山东半岛成人肾下下腔静脉直径与长度测量及其意义

Objective To measure the diameter and length of infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC)in Shandong Peninsula adult through digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) for better vena cava filter (VCF) choice and placement. Methods From April 2008 to June 2010, 83 discontinuous patients (49 males and 34 females, mean age 56. 4 years) with deep venous thrombosis ( DVT) of lower extremity were placed VCF through DSA according to ACCP-8. During operation, diameter and length of infrarenal IVC were measured. At the same time, the renal vein location and the type of the IVC were identified to help the VCF choice. Results All the VCFs were placed successfully, no complications occurred. The diameter of infrarenal IVC was 10 to 26 mm with a mean of (19 ±5) mm. The average length from beginning of IVC to the lower renal vein was (10. 6 ±2. 8) cm. The renal vein was located between the first and second lumbar vertebra, the IVC beginning was located between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra. Conclusions Diameter and length measurement of infrarenal IVC is helpful to the VCF selection and the domestic VCF research. Vena cava angiography is very important to the accurate placement of VCF.     

山东半岛成人肾下下腔静脉直径与长度测量及其意义

Objective To measure the diameter and length of infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC)in Shandong Peninsula adult through digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) for better vena cava filter (VCF) choice and placement. Methods From April 2008 to June 2010, 83 discontinuous patients (49 males and 34 females, mean age 56. 4 years) with deep venous thrombosis ( DVT) of lower extremity were placed VCF through DSA according to ACCP-8. During operation, diameter and length of infrarenal IVC were measured. At the same time, the renal vein location and the type of the IVC were identified to help the VCF choice. Results All the VCFs were placed successfully, no complications occurred. The diameter of infrarenal IVC was 10 to 26 mm with a mean of (19 ±5) mm. The average length from beginning of IVC to the lower renal vein was (10. 6 ±2. 8) cm. The renal vein was located between the first and second lumbar vertebra, the IVC beginning was located between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra. Conclusions Diameter and length measurement of infrarenal IVC is helpful to the VCF selection and the domestic VCF research. Vena cava angiography is very important to the accurate placement of VCF.     

山东半岛成人肾下下腔静脉直径与长度测量及其意义

Objective To measure the diameter and length of infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC)in Shandong Peninsula adult through digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) for better vena cava filter (VCF) choice and placement. Methods From April 2008 to June 2010, 83 discontinuous patients (49 males and 34 females, mean age 56. 4 years) with deep venous thrombosis ( DVT) of lower extremity were placed VCF through DSA according to ACCP-8. During operation, diameter and length of infrarenal IVC were measured. At the same time, the renal vein location and the type of the IVC were identified to help the VCF choice. Results All the VCFs were placed successfully, no complications occurred. The diameter of infrarenal IVC was 10 to 26 mm with a mean of (19 ±5) mm. The average length from beginning of IVC to the lower renal vein was (10. 6 ±2. 8) cm. The renal vein was located between the first and second lumbar vertebra, the IVC beginning was located between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra. Conclusions Diameter and length measurement of infrarenal IVC is helpful to the VCF selection and the domestic VCF research. Vena cava angiography is very important to the accurate placement of VCF.     

Clinical observation of tempofilter Ⅱ inferior vena cava filter in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with the retrievable Tempofilter Ⅱ inferior vena cava (IVC ) filter with regard to insertion, efficiency, ease of retrieval, and any associated complications. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 112 patients (44 female,64 male,mean age 52. 3 years) who underwent Tempofilter Ⅱ IVC filter insertion. Filter insertion was successful in all patients. The filter was placed in via the jugular vein of 112 cases with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and (or) PE;after drug treatment, it was observed whether there existed PE symptoms and if the change of the filter location occurred and associated complications. Results All the inferior vena cana filters were successfully emplaced,and DVT responded well to the filters;no clinical relevant pulmonary embolism occurred;The mean dwell time of successfully retrieved filters was 19. 3 days ( range 8-69 days). The thrombus was trapped in 54 cases (48. 2% ). One vena cana filter was escaped. Conclusion Tempofilter Ⅱ vena cana filter is of exact curative effect in the p revention of PE and high value of clinical application.     

