常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的周围神经改变

目的报道常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病（CADASIL）患者的周围神经电生理和病理改变特点。方法7例经病理和基因检查确诊的CADASIL患者，女性5例，男性2例。年龄在33～46岁之间，病程从4个月到3年不等。其中1例出现手套袜套样痛觉减退及四肢腱反射减弱。除1例有长期饮酒史外，所有被检者均无其他导致周围神经损害的危险因素。其中3例进行了周围神经电生理检查。7例患者均进行了腓肠神经活体组织的光镜和电镜检查。结果电生理检查显示1例患者的感觉和运动神经以及另1例患者的运动神经传导速度减慢。腓肠神经病理检查显示7例患者均出现轻到中度的有髓神经纤维脱失，6例出现薄髓鞘有髓神经纤维，4例出现个别小有髓神经纤维变性改变，3例伴随小有髓神经纤维的再生簇结构。1例可见血管周围少量炎细胞浸润，5例患者神经滋养动脉的血管平滑肌细胞出现脱失，2例出现增生改变，5例毛细血管基底膜肥厚。结论CADASIL周围神经病多存在亚临床的神经纤维脱失，髓鞘损害比较突出。周围神经的病理改变可能主要与组织缺血有关，不同Notch3基因突变者周围神经损害程度存在差异。     

3例干燥综合征合并周围神经病的临床及病理改变

目的探讨干燥综合征合并周围神经病者的临床及病理特点.方法分析3例干燥综合征合并周围神经病者的临床表现,并行胫神经活检、光学显微镜观察.结果3例患者神经纤维髓鞘脱失较为明显,其中1例损害较重,并且有轴索变性、神经营养血管纤维素样坏死、淋巴细胞浸润.结论干燥综合征者出现周围神经病可能与血管缺血、血管炎有关,早期活检可以提高诊断率及避免漏诊、误诊.     

原发性干燥综合征的神经系统损害

目的　探讨原发性干燥综合征的神经系统损害。方法　从电生理、病理及其它实验室检查 ,分析 2 2例原发性干燥综合征合并神经系统损害的临床特征及病变部位。结果　 7例原发性干燥综合征合并神经系统损害的患者中 ,周围神经病变 6例 ,多发性硬化 1例。结论　原发性干燥综合征合并神经系统损害以周围神经病变为主 ,其神经系统症状可出现在原发性干燥综合征诊断之前。     

变应性肉芽肿性血管炎的神经系统表现

目的研究变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(AGA,亦称ChurgStrauss综合征,CSS)相关神经病的发病率、临床类型、发病机制、诊断和治疗。方法14例确诊为CSS的患者从临床表现、实验室检查、神经电生理检查和活检病理检查等方面予以分析,并观察治疗效果。结果14例CSS患者中有12例累及周围神经系统,其中5例以周围神经病为首发症状。12例周围神经受累的患者中5例表现为多发性单神经病,4例表现为远端不对称的多发性神经病,2例表现为对称的多发性神经病。腓肠神经活检可见有髓神经纤维丢失,轴索变性。电生理检查发现感觉和运动传导波幅显著降低或消失。CSS的诊断应结合临床与病理所见。除1例患者外,激素治疗对CSS相关神经病有效。结论CSS患者中周围神经病很常见,早期诊断可改善预后。     

多发性硬化周围神经损伤的病理与临床分析

目的：报道12例多发性硬化（MS）患者周围神经病理检查的异常改变，从中证实MS患者存在周围神经的节段性脱髓鞘病损。方法：12例经肌电图检查发现存在周围神经异常改变的患者行腓肠神经活检及病理学观察。结果：11例标本形态上以脱髓鞘为主，8例可见有髓纤维减少，电镜下显示髓鞘失，有髓纤维再生，形成空泡；神经膜细胞增殖生形成葱头改变；7例可见髓鞘板层松解现象，结论：MS患者不但出现CNS的脱髓鞘病理，而且部分患者同时存在周围神经系统的脱髓鞘病损。     

腊肠体样周围神经病的临床、电生理和病理特点

目的总结腊肠体样周围神经病的临床、电生理和病理特点。方法收集3例患者病史、体格检查以及电生理检查及病理检查资料。结果3例患者中男2例、女1例,13～28岁发病,阳性家族史2例;机械性压迫或牵拉后导致双侧腓总神经麻痹1例,隐袭和慢性起病各1例。电生理检查可见广泛的周围神经损伤,正中神经运动传导远端潜伏期（DML）均延长。腓肠神经活检均可见少数明显增粗的有髓神经纤维,电镜下可见髓鞘板层数增多。1例患者肌肉活检示轻微病理改变。结论腊肠体样周围神经病为周围神经髓鞘发育障碍所致,神经电生理和神经病理对诊断有特异性。     

