Application of three-dimensional body scanner: observation of prevalence of metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This retrospective cross-sectional study correlates blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid and uric acid levels with anthropometric measurements. METHODS: A total of 3975 visitors to the Department of Health Management were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study. Whole body three-dimensional (3-D) laser scans were used to obtain anthropometric measurements. A health index (HI) was also designed based on anthropometric parameters. Subjects were defined as having metabolic syndrome when three of the following criteria were met: obesity (BMI of at least 30 kg/m(2); or a WHR of over 0.9 for males and 0.85 for females); triglyceride of at least 150 mg/dl; high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol below 35 mg/dl for males and 39 mg/dl for females; fasting sugar levels of at least 110 mg/dl and hypertension. RESULTS: Of 3975 subjects, 341 (8.6%) met the criteria for diabetes mellitus (DM); of these, 32.8% were diagnosed with hypertension. This proportion exceeded 18% of the subjects had normal glucose levels. Of the 3975 subjects, 658 (16.6%) met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Proportionally, more male subjects than female subjects were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (18.5% vs 14.7%). Of these, central obesity, elevated triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol were the main factors in men, while fasting glucose, hypertension and central obesity were the main factors in women. This investigation found that larger proportions of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (41.1%) and DM (64.2%) than of subjects with normal glucose subjects, suffered from metabolic syndrome (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS: 3-D body scanning is useful in correlating pertinent factors with metabolic syndrome, these factors include central obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia and hypertension.     

Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in the biracial (Melanesian and Indian) population of Fiji: a rural-urban comparison

Rural-urban and ethnic comparisons of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus were made in the biracial population of Fiji in 1980. No statistically significant differences existed in age-standardized impaired glucose tolerance prevalence between rural and urban groups or between Melanesians and Indians. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes in the rural Melanesian male population was one-third that of the urban male population (1.1 vs. 3.5%). In females, there was a sixfold rural-urban difference (1.2 vs. 7.1%). By contrast, rural and urban Indians had similar rates (12.1 vs. 12.9% for males; 11.3 vs. 11.0% for females). Standardization of two-hour plasma glucose for age and obesity did not eliminate the rural-urban difference in plasma glucose concentration for Melanesian males and females. The results in Melanesians confirm previously reported rural-urban diabetes prevalence differences, and suggest that factors other than obesity, such as differences in physical activity, diet, stress, or other, as yet undetermined, factors contribute to this difference. The absence of a rural-urban difference in diabetes prevalence in Indians may suggest that genetic factors are more important for producing diabetes in this ethnic group, or that causative environmental factors such as diet operate similarly upon both the rural and the urban populations.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and impaired glucose tolerance: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study

Cardiovascular risk factor patterns were examined cross-sectionally in 856 Hispanic and Anglo subjects aged 20-74 years enrolled in the population-based San Luis Valley Diabetes Study of Colorado. Risk factor levels and prevalence were compared for 279 individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 89 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 488 with normal glucose tolerance. Sex-specific comparisons of continuous risk factors were made by diabetic status and ethnicity, adjusting for age using two-way analysis of covariance; similar comparisons of discrete variables were made using logistic regression. A number of vascular, metabolic, lipid, obesity-related, family history, and life-style risk factors for cardiovascular disease were examined. In general, biologic risk factors tended to be more strongly associated with diabetic status, while life-style risk factors varied more by ethnicity. Age-adjusted levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension history, triglyceride, and body mass index were lowest among normal subjects, intermediate for those with impaired glucose tolerance, and highest in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, while the trend was reversed for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and its subfractions. Hispanics had lower serum uric acid levels and greater central obesity than Anglos; they were less likely to have a Type A personality, less physically active at work, and more likely to be a current smoker than Anglos. Hispanic males had a lower body mass index and a higher HDL cholesterol level than Anglo males. These results indicate that an adverse cardiovascular risk factor pattern is present not only in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus but also in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who are at increased risk of developing diabetes. This suggests that an adverse risk factor pattern may develop concurrently with or prior to the onset of impaired glucose tolerance. Future prospective studies will help to clarify the temporal sequence involved in the development of adverse cardiovascular risk factor patterns and impaired glucose tolerance.     