Clinical observation of tempofilter Ⅱ inferior vena cava filter in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with the retrievable Tempofilter Ⅱ inferior vena cava (IVC ) filter with regard to insertion, efficiency, ease of retrieval, and any associated complications. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 112 patients (44 female,64 male,mean age 52. 3 years) who underwent Tempofilter Ⅱ IVC filter insertion. Filter insertion was successful in all patients. The filter was placed in via the jugular vein of 112 cases with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and (or) PE;after drug treatment, it was observed whether there existed PE symptoms and if the change of the filter location occurred and associated complications. Results All the inferior vena cana filters were successfully emplaced,and DVT responded well to the filters;no clinical relevant pulmonary embolism occurred;The mean dwell time of successfully retrieved filters was 19. 3 days ( range 8-69 days). The thrombus was trapped in 54 cases (48. 2% ). One vena cana filter was escaped. Conclusion Tempofilter Ⅱ vena cana filter is of exact curative effect in the p revention of PE and high value of clinical application.     

山东半岛成人肾下下腔静脉直径与长度测量及其意义

目的 利用数字减影血管造影(DSA)测量肾下下腔静脉的直径及长度,定位肾静脉位置,更好地指导下腔静脉滤器类型选择与准确置放.方法 选择2008年4月至2010年6月因下肢深静脉血栓形成行下腔静脉滤器置放的83例患者,男性49例,女性34例,平均年龄56.4岁.滤器置放指征均参考ACCP-8标准.于放置滤器前行下腔静脉造影,通过DSA自带软件测量肾下下腔静脉直径及长度,同时确认肾静脉开口的位置及下腔静脉的形态,根据上述结果选择不同的滤器.结果 根据造影结果选择合适滤器,所有滤器释放位置良好,无覆盖肾静脉情况发生.肾下下腔静脉直径10～26 mm,平均(19±5)mm,无直径＞28 mm的巨大下腔静脉.肾下段下腔静脉长度平均为(10.6±2.8)cm.肾静脉位于L1-2之间,髂静脉分叉位于L4-5腰椎之间.结论 肾下下腔静脉直径与长度的测量对于指导滤器类型的选择及国产滤器的研发有较大作用,下腔静脉造影对腔静脉滤器的精确置放有重要的指导意义.

Abstract：

Objective To measure the diameter and length of infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC)in Shandong Peninsula adult through digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) for better vena cava filter (VCF) choice and placement. Methods From April 2008 to June 2010, 83 discontinuous patients (49 males and 34 females, mean age 56. 4 years) with deep venous thrombosis ( DVT) of lower extremity were placed VCF through DSA according to ACCP-8. During operation, diameter and length of infrarenal IVC were measured. At the same time, the renal vein location and the type of the IVC were identified to help the VCF choice. Results All the VCFs were placed successfully, no complications occurred. The diameter of infrarenal IVC was 10 to 26 mm with a mean of (19 ±5) mm. The average length from beginning of IVC to the lower renal vein was (10. 6 ±2. 8) cm. The renal vein was located between the first and second lumbar vertebra, the IVC beginning was located between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra. Conclusions Diameter and length measurement of infrarenal IVC is helpful to the VCF selection and the domestic VCF research. Vena cava angiography is very important to the accurate placement of VCF.     