肌痛、肌无力、肌萎缩与血管炎(附79例报告)

目的探讨血管炎与肌痛、肌无力、肌萎缩的关系。方法观察了７９例表现为肌痛、肌无力、肌萎缩，经病理证实为血管炎之患者的临床、有关实验室检查、肌电图及肌肉神经病理活检情况。结果血管炎可仅累及周围神经、肌肉而无其它器官及系统损害；其免疫学指标有异常改变；肌电图可表现为肌病性改变和／或周围神经性改变；腓肠神经、肌肉活检可见束周肌纤维萎缩，少量炎性细胞浸润；神经原性损害者可见神经髓鞘或轴索的病理改变以及肌肉的小群组化、角形纤维、靶纤维等改变。结论血管炎是肌痛、肌无力、肌萎缩一个较常见的病因     

干燥综合征神经系统损伤的临床病理分析

目的探讨原发性干燥综合征(Sjgren综合征)神经系统损伤的临床病理特征及其机制。方法8例患者均符合欧洲原发性Sjgren综合征的诊断标准,其中唇黏膜活检5例,腓肠神经活检5例,肱二头肌活检1例,全部标本均进行了组织和免疫病理学检查。结果对称性感觉运动性周围神经病2例,多发性单神经病2例,感觉性周围神经病1例,脑神经损伤2例,累及中枢神经2例。唇黏膜活检示部分腺体萎缩,腺泡及间质内可见淋巴、单核吞噬细胞浸润,主要为CD8阳性的毒性和抑制性T细胞。腓肠神经活检示1例有典型血管炎改变,4例无血管炎性改变。可见有髓纤维丢失、轴索和髓鞘断裂,小静脉周围可见CD68阳性单核吞噬细胞及CD45RO阳性T细胞。肌活检示肌纤维有轻度变性坏死,间质内可见少量淋巴及吞噬细胞。结论Sjgren综合征导致的神经损伤呈多样性,且常先于Sjgren综合征的诊断之前出现,因此追述有无眼干、口干症状对诊断有重要价值。血管炎及非血管炎性免疫介导的炎性细胞浸润可能是Sjgren综合征神经损伤的重要机制。     

血管炎性周围神经病临床病理学研究

目的总结不同类型血管炎性周围神经病临床和病理学特点,提出病理诊断要点以指导临床诊断。方法回顾分析11例血管炎性周围神经病患者之临床表现、实验室检查和神经肌肉组织活检特点,观察神经、肌肉和皮肤组织病变。通过免疫组织化学染色检测神经微丝蛋白、髓鞘碱性蛋白、外周髓鞘蛋白22、S-100蛋白,以及人类白细胞抗原DR、CD68、CD3、CD20表达变化,分别观察神经轴索、髓鞘、施万细胞病变和炎性细胞浸润情况;免疫荧光染色检测免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG和补体C3在血管壁沉积情况;特殊染色检测肌肉病变程度。结果血管病变以神经束周和外膜小血管CD3+T细胞浸润为主,呈活动性血管炎(3例)或非活动性血管炎(8例)改变,8例中4例呈血管纤维闭塞性改变严重、炎性细胞浸润较轻,4例以血管周围炎为主、血管壁本身病变不明显。神经病变以轴索变性为主(6例)或轴索变性伴髓鞘松解和脱失(5例),大直径有髓纤维明显减少,甚至呈终末期改变。肌肉组织活检呈神经源性萎缩。病理诊断为系统性血管炎性周围神经病8例[原发性系统性血管炎5例(抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性小血管炎2例、Churg-Strauss综合征1例、免疫相关性间质性肺疾病2例)和继发性系统性血管炎3例(干燥综合征)],以及非系统性血管炎性周围神经病3例。结论血管炎性周围神经病的神经改变以轴索病变为主,血管炎病理改变呈多样性,不能仅以活动性血管炎作为唯一的病理诊断标准。因此对于临床可疑血管炎性周围神经病患者应完善血液免疫学指标检查和神经组织活检,必要时联合肌肉组织活检以明确诊断。     

干燥综合征伴周围神经病变临床研究

目的：探讨干燥综合征伴周围神经病的机制、临床表现及治疗措施。方法对1例以周围神经病变为首发症状的干燥综合征患者的诊疗经过进行分析。结果本例患者以右侧眼睑闭合不全发病,临床免疫学检测抗核抗体胞浆型1∶320、抗SSA／Ro60抗体阳性、抗SSB抗体阳性,唇腺活检提示（下唇）间质慢性炎,可见淋巴细胞灶。经糖皮质激素、营养周围神经等药物治疗后症状改善。结论干燥综合征伴周围神经系统损害的患者,早期临床症状常不明显且缺乏典型性,应结合血清学及唇腺病理学等检查,有助于早期诊断,避免漏诊误诊。     

