常规康复治疗,观察组加用双下肢肌电生物反馈治疗。治疗前及治疗后8周、12周进行下肢肌肉最大收缩时表面肌电(sEMG)信号采集、运动功能评定及功能独立性(FIM)评定,比较临床疗效。结果:治疗8周后,2组患者股四头肌、胫前肌最大收缩时的sEMG信号均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),治疗后12周继续提高(P0.01);观察组sEMG信号增幅高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗8周后,2组患者ASIA运动功能评分及FIM评分亦较治疗前提高(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义;治疗12周后,2组ASIA运动功能及FIM评分较治疗8周后提高更明显(P0.01),观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:肌电生物反馈疗法联合康复训练对胸腰段不完全性脊髓损伤患者运动功能有促进作用,能明显提高患者的股四头肌、胫前肌表面肌电信号及肌力,并能提高功能独立水平,减少并发症。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."