Resection and reconstruction of the inferior vena cava for neoplasms

AIM: To evaluate the results of an aggressive surgical approach of resection and reconstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC). METHODS: The approach to caval resection depends on the extent and location of tumor involvement. The supraand infra-hepatic portion of the IVC was dissected and taped. Left and right renal veins were also taped to control the bleeding. In 12 of the cases with partial tangential resection of the IVC, the flow was reduced to less than 40% so that the vein was primarily closed with a running suture. In 3 of the cases, the lumen of the vein was significantly reduced, requiring the use of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch. In 2 of the cases with segmental resection of the IVC, a PTFE prosthesis was used and in 1 case, the IVC was resected without reconstruction due to shunting the blood through the azygos and hemiazygos veins. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 266 min (230-310 min) with an average intraoperative blood loss of 300 mL (200-2000 mL). The patients stayed in intensive care unit for 1.8 d (1-3 d). Mean hospital stay was 9 d (7-15 d). Twelve patients (66.7%) had no complications and 6 patients (33.3%) had the following complications: acute bleeding in 2 patients; bile leak in 2 patients; intra abdominal abscess in 1 patient; pulmonary embolism in 2 patients; and partial thrombosis of the patch in 1 patient. General complications such as pneumonia, pleural effusion and cardiac arrest were observed in the same group of patients. In all but 1 case, the complications were transient and successfully controlled. The mortality rate was 11.1% (n = 2). One patient died due to cardiac arrest and pulmonary embolism in the operation room and the second one died 2 d after surgery due to coagulopathy. With a median follow-up of 24 mo, 5 (27.8%) patients died of tumor recurrence and 11 (61.1%) are still alive, but three of them have a recurrence on computed tomography. CONCLUSION: There are a variety of options for reconstruction after resection of the IVC that offers a higher resectable rate and better prognosis in selected cases.     

肝细胞癌合并肝静脉或下腔静脉癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识（2019版）

肝细胞癌(以下简称肝癌)是世界第六大常见癌症,每年约有74万新发病例,其中一半发生在中国,在我国肝癌相关病死率仅次于肺癌,高居第三位[1-2]。临床上肝癌多侵犯门静脉而形成门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT),其亦可侵犯流出道形成肝静脉癌栓(hepatic vein tumor thrombus,HVTT)、下腔静脉癌栓(inferior vena cava lunior thrombus,1VCTT)甚至右心房癌检(right atrium tumor thrombus,RATT),其发生率为1.4%~4.9%[3-6]。肝癌合并HVTT/IVCTT病人预后极差,多在短时间内出现肝功能衰竭或癌栓脱落死于肺栓塞、心脏填塞等,若不进行治疗,病人中位生存时间仅为3个月[7-8]。     

全机器人心脏外科手术中经食管超声心动图的应用

目的 探讨术中经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在全机器人心脏外科手术中的作用.方法 2007年1月至2011年3月,对接受全机器人心脏外科手术的193例患者行术中TEE检查,其中房间隔缺损111例,黏液样退行性变(瓣叶脱垂或连枷样瓣叶)所致二尖瓣反流51例,心房黏液瘤31例.TEE应用于:(1)体外循环(CPB)转机前,进一步明确病变性质及其发生部位;(2)建立外周CPB时,引导下、上腔静脉内插管及升主动脉内灌注针的置放;(3)心脏复跳后,即刻评价手术效果及有无手术相关并发症.结果 以术中所见为标准,TEE诊断病变性质及其发生部位总的准确性分别为100%和98.8%.下、上腔静脉内插管及升主动脉内灌注针均置于适当位置,TEE引导置管成功率为100%.心脏复跳后,TEE显示所有患者手术均获成功,无手术相关并发症.结论 术中TEE在全机器人心脏外科手术中不可缺少.

Abstract：

Objective To delineate the utility and results of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of patients undergoing robot-assisted cardiac surgery. Methods Intraoperative TEE was performed in 193 patients undergoing robot-assisted procedures in cardiac surgery over a period of 4 years. (1) Before CPB, a comprehensive TEE was performed to document the lesions and their precise localization. ( 2 ) During establishment of peripheral CPB, a arterial cannula was placed percutaneously into the right internal jugular vein and passed into the superior vena cava; a venous cannula was inserted into the right common femoral vein and passing it into the inferior vena cava with its tip just inferior to the inferior vena cava-right atrium junction; a arterial perfusion cannula was passed into the ascending aorta with its tip approximately 3 cm from the aortic valve under TEE guidance. (3) After weaning from CPB, TEE was performed to evaluate the efficiency of the procedure. Results (1) The concordance with surgical findings concerning the lesions and precise localization was 100% and 98. 8% among all the patients, respectively. (2) All cannulae were located in the correct position. (3) TEE confirmed successful procedures with no concomitant complication in all the patients. Conclusion Intraoperative TEE is a valuable adjunct in the assessment of robot-assisted cardiac surgery.     