新疆8个县居民糖尿病流行情况及个人相关特征分析

目的 探讨新疆8个县常住居民血糖情况及与相关个人特征的关系。方法 2013-2014年在新疆8个县采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,调查4 779例18岁及以上者的常住居民。采用面对面调查、身体测量和实验室检测的方法,收集个人相关特征、血糖、高血压、血脂等情况。结果 新疆8个县常住居民糖尿病患病率为16.62%,糖耐量减低患病率为14.16%,空腹血糖受损患病率为4.97%,正常血糖者为64.25%。汉族和维吾尔族的糖尿病患病率差异有统计学意义（χ2=116.893,P<0.001）,汉族的糖尿病患病率（21.14%）高于维吾尔族（8.81%）。Logistic分析显示,汉族是否患糖尿病与年龄、超重肥胖、中心性肥胖、患有高血压、血脂异常有关;维吾尔族是否患糖尿病与年龄、地区、超重肥胖、患有高血压、血脂异常有关。结论 新疆8个县常住居民糖尿病患病率较高,应进一步加强基本公共卫生服务糖尿病病人的管理。     

江苏省太仓市2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期人群横断面分析大数据研究

目的 了解江苏省太仓市2型糖尿病(T2DM)及糖尿病前期(IGR)的流行现状,并分析相关危险因素.方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,选取太仓市1,319名18~65周岁的常住居民为调查对象进行横断面调查,并对研究对象进行问卷调查和体格检查,留取空腹和餐后2h静脉血进行生化指标测定.结果 不计已确诊的糖尿患者,太仓市居民T2DM的患病率为6.1%、IGR患病率为16.0%.在IGR人群中,空腹血糖受损(IFG)患病率为4.09%、糖耐量受损(IGT)患病率为11.9%.IGR组和T2DM组分别同正常糖耐量组(NGT)组比较,腰围、臀围、体质指数、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖和餐后2小时血糖均高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄、性别、高血压、腹型肥胖、体质指数、糖尿病家族史是太仓市城乡居民糖尿病前期及糖尿病患者的重要危险因素.结论 太仓地区的IGR患病率较高,社区全科团队应将年龄较大、男性、糖尿病家族史、BMI指数超标、腹部肥胖、患有高血压等危险因素的居民作为重点对象进行健康教育干预.     

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance studied by 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test in a rural island population]

A mass health examination was performed to assess the glucose tolerance of inhabitants of the island of Ojika, in the Goto islands, Nagasaki prefecture Japan. There were 554 males and 820 females older than 34 years who participated in the mass health examination, a response rates of 42 percent and 52 percent for males and females respectively. Serum glucose levels after overnight fasting and at 2 hours after a 75 gram oral glucose tolerance were used with WHO criteria to classify individuals. Among these subjects, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased with age, with a prevalence of diabetes mellitus of around 10 percent in the older subjects. The prevalence for males was higher than that for females. Prevalences of impaired glucose tolerance were roughly in the 15-25 percent range and did not show clear differences among different age groups and sexes. From a questionnaire survey of all island inhabitants, it was considered that the degree of bias of the results was small, if any. The true prevalence for all the inhabitants may be a little larger than the observed prevalence of these subjects.     

肥胖及高血压与中老年人糖尿病患病率的关系

「目的」探讨肥胖、高血压与中、老年人糖尿病患病率的关系。「方法」采用问卷和体检的方法对遵义市４０岁及以上年龄的２２３４名居民进行流行病学调查。「结果」超重和肥胖组的糖尿病和糖耐量低减患病率高于正常体重和低体重组;肥胖体型组ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率分别为８．８６％和９．３６％,均高于正常体型组;糖尿病和糖耐量低减患者的收缩压和舒张压也明显高于对照组（Ｐ均〈０．００１）。「结论」肥胖（尤其腹部型肥胖）、高血压对中、老年人糖尿病和糖耐量低减患者病率有影响。     

