2010年至2014年浙江省肿瘤登记地区癌症死亡情况分析

  目的  探讨浙江省肿瘤登记地区2010年至2014年癌症死亡的流行病学特征,为制定肿瘤防治计划提供参考依据。  方法  数据来源于浙江省14个登记地区上报的2010年至2014年癌症死亡资料,经过分类、审核后计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、年龄别死亡率、前10位癌症死亡顺位和构成、各年龄段癌症死亡顺位和构成、年度变化百分比（annual percentage change,APC）及其95%可信区间（95%CI）等。  结果  2010年至2014年浙江省登记地区共报告癌症死亡病例为108 514例,其中男性70 578例,女性37 936例。恶性肿瘤粗死亡率为186.06/10万,中标率为103.02/10万,世标率为101.73/10万,0~74岁累积死亡率为11.46%。男女性中标死亡率比为1.95,城市与农村比为0.93。年龄40岁以后死亡率上升幅度显著,在年龄≥85岁年龄组达到高峰。癌症粗死亡率从2010年的182.85/10万上升到2014年的191.00/10万,上升了4.46%,经年龄标化之后,中标死亡率则出现下降趋势,由107.85/10万下降至100.60/10万（APC=-1.96%,P=0.017）。肺癌、肝癌和胃癌排在癌症死亡的前3位,前10位癌症合计占全部癌症死亡构成的89.51%,不同年龄段癌症死亡谱不一致,0~14岁儿童白血病死亡率最高,青年组肝癌最高,中老年组肺癌最高。肝癌、胃癌和食管癌死亡率下降,胰腺癌、前列腺癌和卵巢癌死亡率呈现上升趋势。  结论  浙江省登记地区癌症粗死亡率呈上升趋势,表明癌症死亡人数将继续增加,中标死亡率下降表明浙江省癌症防控取得一定效果,仍需采用综合性的癌症预防策略,加强癌症的健康教育,推广早诊早治工作,增强癌症的规范化治疗和康复工作,提高生存质量,降低癌症危害。      

"食管癌早诊早治方案"的经济学评价

背景与目的：在中国,食管癌是死亡率位于前四位的恶性肿瘤之一,其5年生存率不足10％。食管癌的早期发现与治疗对提高患者生存率至关重要。本研究以近期在食管癌高发区河南省林州市开展的“食管癌早诊早治”的研究为背景,从成本效益角度对该食管癌筛查和早诊早治方案进行初步评价,以研究该方案带来的经济效益与社会效益。方法：采用分层抽样法对食管癌高发区河南省林州市3家医院136名食管癌住院或门诊患者进行问卷调查,同时对53名食管癌患者进行入户调查,以估算自然发生的食管癌“传统疗法”花费。以参加在该地开展的内镜筛查和早诊早治研究中的936人为背景,估算“食管癌早诊早治方案”的花费,对该方案进行成本效益分析和食管癌患者疾病经济负担研究。结果：食管癌“传统疗法”花费为人均7183元。参加内镜筛查的936人中,“食管癌早诊早治方案”的成本是148246元,效益是589006元,效益成本差为440760元,效益成本比率为4：1,患者治疗疾病的花费与家庭年总收入的比由1．300降为0．125。结论：“食管癌早诊早治方案”的成本低,效益好,且能降低食管癌患者的疾病经济负担。     

Qualitative Assessment of Breast Cancer Early Detection Services Provided through Well Woman Clinics in the District of Gampaha in Sri Lanka

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women in Sri Lanka. Early detectioncan lead to reduction in morbidity and mortality. The objective here was to identify perceptions of public healthmidwives (PHMs) on the importance of early detection of breast cancer and deficiencies of and suggestions onimproving existing breast cancer early detection services provided through Well Woman Clinics. Materials andMethods: A qualitative study using four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among 38 PHMs in theGampaha district in Sri Lanka and the meetings were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using constantcomparison and identifying themes and categories. Results: All the PHMs had a firm realization on the need ofbreast cancer early detection. The four FGDs among PHMs revealed non-availability of guidelines, inadequacyof training, lack of skills and material to provide health education, inability to provide privacy during clinicalexamination, shortage of stationery, lack of community awareness and motivation. The suggestions for theimprovements of the programme identified in FGDs were capacity building of PHMs, making availability ofguidelines, rescheduling clinics, improving the supervision, strengthening the monitoring, improving coordinationbetween clinical and preventive sectors, and improving community awareness. Conclusions: Results of the FGDscan provide useful information on components to be improved in breast cancer early detection services. Studyrecommendations were training programmes at basic and post basic levels on a regular basis and supervisionfor the sustainance of the breast cancer early detection program.     

