毛细管气相色谱法测定正红花油中α-蒎烯、水杨酸甲酯、丁香酚的含量

目的：测定不同正红花油产品中α-蒎烯、水杨酸甲酯和丁香酚的含量。方法：用HP-1柱（30m×0．25mm，0．25μm），进样口温度280℃，检测器温度300℃（FID）；采用程序升温，起始温度50℃（保持5min），5℃·min^-1升温至90℃（保持5min），10℃·min^-1升温至280℃终止；以十二烷为内标物定量。结果：α-蒎烯、水杨酸甲酯和丁香酚的线性范围分别为：0．03～1．34mg·mL^-1（r=0．9998）、0．08～3．79mg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）、0．05～1．07mg·mL^-1（r=0．9998）；方法重复性实验RSD分别为3．7％，2．3％，4．3％（n=6）；平均回收率分别为：α-蒎烯95．5％，RSD2．4％；水杨酸甲酯102．8％，RSD4．4％；丁香酚103．8％，RSD1．8％。不同正红花油产品中上述3种成分差别较大。结论：本方法简便、灵敏、重复性好，可用于正红花油的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定胆舒片中薄荷脑的含量

目的建立气相色谱法测定胆舒片中薄荷脑的含量。方法采用石英毛细管色谱柱（HP-20M,25m×0．2mm,0．2μm）;检测器：FID;进样口温度200℃,检测器温度200℃,柱温：采用程序升温法：起始温度120℃,保持5min,以5℃·min。的升温速率升至145℃,再以25℃·min。的升温速率升至200。C,保持5min。结果薄荷脑浓度在0．08464～2．116mg·mL^-1与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998）,平均加样回收率为100．1％,RSD=0．84％。结论本方法准确、简便、快速,适用于胆舒片的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定伤痛平膏中水杨酸甲酯、薄荷脑、辣椒素的含量

目的：建立气相色谱法测定伤痛平膏中水杨酸甲酯、薄荷脑、辣椒素含量。方法：采用hp-5毛细管柱；柱温90～180℃；进样口温度250℃；FID检测器，检测器温度280℃。结果：水杨酸甲酯线性范围为0．76～7．56μg，平均加样回收率为100．5％，RSD为0．52％（n=5）；薄荷脑线性范围为0．25～2．54μg，平均加样回收率为99．4％，RSD为0．78％n=5）；辣椒素线性范围为0．503～5．03μg．平均加样回收率为100．2％，RSD为0．88％（n=5）。结论：本方法测定结果准确可靠，可用于测定伤痛平膏中水杨酸甲酯、薄荷脑、辣椒素的含量。     

气相色谱法测定复方苦参凝胶中薄荷酮、薄荷脑的含量

目的建立复方苦参凝胶中薄荷酮、薄荷脑的含量测定方法。方法采用GC法测定薄荷酮、薄荷脑的含量,色谱柱为弹性石英毛细管柱（柱长30m,内径0．32mm,膜厚度0．25μm）Supelcowax-10;程序升温;进样口温度260℃,检测器温度280℃;分流比50：1;柱流量1．0mL·min^-1。结果采用C-C法测定薄荷酮、薄荷脑的含量,薄荷酮的量在0．0562～0．4215μg有良好的线性关系（r=0．9997）,平均回收率为97．12％,RSD=1．55％;薄荷脑的量在0．03216～0．2412μg有良好的线性关系（r=0．9992）,平均回收率为98．17％,RSD=1．70％。结论所建立的含量测定方法简便可行、重复性好,可以用来测定复方苦参凝胶中薄荷酮、薄荷脑的含量。     

气相色谱法测定复方氯霉素阴道栓中冰片的含量

目的建立气相色谱内标法直接测定复方氯霉素阴道栓中冰片的含量。方法色谱柱为聚乙二醇（PEG）－20M毛细管柱（0．32mm×30m,0．25μm）；柱温140℃；进样口温度220℃；检测器温度220℃；载气氮气。结果龙脑浓度在0．1008～1．6128mg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9999）；冰片平均回收率为99．91％（n=6），RSD为0．16％。结论本方法操作简便、快捷、准确，可作为冰片的定量分析方法。     