An unusual mass arising from the vas deferens

An 18-year-old man presented with a history of fightsided abdominal pain and weight loss. Clinical examination revealed the presence of a right-sided abdominal mass arising from the pelvis. Baseline haematological and biochemical investigations were normal. A computerized tomography scan revealed a 78×56 mm cystic mass indenting the right posterolateral aspect of the bladder. The right kidney was absent with a congenital anomaly and duplication of the inferior vena cava below the left renal vein. A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan revealed     

腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓

目的探讨腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓的临床经验和文献分析。 方法女性患者,61岁,临床诊断：右肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓。术前全面评估手术风险,组织多学科会诊为患者制定详尽的围手术期治疗与护理方案,拟行腹腔镜下右侧肾癌根治性切除+高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。术后医护密切配合严密观察患者病情变化,进行围手术期观察处理与护理。 结果手术顺利完成,手术时间390 min,无中转开放手术。术中完全游离右侧和左侧肾静脉、肝后下腔静脉直达第二肝门水平远端,近右肾静脉处下腔静脉内侧壁剪开静脉壁,癌栓下部小灶性侵犯静脉壁,切除部分腔静脉壁完整取出癌栓,恢复左侧肾静脉、腔静脉血流回流无障碍。术后病理提示符合透明细胞癌,癌组织侵犯肾窦脂肪,腹膜后淋巴结（-）。术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发。 结论腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓安全可行,多学科协助模式为疑难复杂病例提供了一种新的选择,值得临床进一步推广。     

球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓一例报告并文献复习

目的报道球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓1例,结合文献复习加深对此病的认识。方法20岁女性患者,术前影像学检查提示右肾巨大肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓,在球囊辅助阻断下行右肾切除及下腔静脉取栓术。结果病理报告为右肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,伴下腔静脉瘤栓,长6．5cm,术后随访1年未见复发。结论球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉可用于治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓。     

肾癌伴静脉癌栓外科治疗的疗效观察

目的探讨外科治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者的预后。方法自1994年8月至2004年7月共33例患者行肾癌根治术及静脉癌栓取出术,其中男性26例、女性7例,中位年龄60岁(20~82岁)。肾静脉癌栓15例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅰ级(肝下水平)9例、Ⅱ级(肝后水平)5例、Ⅲ级(肝上水平)1例、Ⅳ级(右心房水平)3例。采用Kaplan-Meier方法进行生存分析。结果29例患者得到随访,14例死亡,平均生存(16·4±2·9)个月(1~42个月),15例存活,平均随访(17·3±4·6)个月(3~67个月)。1例患者术后第2天死亡,3例失访。5年生存率为16%。肾静脉癌栓患者平均生存(49·9±9·8)个月,明显高于Ⅰ级下腔静脉癌栓患者的(16·7±1·9)个月(P<0·05)。结论肾癌根治性切除加癌栓取出术是治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓的有效方法,肾静脉癌栓患者的预后好于腔静脉癌栓患者。     

腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术的可行性. 方法 右肾占位病变患者2例.增强CT显示1例肿物部分延伸至肾静脉及腔静脉内,1例右肾静脉内可见充盈缺损并突入腔静脉内.均在全麻下行经后腹腔镜下根治性右肾切除及肾静脉、腔静脉取栓术.术中放置4个穿刺套管针,切断肾动脉后游离腔静脉及肾静脉,腔镜血管阻断钳部分阻断腔静脉,切开腔静脉取出瘤栓,缝合腔静脉,完整切除肾脏及瘤栓. 结果 2例患者的腔静脉瘤栓长度分别为0.3和1.0 cm,均安全取出,术后恢复良好,5 d出院.病理诊断分别为上皮样肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾透明细胞癌1～2级.术后随访5个月未见肿瘤复发和转移. 结论 对选择性肾肿瘤并肾静脉及腔静脉瘤栓患者行腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术安全可行.     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with level II vena caval thrombectomy: survival porcine study