Awareness of breast cancer incidence and risk factors among healthy women.

The efficacy of early breast cancer detection programmes seems to be mainly influenced by the awareness of breast cancer in general among healthy women. This study aimed to provide information about women's understanding of breast cancer incidence and risk of disease. Based on a newly developed questionnaire 2108 healthy women were asked about their knowledge and perceptions in relation to breast cancer incidence, risk factors, risk perception and level of concern. Of these women 78.8% were well aware of breast cancer in general terms. However, there were major aspects such as incidence or risk factors that were poorly understood. Only one-third correctly estimated the incidence of breast cancer; 95% understood breast cancer in the familial history as a risk factor, but only 57% understood the age risk; 37.1% of women perceived hormonal contraceptives and 35.9% hormonal replacement therapy as risk factors of breast cancer. The latter estimation was significantly higher in women above 40 years. Recommendations for the improvement of cancer prevention programmes include targeting understanding of lifetime risk of breast cancer, age as a risk factor, survival from breast cancer or hormonal factors. There is a need to separately address the perceptions of women depending on age, social status and educational levels.     

Cancer Awareness in Aotearoa New Zealand (CAANZ), 2001 and 2015: Study Protocols

Population cancer awareness is of interest worldwide, as efforts are made to reduce cancer incidence via changes in risk and protective behaviours. To date, few studies have described changes in awareness over time, despite significant investment in raising awareness about various cancer types and risk behaviours. This paper describes the Cancer Awareness in Aotearoa New Zealand (CAANZ) survey, a cross-sectional telephone survey of adult New Zealanders conducted in 2014/2015 (CAANZ15, n?=?1064) and its comparison with a similar 2001 study (CAANZ01, n?=?438). Both aimed to describe current cancer awareness among a national sample of New Zealand (NZ) adults, with additional aims for CAANZ15 being to explore emerging issues in information provision and supportive care. Follow-up studies are challenged by changes in communication technologies and, in turn, potential issues in sampling. However, given the value of information about changing awareness, pragmatic steps were taken in CAANZ15 to maximise the response rate and comparability of the surveys. A response rate of 64 % was achieved for both samples. When compared to the adult NZ population, the CAANZ15 sample tended to be older, of higher socioeconomic status and under-representative of people with Pacific, Asian or, to a lesser extent, Māori (the indigenous population of NZ) ethnicity. To compensate for possible disproportionate age-by-ethnicity (Māori/non-Māori) groups in the sample, poststratification weighting was adopted. While caution will need to be exercised in drawing conclusions from comparisons made between these two cohorts, the dearth of such studies means that insights gained should be useful for guiding reflection on future cancer control directions and the generation of new hypotheses.     

Changing area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1998: Part II--Lung and colorectal cancers