气相色谱法测定樟霜中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量

目的：建立气相色谱法测定樟霜中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量。方法：色谱条件为聚乙二醇（10%PEG-20M）填充柱（3m×3．8mm×8μm）；载气为氮气，柱温：150℃；FID检测器；内标为萘。结果：樟脑在0．1～2．0mg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）；薄荷脑在0．08～1．6mg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率樟脑为100．7％，RSD=0．6％；薄荷脑为100．4％，RSD=0．6％。结论：方法简便、灵敏、准确、重复性好，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

GC测定复方草珊瑚含片中薄荷脑的含量

目的：采用GC测定复方草珊瑚含片中薄荷脑的含量。方法：色谱条件为AT．SE-54毛细管柱（30m×0．32mm,0．5μm）,FID检测器,进样口温度250℃,检测器温度250℃,柱温150℃,氮气作为载气,流速1．0mL·min^-1,氢气：45mL·min^-1．空气：450mL·min^-1。结果薄荷脑在0．0612～0．306g·L^-1范围内与峰面积／内标面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率为99．1％（RSD=0．65％,n=6）。结论所建方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于复方草珊瑚含片中薄荷脑的质量控制。     

GC法测定荜澄茄中棕榈酸、油酸与亚油酸的含量

目的：建立荜澄茄中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸的含量测定方法。方法：采用毛细管气相色谱法，甲酯化后测定荜澄茄中棕榈酸、油酸与亚油酸的含量。采用DB-17弹性石英毛细管柱（30m×0．25mm，0．25μm）为分析柱；程序升温：起始温度170℃，以5℃·min^-1升至250℃，保持10min；进样口温度：250℃；检测器温度：250℃；流速：1．2mL·min^-1；分流比为100：1；柱压：98．3kPa；载气：氮气。结果：棕榈酸线性范围为0．040～0．400mg·mL^-1；平均回收率（n=3）为98．3％～102．3％，RSD42．0％。油酸线性范围为0．067～0．584mg·mL^-1；平均回收率（n=3）为97．6％～102．2％，RSD44．1％。亚油酸线性范嗣为0．099～0．869mg·mL^-1；平均回收率（n=3）为95．7％～99．3％，RSD41．1％。结论：本法灵敏、准确，重复性好，可以作为荜澄茄的质量控制方法。     

GC测定止咳丸中(-)薄荷酮和薄荷脑的含量

目的建立止咳丸中（-）薄荷酮、薄荷脑含量测定方法。方法色谱柱HP—FFAP毛细管柱（25m×0．2mm,0.3μm）;程序升温：初始温度90℃,保持2min,以6℃·min^-1的速率升至150℃,再以30℃·min^-1的速率升温至220℃,保持4min;载气为高纯氮,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,进样口温度：230℃;检测器温度：250℃;分流比为10：1,进样量1．0此。结果（-）薄荷酮在0．04486～0．8972mg·mL^-1（r=0．9997）内平均回收率为98．12％,RSD=0．86％;薄荷脑在0．06488～0．9732mg·mL^-1（r=0．9998）内平均回收率为100．91％,RSD=1．16％,均呈良好线性关系。结论本法快速、简便、准确、可靠,可用于控制止咳丸的质量。     

气相色谱法测定复方冰片搽剂中冰片、薄荷脑和樟脑的含量

目的：建立复方冰片搽剂中冰片、薄荷脑和樟脑的含量测定方法。方法：采用气相色谱法，色谱柱：10％PEG-30M石英毛细管色谱柱；柱温：150℃；进样口温度250℃；程序升温；FID检测器。结果：冰片、樟脑和薄荷脑平均回收率分别为：99．6％（RSD为0．8％）、99．8％（RSD为0．9％）、98．5％（RSD为1．0％）。结论：本法简便准确灵敏，可用于本品的质量控制。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.