PURPOSE: Inferior vena caval tumor thrombus due to renal cell carcinoma generally precludes laparoscopic techniques for radical nephrectomy. We developed the technique of laparoscopic infrahepatic (level II) inferior vena caval thrombectomy in a survival porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 7 female pigs used in the study 2 were acute and 5 were chronic animals which were allowed to survive for 6 weeks postoperatively. Laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena caval thrombectomy were performed in accordance with established open surgical principles, including vascular control and intracorporeal reconstruction of the vena cava and left renal vein. RESULTS: Complete removal of the simulated caval thrombus was successful in each case without intraoperative or postoperative complications. Average operative time was 160 minutes. Postoperatively inferior venacavography showed a patent vena cava and left renal vein in all animals. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was successful in an animal model simulating renal cell carcinoma with infrahepatic vena caval tumor thrombus. Clinical application of this technique appears possible.     

下腔静脉-右心房自然转流技术在下腔静脉瘤栓切除术中的应用

目的：探讨下腔静脉－右心房自然转流技术在下腔静脉瘤栓切除术中的应用价值。方法：报告4例肾或肾上腺恶性肿瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓患者的临床资料以及术中应用下腔静脉－右心房自然转流技术行下腔静脉瘤栓切除的方法。结果：4例转流后下腔静脉阻断时的各项血液动力学指标无明显变化。3例肾肿瘤患者下腔静脉瘤栓及原发肿瘤完全切除,1例肾上腺恶性肿瘤患者下腔静脉瘤栓大部分切除。术后恢复良好,无并发症。结论：下腔静脉－右心房自然转流技术是下腔静脉瘤栓切除术中安全简便、切实可行的有效方法。     

Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: biology,role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy

PURPOSE: We outline the biology, prognosis and role of immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma with gross venous tumor thrombus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 207 patients with unilateral renal cell carcinoma and tumor thrombus into the renal vein (107) and inferior vena cava (100) who underwent nephrectomy and thrombectomy were compared with 607 without tumor thrombus. RESULTS: At diagnosis 77 patients (37%) had N0M0 disease and 130 (63%) had lymph node (N+) or distant (M1) metastases. Compared with nontumor thrombus cases tumor thrombus was associated with more advanced stage, N+ (26% versus 12%), M1 (54% versus 31%) disease, higher grade and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status. In N0M0 cases with inferior vena caval tumor thrombus capsular penetration, collecting system invasion and extension into the hepatic vein were more important prognostic variables then the level of inferior vena caval thrombus. In patients with confined N0M0 tumors mean 2 and 5-year survival +/- SD was 83% +/- 8.8% and 72% +/- 10.7% in those with inferior vena caval tumor thrombus, and 90% +/- 9.4% and 68% +/- 16.1% in those with renal vein tumor thrombus, similar to the 93.4% +/- 1.7% and 81 +/- 3.1% rates, respectively, in those without thrombus who had no recurrence within 6 months after nephrectomy. Of patients with M1 disease in whom cytoreductive surgery was done those with and without thrombus showed a similar response to immunotherapy. When there was inferior vena caval and renal vein thrombus, mean 2-year survival was higher after nephrectomy and immunotherapy than after nephrectomy alone (41% +/- 9% and 52% +/- 7% versus 32% +/- 13% and 45% +/- 7%), immunotherapy alone (0% and 13% +/- 12%, respectively) and no treatment (0%). CONCLUSIONS: Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus is associated with worse characteristics. Local tumor extension has greater prognostic importance than the level of inferior vena caval tumor thrombus. Survival is fair in patients with truly confined N0M0 disease and thrombus. The combination of surgery and immunotherapy has a role in thrombus cases. Our data provide the rationale for a prospective study of adjuvant immunotherapy after surgery in N0M0 cases with extensive tumor thrombus.     