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer and colorectal cancer are leading causes of U.S. cancer mortality. Because mortality rates for many cancers vary by socioeconomic characteristics, we used area socioeconomic indices to examine patterns in U.S. lung and colorectal cancer mortality between 1950 and 1998. METHODS: A factor-based area socioeconomic index was linked to 1950-1998 county mortality data to generate annual lung and colorectal cancer mortality rates for each area socioeconomic group. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to model and identify statistically significant changes in the mortality trends. RESULTS: Area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. lung cancer mortality changed dramatically between 1950 and 1998. Men aged 25-64 years and those aged 65 years or older in higher socioeconomic areas generally had higher lung cancer mortality than did those in lower socioeconomic areas during 1950-1964 and 1950-1980, respectively. Area socioeconomic differences in lung cancer mortality began to reverse and widen by the early 1970s for younger men and by the mid-1980s for older men. In 1998, lung cancer mortality was 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 49% to 64%) higher for younger men and 38% higher (95% CI = 34% to 43%) for older men in the lowest area socioeconomic group than for the same age groups in the highest area socioeconomic group. Lung cancer mortality among older women in all socioeconomic groups increased sevenfold to eightfold between 1950 and 1998, with higher mortality in higher area socioeconomic groups. The positive socioeconomic gradient in colorectal cancer mortality diminished substantially over time. Although colorectal cancer mortality among women in all area socioeconomic groups showed a consistent downward trend, colorectal cancer mortality among men in low area socioeconomic groups, but not in high area socioeconomic groups, showed an upward trend. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic gradients in male lung cancer mortality reversed between 1950 and 1998, and those in colorectal cancer mortality narrowed over that time. Area measures may be useful for monitoring socioeconomic disparities in cancer mortality and for identifying areas for potential cancer control interventions.     

The American Cancer Society challenge goal to reduce US cancer mortality by 50% between 1990 and 2015: Results and reflections

In 1996, the Board of Directors of the American Cancer Society (ACS) challenged the United States to reduce what looked to be possible peak cancer mortality in 1990 by 50% by the year 2015. This analysis examines the trends in cancer mortality across this 25‐year challenge period from 1990 to 2015. In 2015, cancer death rates were 26% lower than in 1990 (32% lower among men and 22% lower among women). The 50% reduction goal was more fully met for the cancer sites for which there was enactment of effective approaches for prevention, early detection, and/or treatment. Among men, mortality rates dropped for lung cancer by 45%, for colorectal cancer by 47%, and for prostate cancer by 53%. Among women, mortality rates dropped for lung cancer by 8%, for colorectal cancer by 44%, and for breast cancer by 39%. Declines in the death rates of all other cancer sites were substantially smaller (13% among men and 17% among women). The major factors that accounted for these favorable trends were progress in tobacco control and improvements in early detection and treatment. As we embark on new national cancer goals, this recent past experience should teach us that curing the cancer problem will require 2 sets of actions: making new discoveries in cancer therapeutics and more completely applying those discoveries in cancer prevention we have already made. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:359–369. © 2016 American Cancer Society.     

Communication and colorectal cancer screening among the uninsured: data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (United States)

OBJECTIVE: Colorectal cancer screening allows for both prevention and early detection of the disease, with early detection often resulting in improved prognosis. Too few Americans over 50 are screened for colorectal cancer, but among certain subpopulations screening rates are particularly low for various reasons. We examined the role of communication factors and insurance, with a specific focus on the uninsured to examine disparities in colorectal cancer screening. METHODS: We used Health Information National Trends Survey data to examine: disparities in colorectal cancer screening, by calculating proportions of subpopulations screened; and the association between communication and screening among the uninsured, by performing chi-square tests and simple logistic regression to examine the potential factors associated with screening. RESULTS: The uninsured were 64% less likely to be screened than the insured. Provider recommendation was the only significant communication measure, with the uninsured lacking a recommendation 98.5% less likely to be screened than those with one. CONCLUSION: These data suggest expansion of programs of screening among the uninsured and more aggressive communication campaigns to promote the awareness and provider recommendation of screening as possible ways to increase screening and reduce mortality of colorectal cancer.     

