巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎MSL-109单克隆抗体药物治疗的疗效观察

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)眼部并发症巨细胞病毒(CMV)性视网膜炎MSL-109单克隆抗体药物治疗的效果。方法对72例患者(105只眼)CMV性视网膜炎行MSL-109单克隆抗体药物治疗,观察其眼底、视力、T辅助细胞的细胞受体4(CD4+)计数及预后。结果 72例患者在诊断为巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎之前AIDS病程为4～26个月。72例(105只眼)患者中,眼底病灶表现为颗粒型者58只眼,其中47只眼位于周边部;爆发型者29只眼,均位于后极部,视网膜坏死灶致密伴斑片状出血和血管炎;颗粒型与爆发型病灶混合存在者18只眼;其中8只眼合并有视神经乳头炎;患者就诊时视力为眼前数指至0.4,病变广泛者及病变位于后极部者视力下降尤为严重。34例患者CD4+细胞计数为0～30个/μl,平均(15土9)个/μl。患者存活时间为3～18个月。经过MSL-109单克隆抗体治疗组患者视力多数提高,CD4+T细胞计数明显升高,未治疗组患者92%病变呈进行性发展,视力显著下降。结论 CMV性视网膜炎是AIDS病的主要眼部并发症,临床上以坏死性视网膜炎伴出血及血管炎为特征,目前治疗主要采用MSL-109单克隆抗体。     

AIDS／HIV感染合并视网膜脱离

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）／艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染合并视网膜脱离（RD）的临床特点、药物及手术治疗。方法回顾11例（16眼）AIDS／HIV感染患者RD的实验室检查和临床诊治资料,分析其病因、与细胞免疫的关系、RD发生的高危因素、治疗方法及治疗效果的影响因素。6例（6眼）做了玻璃体视网膜手术。结果13眼孔源性RD由病毒性视网膜炎及可疑病毒性视网膜炎引起,2眼RD由梅毒性葡萄膜炎引起,1眼为原发性孔源性视网膜脱离;发病时,6例CDfT淋巴细胞计数低于100个／μL,3例CD4T淋巴细胞计数高于200个／μL;未手术跟视力无改变,手术眼术后视力有不同程度提高,病程短及单纯性孔源性网脱眼术后矫正视力好于病程长及感染性视网膜炎导致的网脱眼。结论病毒性视网膜炎是CD4^＋T淋巴细胞计数较低的AIDS患者发生孔源性RD的主要病因,原发性孔源性RD及非病毒感染葡萄膜视网膜炎是CD4^＋T淋巴细胞计数较高的AIDS／HIV感染患者RD的主要病因。CD4^＋T淋巴细胞计数较低是RD的高危因素;玻璃体视网膜手术是视网膜解剖复位、改善视力的首选治疗方法。RD的病因、病程及病情严重程度是影响手术后视力的因素。     

巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎与获得性免疫缺陷综合征

目的 探讨巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎与获得性免疫缺陷综合征的关系、临床表现及诊断、治疗。 方法 观察分析56例巨细胞病毒(cytomeglovirus,CMV)性视网膜炎合并获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者95只眼，对其眼底、视力、T辅助细胞的细胞受体4（CD4 ＋）计数及预后进行观察随访2周～18个月。 结果 56例患者在诊断为巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎之前AIDS病程为4～26个月。95只眼56例患者中，眼底病灶表现为颗粒型者55只眼，其中46只眼位于周边部；爆发型者25只眼，均位于后极部，视网膜坏死灶致密伴斑片状出血和血管炎；颗粒型与爆发型病灶混合存在者15只眼；其中7只眼合并有视神经乳头炎；患者就诊时视力为眼前数指至0.5，病变广泛者及病变位于后极部者视力下降尤为严重。30例患者CD4 ＋细胞计数为0～30 个/μl,平均(15±9) 个/μl。患者存活时间为3～18个月。接受更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)治疗组患者视力多数提高，CD4 ＋T细胞计数明显升高，未治疗组患者92%病变呈进行性发展，视力显著下降。 结论 CMV性视网膜炎是AIDS病的主要眼部并发症，临床上以坏死性视网膜炎伴出血及血管炎为特征，目前治疗主要用更昔洛韦。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2002, 18: 89-91)     

巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎

探讨免疫功能低下患者中巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法 :观察分析 6 1例巨细胞病毒 (cytomeglovirus ,CMV)性视网膜炎患者 10 4只眼 ,对其眼底、视力、T辅助细胞的细胞受体4(CD4 )计数及预后进行观察随访 2周～ 18个月。结果 :6 1例CMV视网膜炎中 ,5 6例为获得性免疫缺陷综合征 (acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome ,AIDS)患者 ,1例为应用免疫抑制剂的肾移植患者 ,1例为接受化疗的急性淋巴细胞性白血病患者 ,3例为白血病同时合并AIDS患者。 10 4眼 6 1例患者中 ,眼底病灶表现为颗粒型者 5 8眼 ,其中 46眼位于周边部 ;爆发型者 2 8眼 ,均位于后极部 ,视网膜坏死灶致密伴斑片状出血和血管炎 ;颗粒型与爆发型病灶混合存在者 18眼 ;其中 7眼合并有视神经乳头炎 ;患者就诊时视力为眼前指数至 0 5 ,病变广泛者及病变位于后极部者视力下降尤为严重。 30例患者CD4 细胞计数为 0～ 30个 /μl,平均 15± 9个 /μl。接受更喜洛韦治疗组患者视力多数提高 ,CD4 T细胞计数明显升高 ,未治疗组患者 93 %病变呈进行性发展 ,视力显著下降。结论 :CMV视网膜炎是免疫功能严重低下患者 ,尤其AIDS病的主要眼部并发症 ,临床上以坏死性视网膜炎伴出血及血管炎为特征 ,治疗目前主要用更昔洛韦。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染及获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者眼部病变的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染及获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者的眼部病变特点、临床症状及治疗原则.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.回顾性分析110例(220只眼)HIV感染和AIDS患者的临床资料,包括患者视力、眼前节、眼底检查和荧光素眼底血管造影及外周血CD_4~+T淋巴细胞检测结果,其中2例(4只眼)AIDS合并巨细胞病毒(CMV)性视网膜炎患者施行了更昔洛韦玻璃体腔注药治疗.患者年龄、HIV感染时间与HIV视网膜病变及CMV性视网膜炎的相关性采用Pearson相关分析法,性别与HIV视网膜病变及CMV性视网膜炎的相关性采用Pearson ChiSquare分析法,正常眼底组、HIV视网膜病变组、CMV性视网膜炎组间CD_4~+T淋巴细胞计数比较采用多个独立样本的秩和检验.结果 患者初诊视力为无光感者5只眼,光感至0.04者10只眼,0.05～0.2者14只眼,0.3～0.7者62只眼,0.8及以上者129只眼.110例(220只眼)HIV感染和AIDS患者中,有25只眼角膜后有灰白色细小或色素性沉着物.22只眼房水闪光(+)或(++).4只眼虹膜后粘连.28只眼晶状体混浊.34只眼确诊为HIV视网膜病变,眼底表现为棉絮斑、视网膜出血及微血管瘤.32只眼确诊为AIDS合并CMV性视网膜炎,26只眼的眼底表现为沿血管分布的浓厚黄白色病损区,其上片状出血,边缘有不规则黄白色颗粒.3只眼为眼底病变晚期,表现为视网膜萎缩、视网膜血管硬化和狭窄、视神经萎缩.3只眼合并视网膜脱离.正常眼底的HIV感染者及AIDS患者CD_4~+T淋巴细胞计数中位数为100.0个/mm~3,HIV视网膜病变患者CD_4~+T淋巴细胞计数中位数为41.0个/mm~3,CMV性视网膜炎患者CD_4~+T淋巴细胞计数中位数为18.0个/mm~3.CD_4~+T淋巴细胞计数比较,正常眼底组与HIV视网膜病变组相比,差异有统计学意义(x~2=4.848,P=0.028);正常眼底组与CMV性视网膜炎组相比,差异有统计学意义(x~2=15.696,P=0.000);HIV视网膜病变组与CMV性视网膜炎组相比,差异有统计学意义(x~2=4.860,P=0.027).2例(4只眼)CMV性视网膜炎患者行更昔洛韦(400 μg)玻璃体腔注药后,视力提高,眼底病变明显消退.结论 视网膜微血管病变是HIV感染及AIDS常见的眼部并发症,CMV性视网膜炎是AIDS晚期最严重的眼部并发症.高效抗逆转录病毒治疗可重建患者的免疫功能,更昔洛韦玻璃体腔注药可有效治疗CMV性视网膜炎并挽救患者视力.     