腹腔镜治疗肾错构瘤并肾静脉及下腔静脉瘤栓1例并文献复习

目的：探讨全腹腔镜治疗肾错构瘤并肾静脉及下腔静脉瘤栓的可行性分析。方法：回顾性分析1例腹腔镜治疗肾错构瘤并肾静脉及下腔静脉瘤栓患者的临床资料。患者,女,26岁,体检时发现右肾占位,B超示右肾窦内可见5．1cm×2．7cm高回声占位,边界欠规则,内见血流。CT示右肾盂旁可见一不规则团块状混杂密度影,大小为4．5cm×2．9cm×1．9cm,可见脂肪成分,最低密度-40HU;病变软组织部分明显强化,增强前后CT值分别为31HU和97HU,病变主要位于肾窦,部分延伸至肾静脉及腔静脉内。检索Pubmed和CBM数据库相关文献进行复习。结果：患者在全麻下行腹腔镜右肾切除及肾静脉、下腔静脉取栓术,瘤栓进入下腔静脉0．6cm。病理诊断右肾错构瘤。术后随访6个月无肿瘤复发和转移。结论：肾错构瘤并。肾静脉及下腔静脉瘤栓临床罕见,对选择性病例行腹腔镜肾切除并行肾静脉及下腔静脉取栓术安全可行。     

Venacavoscopy during nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus

PURPOSE: Renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus remains a complex challenge for the urologist. Aggressive surgery to remove all tumor can result in long-term survival. Liver transplant techniques, assistance from cardiac surgeons and bypass techniques can yield optimal vascular control but there is still a blind element inside the inferior vena cava when the thrombus is evacuated. We present data on a technique using a flexible cystoscope to evaluate the lumen of the intrahepatic and suprahepatic inferior vena cava after nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients underwent radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus. During surgery and after removal of the tumor thrombus a flexible cystoscope was inserted into the venacavotomy for direct inspection of the inferior vena caval lumen. Any residual tumor was manipulated out of the lumen and removed. Patient records were reviewed for data on the time of this procedure, estimated blood loss, residual tumor, postoperative complications and survival. RESULTS: Venacavoscopy required an average additional 5.6 minutes and residual tumor was found in 3 of 7 patients. Average estimated blood loss was 1,170 cc and it was not affected by venacavoscopy. One patient experienced acalculous cholecystitis, possibly as a result of this procedure. Mean followup was 17.6 months with 5 of 7 patients alive. CONCLUSIONS: Venacavoscopy is a safe, reliable method of intraoperative inspection of the inferior vena cava that uses equipment and techniques familiar to every urologist. This can help prevent incomplete thrombectomy and disastrous pulmonary embolus.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除联合下腔静脉癌栓取出术术中癌栓降级11例分析

目的对机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除联合下腔静脉癌栓取出术术中癌栓降级现象及我中心相关经验进行报告,并初步探讨导致术中癌栓降级的因素。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2019年4月中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心泌尿外科收治的144例肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者行机器人手术治疗的临床资料,其中11例通过术中超声和(或)经食道超声心动图观察到癌栓级别降低。原发肿瘤位于左侧7例(术前均行肾动脉栓塞)、右侧4例(1例术前行肾动脉栓塞)。肾肿瘤直径4~9cm,平均(5.6±0.6)cm;临床分期T3b7例,T3c4例。术中再次评估癌栓级别观察到:Ⅳ级降Ⅲ级1例;Ⅲ级降Ⅱ级3例;Ⅱ级降Ⅰ级3例;Ⅰ级降0级4例。结果 11例患者均根据术中实时癌栓级别调整手术策略,手术均顺利完成,中位手术时间190(105~570)min,中位出血量320(20~2 600)mL。术中输血6例。Ⅳ级降Ⅲ级1例,避免建立体外循环及胸腔镜切开右心房取栓等操作;Ⅲ级降Ⅱ级3例,避免阻断第一肝门及肝上膈下下腔静脉;Ⅱ级降Ⅰ级3例,机器人腹腔镜下手术策略无明显改变;Ⅰ级降0级4例,无需切开下腔静脉取栓,夹闭肾门血管后按肾根治性切除处理。术后2例患者出现肾功能不全,2例患者出现肝功能不全,经药物治疗后均好转。中位术后住院时间6(3~28)d。11例均获随访,其中1例术后4个月因肝、肺转移去世,2例远处转移,其余预后良好。结论术中重新评估癌栓级别可以优化、纠正术前信息并实时调整手术策略,具有重要临床价值;肿瘤血供减少、术中体位变化、建立气腹、心房受压、麻醉效应、癌栓与静脉壁的关系、癌栓细胞类型等因素可能引起术中癌栓降级。