Age at diagnosis and prostate cancer treatment and prognosis: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundOld age at prostate cancer diagnosis has been associated with poor prognosis in several studies. We aimed to investigate the association between age at diagnosis and prognosis, and if it is independent of tumor characteristics, primary treatment, year of diagnosis, mode of detection and comorbidity.Patients and methodsWe conducted a nation-wide cohort study including 121 392 Swedish men aged 55–95 years in Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden 3.0 diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1998–2012 and followed for prostate cancer death through 2014. Data were available on age, stage, grade, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-level, mode of detection, comorbidity, educational level and primary treatment. We used Cox regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsWith increasing age at diagnosis, men had more comorbidity, fewer PSA-detected cancers, more advanced cancers and were less often treated with curative intent. Among men with high-risk or regionally metastatic disease, the proportion of men with unknown M stage was higher among old men versus young men. During a follow-up of 751 000 person-years, 23 649 men died of prostate cancer. In multivariable Cox-regression analyses stratified by treatment, old age at diagnosis was associated with poorer prognosis among men treated with deferred treatment (HRage 85+ versus 60–64: 7.19; 95% CI: 5.61–9.20), androgen deprivation therapy (HRage 85+ versus 60–64: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.61–1.84) or radical prostatectomy (HRage 75+ versus 60–64: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.01–4.77), but not radiotherapy (HRage 75+ versus 60–64: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.76–1.53).ConclusionOur findings argue against a strong inherent effect of age on risk of prostate cancer death, but indicate that in current clinical practice, old men with prostate cancer receive insufficient diagnostic workup and subsequent curative treatment.     

黑龙江省2013—2014年度城市癌症筛查分析

目的 评价2013—2014年度黑龙江省城市癌症早诊早治项目筛查结果 的意义。方法 在黑龙江省哈尔滨市和大庆市常住人口中,通过危险因素问卷调查评估出高危人群,分别进行相应的临床筛查(肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、上消化道癌和结直肠癌),探讨黑龙江省癌症早诊早治的防治效果。结果 2013—2014年度黑龙江省城市癌症早诊早治项目工作,共邀请了15628人参加临床筛查,临床筛查高危人群10299人次,共筛查出66例疑似癌症病例。结论 黑龙江省顺利的完成了2013—2014年度城市癌症早诊早治项目,早诊早治项目可以做到早发现、早诊断和早治疗的目的,对于提高检出癌症患者的生存时间和生存质量具有重要的意义,此项目也为黑龙江省在癌症早诊早治方面的工作积累了经验。     

Mortality from lung cancer and tobacco smoking in Ohio (U.S.): will increasing smoking prevalence reverse current decreases in mortality?

BACKGROUND: Despite significant changes in smoking patterns within the past few decades, lung cancer remains a major cause of cancer deaths in many developed countries in people of each sex, and one of the most important public health issues. The study aims to analyze the possible impact of changes in tobacco smoking practices in the state of Ohio (U.S.) on current and future trends and patterns of lung cancer mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mortality rates from lung cancer were calculated for the period 1970 to 2001 on the basis of data from the National Center for Health Statistics. The Joinpoint regression approach was used to evaluate changes in time trends by sex, age, and race. Data on smoking prevalence in Ohio were retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. RESULTS: Lung cancer mortality rates in Ohio have declined among men of all ages as well as in specific age groups in the 1990s, and the rate of increase among middle-aged and elderly women has dropped over time. The mortality rate among young women (ages 20-44) began to increase during the early 1990s. The prevalence of smoking in Ohio has increased since the early 1990s, especially among young persons. CONCLUSIONS: Recent trends in tobacco smoking in Ohio indicate that the declining trends in lung cancer mortality might be reversed in the future. An early indicator of possible change is the recent increase in mortality among young women. Implementation of the Ohio Comprehensive Tobacco Use Prevention Strategic Plan might help to disseminate proven prevention strategies among the inhabitants of Ohio and might thus prevent future increases in lung cancer mortality rates in the state.     

Cancer incidence and mortality projections up to 2020 in Catalonia by means of Bayesian models

Purpose

To predict the burden of cancer in Catalonia by 2020 assessing changes in demography and cancer risk during 2010–2020.

Methods/patients

Data were obtained from Tarragona and Girona cancer registries and Catalan mortality registry. Population age distribution was obtained from the Catalan Institute of Statistics. Predicted cases in Catalonia were estimated through autoregressive Bayesian age-period-cohort models.