AIDS合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床研究

目的 探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎预防、临床特点和治疗方法.方法 对获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎11例(13眼)进行临床分析.结果 11例(13眼)均有特征性视网膜病变及视力下降或眼前黑影;10例患者CD+4 T细胞计数＜50个/μl,均处于AIDS晚期,且合并有其他机会感染;5例CMV-PCR检测为阳性;8例CMV IgM检测中1例(+),7例(-).6例经更昔洛韦治疗后视力提高,但需要较长的疗程;3例死于多重机会感染.结论 巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎是获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者的常见机会感染,早发现和及时治疗对其治愈有重要意义,获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者应常规眼科检查和随访,尤其CD4+ T细胞计数＜50个/μl的患者.病原学检测在诊断中具有重要价值.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2006,6362～364)     

艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎19例

目的 了解艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床特征.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象北京地坛医院眼科诊治的艾滋病合并新发巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎患者19例29眼.方法 对所有19例患者29眼进行了与艾滋病相关的免疫学检测及肝肾功能检查 所有患者进行视力、眼压、裂隙灯、视野以及眼底照相等眼科检查,并观察其临床特征.主要指标视力,CD4＋细胞,眼底改变.结果 19例患者中,10例双眼发病.中心型巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎5例6眼,其视力指数～0.4 周边型9例15眼,其中14眼视力〉0.5 混合型5例8眼,其中7眼视力〈0.6.17例CD4＋细胞≤50个/μl.15例合并其他部位感染.结论 巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎是艾滋病常见眼部并发症,周边型是其常见类型.CD4＋细胞≤50个/μl的患者更易患病,其视力预后差.     

AIDS合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎60例临床观察

目的:探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎(CMVR)的临床特征,及CMVR相关眼部免疫重建综合征(IRIS)的临床特点.方法:回顾性分析我院感染科2010-01/2015-12收治确诊为AIDS合并CMVR患者60例103眼,对其临床表现、眼底病变、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数及预后等进行观察.结果:初诊视力≤0.1者65眼(63.1％),＞0.1 ～ ＜0.3者26眼(25.2％),≥0.3者12眼(11.7％),眼底改变表现为沿血管分布的黄白色病灶,伴片状出血,较少累及玻璃体.患者60例103眼,其中37眼(35.9％)视网膜病变主要累及后极部,45眼(43.7％)主要累及周边部,21眼(20.4％)为混合型.60例患者中CD4+T淋巴细胞计数平均38.6±12.3个/μL,其中≤50个/μL 43例(71.7％),＞50 ～ ＜100个/μL8例(13.3％),≥100个/μL9例(15.0％).经高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HARRT)及抗巨细胞病毒(CMV)治疗后,66眼视力提高,19眼视力不变,18眼视力下降.54例患者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数升高,治疗前后CD4+T细胞变化有统计学差异(P＜0.05).5例9眼为HARRT后IRIS的CMVR,经抗病毒治疗,病情得到控制.结论:CMVR为AIDS常见眼部并发症,当CD4+T淋巴细胞计数≤50个/μL时应常规进行眼科检查.IRIS的CMVR预后较差.     

巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的治疗进展

巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)性视网膜炎是AIDS患者常见的机会感染,可引起视力下降或致盲,严重影响AIDS患者的生存质量.抗CMV的治疗可提高患者视力和生存质量.CMV性视网膜炎的治疗包括药物治疗、手术治疗、全身和局部联合治疗等,现将CMV性视网膜炎及其并发症的治疗做一综述.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征并发巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床分析

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome,AIDS)并发巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)性视网膜炎的眼底表现特点、全身症状及治疗预后。方法观察8例(15只眼)AIDS并发CMV性视网膜炎的临床表现,分析其眼底、视力、荧光素眼底血管造影及CD4+T淋巴细胞检测结果,并对其中2例(4只眼)行更昔洛韦玻璃体腔注药治疗。随访时间2～34个月,平均16个月。结果初诊视力≤0.2者10只眼(66.7%),其中无光感者2只眼,眼前光感者2只眼,0.04～0.20者6只眼;0.8和0.9者各1只眼(13.3%);≥1.0者3只眼(20.0%)。12只眼的眼底表现为视网膜血管炎特点,呈沿血管分布的浓厚黄白色病损,其上有片状出血,边缘为不规则的黄白色颗粒,可形象描述为“奶酪加番茄酱样视网膜炎”;玻璃体透明或反应轻微。2只眼的眼底呈晚期表现,视网膜萎缩呈灰色,视网膜血管硬化、狭窄,视网膜色素上皮萎缩,可透见脉络膜血管及视神经萎缩。1只眼视网膜脱离。8例患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞计数在0～36个/mm3之间,平均(15.0±12.9)个/mm3。4只眼玻璃体注药后视力均显著提高。眼底病变明显消退,出血吸收。结论CMV性视网膜炎是AIDS最常见、最严重的眼部并发症。眼底表现特点为进行性、坏死性视网膜炎伴出血,同时合并有视网膜血管炎。但玻璃体反应无或轻微。对原因不明的黄白色病损、视网膜出血及视网膜血管炎应行血清人类免疫缺陷病毒(humanimmunodeficiencyvirus,HIV)抗体检测。反之,HIV阳性者应常规进行眼底检查。(中华眼科杂志,2005,41:803806)     

Characterization of reactivation of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients healed after treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy

PURPOSE: To delineate the immune parameters associated with reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients for whom highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was not successful. METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal observational study of a cohort of 102 patients with CMV retinitis treated with HAART and being followed up at the AIDS Ocular Research Unit of the University of California, San Diego from November 1995 to November 1998. The study included serial clinical and fundus photographic examinations with CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and HIV viral load measurements. RESULTS: Forty-seven of the 102 patients with CMV retinitis responded to HAART. Thirty-five of the patients were successfully withdrawn from anti-CMV therapy. During a median follow-up of 74.71 weeks (range, 4.86-144 weeks) after discontinuation of anti-CMV therapy, four patients experienced a reactivation of CMV retinitis. In each case, the CD4 count decreased before reactivation to a median of 31.5 cells/mm3 (mean, 31.25 cells/mm3; range, 23-39 cells/mm3). The association between the CD4 count decreasing to less than 50 cells/mm3 and reactivation of CMV retinitis was statistically significant (P < 0.0003). CONCLUSION: Four patients treated with HAART experienced reactivation of CMV retinitis as their CD4 count decreased. The threshold CD4 count below which reactivation of CMV retinitis occurred in patients for whom HAART was not successful appeared to be 50 cells/mm3. Despite an initial response to HAART, patients are still at risk for reactivation of CMV retinitis if their CD4 count decreases to less than 50 cells/mm3. The HIV viral load did not appear to predict CMV reactivation.     