The syndrome of continuous muscle fibre activity: light and electron microscopic studies in muscle and nerve biopsies

Summary Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on nerve and muscle biopsy specimens from two patients with the syndrome of continuous muscle fibre activity. The characteristics of muscle biopsies were as follows. By light microscopy, internal nuclei were present in many of the fibres. By electron microscopy many fibres contained filamentous bodies and subsarcolemmal aggregates of mitochondria embedded in the peripheral zone of cytoplasm, and occasional mitochondria with disorganized or branched cristae were larger than normal. Biopsies of sural nerves revealed a decreased number of myelinated fibres, clusters of small myelinated fibres, and evidence of active axonal degeneration such as disintegrated myelin segments and degenerated axon components, as well as loss of axonal contents. With the present biopsy findings, it is suggested that the pathological process of this syndrome affects peripheral nerves as well as muscles.     

The peripheral neuropathy in de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome

Summary Histological, ultrastructural, and morphometric studies were performed on nerve and muscle biopsies from three patients with de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome. Sural nerves showed marked loss of the myelinated fibers, in proportion to decrease in nerve conduction velocities and in inverse proportion to the severity of the clinical symptoms, which were related to the survival length. The larger fibers were involved earlier and more markedly than the smaller. The unmyelinated fibers were also decreased in number. Electron-microscopic studies showed the presence of primary degeneration of myelin sheaths or Schwann cells. Muscle biopsies showed grouping of type I and type II fibers in all three patients. Therefore, peripheral nerve involvement in de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome was suggested to result from chronic degeneration of the neuronal cells and Schwann cells.     

Pathologic findings in nerve and muscle biopsies from 47 women with silicone breast implants.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pathologic findings in 47 consecutively received nerve and muscle biopsies from patients with silicone breast implants (SBI). BACKGROUND: The controversial proposal that systemic illness may result from SBI includes diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. METHODS: All of the biopsies were processed in full according to current standard methodologies in nerve and muscle pathology. Myelinated fiber histograms were prepared in 40 of the 47 cases. RESULTS: Eight of the 47 nerves showed pathologic changes likely to be symptomatic: 7 with an axonal neuropathy, including 1 with a granulomatous neuritis and myositis and 1 with diabetic neuropathy, and the eighth with a hypertrophic onion bulb neuropathy. Eleven showed minor morphologic or morphometric alterations of uncertain clinical significance. The remaining 28 nerve biopsies were normal, including 1 in which the accompanying muscle showed an inflammatory myopathy typical of polymyositis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings represent the largest set of reported pathologic data derived from women with SBI. Within this highly selected cohort of women with SBI, the majority of the biopsies were normal, and in 9 of 47 diverse abnormalities were detected including axonal and demyelinating neuropathies and inflammatory myopathies. These findings do not support a consistent association between SBI and any neuropathologic entity.     

Muscle and nerve biopsies: Techniques for the neurologist and neurosurgeon

Objective

Muscle and nerve biopsies are commonly performed procedures for the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Neurologists and neurosurgeons are often consulted to perform these procedures in clinical practice. We provide guidelines in the performance of muscle and nerve biopsies.

Methods

We describe the technique for performance of muscle and nerve biopsy, and review the relevant literature.

Results

The quadriceps muscle is the most typical biopsy site for most myopathies, whereas the sural nerve is the most common nerve biopsy site for most peripheral neuropathies. Other sites may be utilized depending upon the pattern of symptoms or the differential diagnosis. Motor nerves may be sampled in the setting of motor neuron disease, for example. We advocate the use of conduit repair to allow for sensory or motor recovery to occur following nerve biopsy.

Conclusion

The muscle biopsy and nerve biopsy may be performed with high yield, low morbidity, and rare complications.     

Peripheral neuropathy associated with hereditary and sporadic inclusion body myositis: confirmation by electron microscopy and morphometry

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a disabling myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscle groups. The involvement of peripheral nerves in IBM is still a controversial matter. In a previous morphometric study at the light microscopic level only, we described a peripheral neuropathy in sural nerve biopsies of eight patients with sporadic IBM (s-IBM). Here we present a larger series of 14 cases in which a combined muscle and nerve biopsy was available for additional electron microscopic investigation. In two of the new cases, the IBM had a hereditary background (h-IBM). The presence of neuropathy was confirmed in all 14 cases studied. Morphometry using an optic-electronic, digital evaluation system showed large variation of severity presumably due to age and coincidal factors such as diabetes mellitus or lymphoma. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a variety of changes considered to be non-specific. Signs of axonal damage predominated. In addition, there were numerous changes in Schwann cells and myelin sheaths. Neither inflammatory changes nor tubulofilamentous inclusions were detectable in the sural nerves. Peripheral neuropathy, although occasionally without apparent clinical manifestation, appears to be a common and aggravating feature in IBM; its pathogenesis, however, remains elusive.     