Results

There will be diagnosed 26,455 incident cases among men and 18,345 among women during 2020, which means an increase of 22.5 and 24.5 % comparing with the cancer incidence figures of 2010. In men, the increase of cases (22.5 %) can be partitioned in three components: 12 % due to ageing, 8 % due to increase in population size and 2 % due to cancer risk. In women, the role of each component was 9, 8 and 8 %, respectively. The increased risk is mainly expected to be observed in tobacco-related tumours among women and in colorectal and liver cancers among men. During 2010–2020 a mortality decline is expected in both sexes.

Conclusion

The expected increase of cancer incidence, mainly due to tobacco-related tumours in women and colorectal in men, reinforces the need to strengthen smoking prevention and the expansion of early detection of colorectal cancer in Catalonia.     

Mastectomy and the Meaning Attributed by Patients to Delay in Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is a major public health problem and its early detection (ED) can reduce the number ofbreast mutilations, morbidity and mortality rates, health costs and negative health outcomes. Given that, this studyaimed to assess the meaning attributed by mastectomized women to delay in early detection of their breast cancers.Methods: Qualitative research was conducted with 26 mastectomized women who participated in semi-structuredinterviews about the meaning of delay in early detection of breast cancer in a reference oncology outpatient clinic inthe city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Northeastern Brazil from December 2015 to January 2016. Information was analyzed onthe basis of symbolic interactionism. Results: After noticing breast changes, women start to ponder about them andexperience this moment according to interpretive particularities. Fear of disease, multiple roles in modern society,denial of breast changes, lack of information on the issue, and lack of professionals to encourage their involvement inhealth care, favor delay in the search for care and therefore in the early detection of breast cancer, which is a determinant of therapeutic success. Conclusion: Women receive limited information and professional support for breast health. Delay inearly diagnosis occurred in all the women who participated in the study.     

Patterns of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in North- Eastern India: The First Report from the Population Based Cancer Registry of Tripura

Background: There is, till date no population-based data regarding cancer patterns in North- Eastern India, dictating the need to understand the epidemiology of cancer in this population for its effective management. Methods: This is the first report of the Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) in Tripura (2010-2014). The protocol involves active collection of data on all cancer cases from Tripura through staff visit in more than 150 sources of incident and mortality registration, government and private hospitals, municipal corporation, etc. and scrutiny, corroboration with existing records. Data was analyzed statistically to understand cancer trends in terms of incidence and mortality across different sites, age groups affected and gender. Results: A total of 10,251 cases were registered during the period, with overall age-adjusted incidence rates of 75.7 and 54.9 per 100,000 males and females respectively. Crude Incidence Rate (CR) and Age- Adjusted Rate (AAR) was among the lowest reported in India, probably due to associated socio-economic factors. The most prevalent cancers were lung (18.1%), esophageal (8.3%) for men and cervix uteri (17.6%), breast (13.8%) for females. Gall bladder cancer in females was one of the highest in the country. Rate of cancer mortality in the population was quite high and significantly increased with time, probably accounting for dearth in early detection and feasible treatment alternatives. Conclusion: The data suggests that high cancer incidence and mortality are prevalent in the population of Tripura, dictating the need of active tobacco control measures, early detection and awareness drives for effective cancer control.     

Narrowing the options: the process of deciding on prostate cancer treatment.

Prostate cancer is a pressing health concern in the United States and one surrounded by continual controversy. Currently there is no consensus regarding the efficacy of routine screening, nor has one treatment modality been demonstrated as superior. Patients and spouses are asked to choose from several options: radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, or the "watch and wait" approach. A grounded theory design was used to examine the actual treatment decision-making process as it occurred over time among 18 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients and their wives in western North Carolina. Couples were interviewed conjointly and individually to explore their perceptions of the decision process. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis techniques. Couples negotiated decisions through their common and unique personal and family histories, biases, and individual coping styles. They narrowed the options based on these factors. Most couples received their counseling regarding treatment options exclusively from the surgeon who narrowed the options based on age and physiologic status. Most couples chose surgery believing it to be the only treatment promising cure. Distinct misconceptions about radiation therapy were noted. Concern about potential side effects did not deter men from selecting surgery, although men and their wives differed in their willingness to accept treatment "at any cost." Information regarding potential for cure and risk of recurrence were highly important factors in the decision process. The decision was incomparable with any other life decisions the couples had faced.     