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity

BACKGROUND: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a rheumatic disease characterized by a significant association with metabolic alterations, such as an impaired lipidic profile. METHODS: One-hundred-thirty consecutive patients and 40 normal subjects were studied. The patients were affected by type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity. The diagnosis of DISH was performed by clinical examination and X-ray study of the thoracolumbar spine. The determination of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HLD-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was realized by routine biochemical methods; an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in order to determine the levels of C-peptide and blood glucose. RESULTS: We demonstrate a high incidence of the disease in a cohort of patients affected by overt and non-overt diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) as well as in obese subjects and a correlation between this disorder and hypertryglyceridemia (T1DM, obese-T2DM and obese patients), hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia (obese-T2DM, non-obese-T2DM and obese patients) and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (obese patients). In obese-T2DM patients, as well as in obese patients, we observed 40% of DISH, in non obese-T2DM patients the presence of DISH was 30%, while in T1DM patients and impaired glucose tolerance 26.6% and 22.2, respectively. However, a correlation between DISH and the relative hyperinsulinemia in obese patients during an oral glucose tolerance test is not documented. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the prevalence of DISH in diabetes mellitus and obesity, the association with an impaired lipidic profile and the low percentage of symptomatic patients.     

2016-2017年上海市社区糖尿病高危人群筛查结果分析

  目的  描述2016-2017年上海市社区居民糖尿病高危人群筛查的结果,分析糖调节受损及糖尿病患者的危险因素。  方法  选择上海市长宁区和松江区35岁及以上居民进行糖尿病风险评估,对高危人群进行体格检查和血糖检测。  结果  两个社区共完成筛查33 469人,检出糖调节受损者4 555名和糖尿病患者3 412名,检出率分别13.6%和10.2%。高危人群中,随着年龄增加,居民发生糖尿病（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）和糖调节受损（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）的风险均增加;郊区男性患糖尿病的风险低于城区男性（OR=0.873,95%CI:0.771~0.988）,而郊区女性发生糖调节受损的风险高于城区女性（OR=1.249,95%CI:1.131~1.379）;自述有糖调节受损史（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、亲属有2型糖尿病家族史（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、高血压（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、血脂异常（男:P < 0.001;女:P=0.015）、体型超重/肥胖者（男:P < 0.001;女:P < 0.001）、长期静坐的生活方式的男性（P=0.002）和有多囊卵巢综合征史的女性（P=0.011）出现血糖异常的风险更高,居民的高危因素种类数越多,发生糖尿节受损和糖尿病的风险就越大（P < 0.001）。  结论  上海市社区糖尿病的发现和防治工作形势十分严峻,应继续加强对糖尿病高危人群的监测和干预,以减少糖尿病的发生。     

Low prevalence of type 2 diabetes despite a high average body mass index in the Aymara natives from Chile

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and the frequency of dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension in the rural Aymara population from Northern Chile. In this cross-sectional study, 196 Aymara adult subjects were characterized with respect to their reported physical activity, fasting plasma glucose levels, insulin concentrations, blood pressures, body mass indexes, and plasma lipid profiles. The participants also underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. The diagnostic criteria for DM2 and IGT followed those of the World Health Organization. The overall prevalence of DM2 was estimated as 1.5% (95% confidence interval: 0.3--4.5). Overall prevalence of IGT was calculated as 3.6% (1.5--7.3). The occurrence of obesity and dyslipidemia was relatively high in the Aymara population, although the frequency of sedentary habits, and the prevalence of hypertension were low. In conclusion, the prevalence of DM2 in the rural Aymara population living at high altitudes in Northern Chile, was much lower than that of other Amerindian groups that adopted lifestyles from industrialized Western societies. Despite a relatively high prevalence of a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m(2), especially in women (23.5%), high physical activity levels and low plasma-insulin concentrations may have been responsible in part for the low prevalence of DM2 in the Aymara population.     