Peripheral nerve involvement in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease

The number of large myelinated axons was markedly decreased in almost all the intramuscular nerve bundles included in 32 muscle biopsies from patients with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease compared to that in normals. The morphometric analysis of peripheral nerves in 5 epon-embedded sections also showed a selective loss of larger myelinated fibers. The ultrastructural findings of the nerves were similar to those seen in Wallerian degeneration including axonal degeneration, myelin breakdown with phagocytosis, Schwann cell proliferation forming Schwann cell columns, axonal sprouting and probable remyelination. The earlier and more striking peripheral nerve involvement than that previously believed was not different from that seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The earlier damage to the peripheral nerves probably resulted from a degeneration of the anterior horn cells or anterior spinal roots as in ALS rather than from a dying-back process.     

无脑白质影像学改变的晚发婴儿型异染性脑白质营养不良

目的 分析3例脑白质影像学无改变的晚发婴儿型异染性脑白质营养不良患儿的临床、电生理、影像学和病理学改变特点，总结其特征表现和诊断规律。方法 3例均为男性婴儿，月龄分别为20个月、27个月和28个月。均于出生后15～21个月出现运动发育停滞和倒退，以下肢运动障碍为主，表现有锥体束征。收入院后予以体格检查、电生理检查、头部MRI检查及腓肠神经活检。结果 （1）体格检查：例1双下肢肌力4级，肌张力降低；双膝腱反射亢进，双侧Babinski征阳性。例2四肢肌力5级，肌张力明显增高；腱反射亢进，双侧Babinski征阳性。例3眼球向左、右注视时可发现细小水平眼震，四肢肌力4级，肌张力低；四肢腱反射对称引出，双下肢病理征阴性。（2）辅助检查：3例患儿电生理检查均提示为周围神经病变，MRI检查无异常发现。（3）实验室检查：仅例1行外周血白细胞芳基硫酯酶A检查，显示活性显著下降。（4）腓肠神经活检：3例患儿均显示髓神经纤维显著减少，残存的有髓神经纤维的髓鞘变薄，甲苯胺蓝染色见部分雪旺细胞及吞噬细胞内出现紫红色异染颗粒，超微结构呈指纹样、髓样和平行排列的棒状结构。结论 病理检查证实细胞内沉积物具有异染性，而周围神经病变具有髓鞘发育不良特点。由于脑白质MRI无改变，这组以周围神经损害为主的息儿可能是异染性脑白质营养不良的一种特殊类型，诊断为伴有中枢神经系统损害的异染性周围神经病更符合临床表现规律。     

新生儿型神经轴索营养不良的皮肤神经和肌肉病理改变

目的　报道2例新生儿型神经轴索营养不良(INAD)的神经末梢和骨骼肌的病理改变特点。方法　2例患者均为男性,年龄分别为3岁及2岁,均于1岁左右出现智力和运动发育落后或倒退,头颅磁共振成像(MRI)均示小脑萎缩。肌电图提示骨骼肌神经源性损害。例1进行左侧腓肠神经、肌肉和皮肤活检,例2进行左小腿皮肤和肌肉活检,标本进行光镜和电镜检查。结果　2例患者皮下神经末梢均可见椭圆体状巨大轴索,其内充满空泡或致密物质。例1腓肠神经偶见小的致密轴索。例2的骨骼肌间小神经发现异常巨大轴索。两例骨骼肌均存在神经源性病理改变。电镜发现巨大轴索内存在颗粒样物质或空泡膜管样结构。结论　出现中枢神经系统、周围神经系统以及视神经的广泛受累提示INAD的可能性,而脑外病理检查发现神经末梢出现椭圆体样巨大轴索可以确诊该病。巨大轴索内的成分具有不同的超微结构特点。显著的皮肤神经末梢损害提示此病存在小纤维性周围神经病。     

Histology of hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy

We report the findings in five muscle and three sural nerve biopsies, and in one postmortem plexus specimen, from six patients with hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA). We found that the sensory nerves are definitely involved in HNA despite the mainly motor symptoms, and that lesions in nerves and muscles are more widespread throughout the peripheral nervous system than clinically presumed, but, simultaneously, very focally affect isolated fascicles within individual nerves.