Cancer surveillance using registry data: Results and recommendations for the Lithuanian national prostate cancer early detection programme

IntroductionWe describe long term trends in prostate cancer epidemiology in Lithuania, where a national prostate specific antigen (PSA) test based early detection programme has been running since 2006.MethodsWe used population-based cancer registry data, supplemented by information on PSA testing, life expectancy and mortality from Lithuania to examine age-specific prostate cancer incidence, mortality and survival trends among men aged 40+ between 1978 and 2009, as well as life expectancy of screening-eligible men, and the proportion of men with a first PSA test per year since the programme started.ResultsThe number of prostate cancer patients rose from 2.237 in 1990–1994 to 15.294 in 2005–2009. By 2010, around 70% of the eligible population was tested, on average around two times. The early detection programme brought about the highest prostate cancer incidence peaks ever seen in a country to date. Recent incidence and survival rises in the age groups 75–84 suggest PSA testing in the elderly non-eligible population. Life expectancy of men aged 70–74 indicates that less than 30% of patients will live for 15 years and may have a chance to benefit from early detection.ConclusionsEarly detection among men aged 70–74, and particularly among the elderly (75+) may have to be reconsidered. Life expectancy assessment before testing, avoiding a second test among men with low PSA values and increasing the threshold for further evaluation and the screening interval may help reducing harm. Publishing information on treatment modalities, side-effects and patient reported quality of life is recommended.     

北京城区女性乳腺癌发病死亡和生存情况20年监测分析

目的 探讨北京城区乳腺癌发病率、死亡率及生存率的变化特点,为乳腺癌的预防与控制提供依据。方法 利用1982-2001年北京城区肿瘤登记报告资料,并结合1982年1月1日至1983年12月30日和1987年1月1日至1988年12月30日两个时期新发病例的随访资料,对北京城区女性乳腺癌的发病率、死亡率、生存率进行比较分析。结果 1982-2001年北京城区女性乳腺癌发病率及世界标准人口标化率呈逐年上升趋势,平均每年递增4．6％和4．9％。其流行特征：（1）年龄别发病率呈现一条由低到高的双峰曲线;（2）20年间各年龄组发病率均呈增高趋势;（3）35～64岁截缩发病率高达95．3／10万;（4）1982-1983年和1987-1988年两个时期相比,5年观察生存率（OSR）从62．0％上升到68．7％,相对生存率（RSR）由66．3％增长到74．2％;（5）20年间,死亡率一直在8／10万～10／10万的水平上波动。结论 北京城区女性乳腺癌发病率呈逐年上升的流行趋势,死亡率呈平稳状态,5年生存率在不断提高。北京市乳腺癌的二级预防是有效果的。     

Analysis of the role of cancer prevention and control measures in reducing cancer mortality.

One goal of the war against cancer is to create declines in cancer mortality rates. A decrease in these rates can only occur in two ways: 1) a decrease in incidence rates and 2) a real increase in overall survival rates. Reductions in incidence rates can be envisioned to occur through three mechanisms (in order of the time course of cancer): 1) reduction or amelioration of environmental or lifestyle risk factors, 2) use of agents that prevent the occurrence of cancer by blocking the progression to cancer, and 3) early detection at a preneoplastic state combined with treatment that prevents or delays progression to invasive cancer. "True" increases in overall survival can occur by two mechanisms (in order of the time course of cancer): 1) early detection of cancer by screening tests and subsequent effective treatment and 2) advancements in treatment. Unique patterns or "fingerprints" of stage-specific incidence and overall incidence and of survival rates characterize the various cancer prevention and control mechanisms that can decrease mortality rates. The rates are presented for five organ sites that have shown reduced cancer mortality. The patterns of rates for breast cancer for women under the age of 65 years were most consistent with early detection. The testicular cancer fingerprints were most consistent with advances in treatment, whereas cervical cancer rates were most consistent with the detection of preneoplastic lesions. The stomach cancer fingerprints were indicative of reductions in lifestyle or environmental risks, and colorectal cancer rates were indicative of a combination of treatment advances and early detection. These fingerprint patterns can be extended to other situations in which mortality trends are changing in order to suggest possible causes of observed changes. Limitations of this model are also discussed.     