Immune recovery vitritis and uveitis in AIDS: clinical predictors, sequelae, and treatment outcomes

PURPOSE: To determine 1) clinical predictors of an inflammatory syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (immune recovery vitritis or uveitis [IRV or IRU]); 2) clinical sequelae of IRV; and 3) the effect of corticosteroid treatment on visual acuity. METHODS: A cohort study from the AIDS Ocular Research Unit of the University of California, San Diego, and a case series from the Cleveland Clinic consisted of patients who had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and inactive CMV retinitis who responded to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with CD4 T-lymphocyte levels >60 cells/mm3. The cohort was followed for a median of 13.5 months following increase in CD4 count. The authors studied the occurrence of IRV, defined as symptomatic (vision decrease and/or floaters) vitritis of 1+ or greater severity associated with inactive CMV retinitis. Macular edema or epiretinal membrane formation was determined by clinical examination and fluorescein angiography. Five eyes were treated with sub-Tenon corticosteroid injections. RESULTS: In the cohort study, 19 (63%) of 30 HAART responders developed IRV (26 eyes). The clinical spectrum of inflammation included vitritis, papillitis, macular edema, and epiretinal membranes. Eyes with CMV surface area >30% of the retina were at the highest risk (relative risk = 4.5) of developing IRV (P = 0.03). During follow-up, inflammation persisted without treatment for a median of 20 weeks and 14 patients (16 eyes) developed macular changes. Treatment resulted in vision improvement without reactivation of retinitis. Histology and immunohistochemistry of associated epiretinal membranes showed evidence of chronic inflammation with a predominant T-lymphocyte cell population. In the case series, 3 (38%) of 8 HAART responders developed IRV (4 eyes). All four eyes were treated and resulted in visual acuity improvement of one line. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic IRV or IRU develops in a significant number of patients with CMV retinitis following successful HAART. Eyes with CMV surface area >30% of the retina are at the greatest risk. Eyes with IRV respond favorably to antiinflammatory therapy without reactivation of retinitis. Immune recovery vitritis may be the result of an immunologic reaction to latent CMV antigens in the eye in which T-lymphocytes play a role.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征并发巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的药物治疗现状和进展

巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎是获得性免疫缺陷综合征晚期最常见、最严重的眼部机会性感染,是导致患者视力丧失的最主要原因.继更昔洛韦、膦甲酸在临床广泛应用后,缬更昔洛韦、西多福韦及福米韦生也已经获得美国药品与食品管理局批准,先后应用于眼科临床,取得了一定的治疗效果.目前,马立巴韦、MSL-109单克隆抗体、Cyclopropavir及BAY 38-4766 正在进行Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期临床试验,可望给临床治疗带来新的希望.     

Highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated regression of cytomegalovirus retinitis: long-Term results in a small case series

PURPOSE: To report the stability of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis lesions that have undergone regression in the absence of specific anti-CMV medications owing to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-generated immune recovery. METHODS: The initial examination revealed HAART-associated regression of CMV retinitis lesions in eight subjects at two institutions. Patients were monitored for recurrences of CMV activity. CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) loads were measured. RESULTS: All patients had positive initial responses to HAART with an average HIV load decrease of 2.26 log units (range 0.3-5.57). Mean CD4+ T-lymphocyte count at baseline was 45.6 (range 4-107) and increased by an average of 132.5 (range 7-266) within the first 2 to 4 months of HAART. Patients were observed for an average of 15.5 months (range 11-20 months). Six subjects had a vigorous and sustained response to therapy, achieving an average HIV load of 9,400 copies/mL (3.32 log10 decrease) and CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of 158.2 cells/microL. These patients had no CMV retinitis progression. By contrast, two others who attained an average log10 decrease of only 0.48 had modest and short-lived increases in the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. These patients experienced reactivation of CMV retinitis after 5 and 7 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regressed CMV retinitis may remain healed for long periods. However, failure of HAART to induce substantial decreases in HIV load may predict poor or unsustainable rises in the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and presage recurrence of CMV retinitis. Vigilance in ophthalmic examinations is especially mandatory in these subjects.