2014年上海市恶性肿瘤发病和死亡特征分析

背景与目的：恶性肿瘤已成为严重威胁上海市居民健康的重大公共卫生问题。该研究旨在描述和分析2014年上海市恶性肿瘤发病与死亡情况。方法：根据上海市恶性肿瘤病例报告登记系统收集的恶性肿瘤发病资料,按地区、性别分层,分别计算恶性肿瘤发病与死亡粗率、标化率、前10位恶性肿瘤发病与死亡顺位和构成等,应用Joinpoint统计软件分析2002—2014年上海市恶性肿瘤发病和死亡趋势,估算总体和分阶段的年度变化百分比（annual percentage change,APC）。采用Segi’s世界标准人口年龄构成计算标化率。结果：2014年上海市共报告恶性肿瘤新发病例68 541例,死亡病例37 242例。病理学诊断比例为79.49%,只有死亡医学证明书比例为0.04%,死亡发病比为0.54。上海市恶性肿瘤粗发病率为477.79/10万,标化发病率为223.57/10万,男性标化发病率低于女性,市区低于郊区。恶性肿瘤发病在40岁以后快速上升,在80~84岁年龄组达到高峰。全市发病前10位恶性肿瘤依次为肺癌、结直肠癌、甲状腺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、脑和中枢神经系统肿瘤以及膀胱癌,前10位恶性肿瘤占全部恶性肿瘤发病的75.89%。全市恶性肿瘤粗死亡率为259.61/10万,标化死亡率为95.73/10万,男性标化死亡率高于女性,市区和郊区基本持平。死亡率在45岁以后快速上升,在≥85岁年龄组达到高峰。死亡前10位恶性肿瘤依次为肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、食管癌、胆囊癌、前列腺癌以及脑和中枢神经系统肿瘤,前10位恶性肿瘤占全部恶性肿瘤死亡的78.12%。2002—2014年,上海市女性所有部位的恶性肿瘤标化发病率呈明显上升趋势（APC为2.17%,P<0.001）,男性标化发病率则较为稳定。男性和女性所有部位的恶性肿瘤标化死亡率均呈明显下降趋势（APC分别为-0.82%和-0.76%,P<0.05）。结论：肺癌、消化系统恶性肿瘤、甲状腺癌和女性乳腺癌是威胁上海市居民健康的主要恶性肿瘤,仍是肿瘤防治工作的重点。同时,2002—2014年女性恶性肿瘤发病率有上升趋势,男性和女性恶性肿瘤死亡率均持续下降。     

Prevalence,Cognitive and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Prostate Cancer Screening

Screening may be effective for reducing deaths due to prostate cancer. The aim of this study was determine the prevalenceand determinants influencing prostate cancer early detection behaviors based on the theory planned behavior (TPB).In this cross-sectional study, conducted in the west of Iran, a total of 250 men aged 50 to 70 years old were randomlyselected to participate. Of these, 200 (80%) signed the consent form and voluntarily agreed to take part. A structuredquestionnaire based on TPB constructs was applied for collecting data by interview. Analyses were conducted withSPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations, and logistic and linear regression. Some 26.5% of the participantsdemonstrated prostate cancer early detection behavior. Age higher than 60 (OR: 5.969), academic education (OR: 2.904),number of family members more than four (OR: 3.144), and knowledge about prostate cancer (OR: 3.693) were themost influential predictive factors for early detection behavior. Furthermore, among the TPB constructs, attitude(OR=1.090) and subjective norms (OR=1.280) were the most influential predictors. Attitude, subjective norms, andperceived behavioral control accounted for 43% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to screenfor prostate cancer (adjusted R squared= 0.43, F= 49.270 and P < 0.001). Designing and implementation programs toincrease positive attitudes and encourage subjective norms towards prostate cancer screening behavior may be usefulfor promotion of early detection.