安徽省慢性病监测点成人糖代谢异常流行特征分析

目的了解安徽省慢病监测点成人糖代谢异常的流行特征。方法在监测点采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取18岁及以上的常住居民,进行问卷调查和体格检查,空腹和给予口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）的血糖检测。结果共调查3 575人,糖代谢异常（GA）患病率为30.9%,糖尿病（DM）患病率为10.9%,糖调节受损（IGR）的患病率为20.0%,空腹血糖受损（IFG）和糖耐量受损（IGT）患病率分别为13.4%和11.6%。糖代谢异常患病率男性高于女性,且随着年龄的增长而增加;超重、肥胖、高血压、血脂异常均与糖代谢异常密切相关。结论安徽慢病监测点成年人群糖代谢异常患病率高。健康促进、健康生活方式的形成和体重、血压、血脂、血糖的监测与控制、IGR早期筛查等综合干预措施应成为糖代谢异常防控的重点。     

PPARγ2的Pro12Ala变异与肥胖、糖尿病的关联研究

目的　探讨过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ2 (PPARγ2 )的Pro12Ala变异及其与肥胖或糖尿病之间的关系。方法　研究对象按BMI分为正常体重组 (91例 )与超重肥胖组 (14 0例 ) ;按WHO口服糖耐量检测标准分为糖耐量正常组 (10 3例 )、糖耐量减低组 (5 0例 )、糖尿病组 (78例 )。运用PCR以及限制性酶切鉴定方法检测PPARγ2Pro12Ala基因多态性 ,并测定血浆抗素 (Resistin)水平等指标。结果　PPARγ 2基因型Ala等位基因频率 (qA)在正常体重组为 3 85 % ,超重肥胖组为 3 93% ,基因型频率和等位基因频率在这两组之间没有显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。在PPARγ 2的不同基因型之间血浆抗素水平有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。PPARγ 2基因Ala等位基因频率 (qA)在糖耐量正常组、糖耐量减低组与糖尿病组分别为 3 88%、4 0 0 %、3 85 % ,在这三组之间没有显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,在糖耐量正常组、糖耐量减低组、糖尿病组中PA +AA基因型者比PP基因型者血浆抗素水平要低 ,只是在糖耐量减低组PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala的不同基因型之间血浆抗素水平差异没有显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　PPARγ2的Pro12Ala变异与肥胖、糖尿病无关 ,但PPARγ2的Pro12Ala变异可能与抗素表达、机体胰岛素敏感性有关。     

Decline in incidence of epidemic glucose intolerance in Nauruans: implications for the "thrifty genotype"

Trends in the prevalence and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance were studied in Micronesian Nauruans aged 20 years and above, by linking glucose tolerance data collected during population surveys performed in 1975/1976, 1982, and 1987. Based on World Health Organization criteria, the age-standardized prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has remained relatively constant (24.0% in 1987), but the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance has decreased significantly from 21.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 17.0-25.3) in 1975/1976 to 8.7% (95% CI 7.1-10.3) in 1987. Between the periods 1975/1976-1982 and 1982-1987, the incidence of progression from normal glucose tolerance to either impaired glucose tolerance (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.55, p less than 0.01) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (IRR = 0.46, p less than 0.05) has decreased dramatically, while progression from impaired glucose tolerance to non-insulin-dependent diabetes has increased (IRR = 1.23). The overall age-standardized incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes has declined from 26.2 cases/1,000 person-years in 1975/1976-1982 to 22.5 cases/1,000 person-years in 1982-1987. As there were no changes in the frequency of recognized risk factors, the decline in incidence of glucose intolerance is probably due to the intensity of the epidemic in Nauru, which has already removed a high proportion of the genetically susceptible individuals from the pool with normal glucose tolerance. Coupled with the observations that mortality is higher and fertility lower in diabetic Nauruans across the age range, the observed decline in the incidence and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance may presage a fall in the population frequency of the diabetic genotype, at least in its more severe form, as might be predicted on the basis of Neel's "thrifty genotype" hypothesis.     

河南省35～74岁人群糖尿病患病率及相关因素分析

目的 了解河南省35～74岁人群糖尿病流行现状并探讨相关危险因素,为糖尿病三级预防提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,按照地理经济水平随机抽取河南省35～74岁常住居民进行调查,调查方法包括问卷调查、体格检查和生化检测,采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析影响糖尿病患病的相关危险因素。结果 共纳入研究对象9 983人,全人群、男性和女性糖尿病患病率分别为11.22%（标化率11.21%）、11.83%（标化率11.77%）和10.75%（标化率10.82%）。糖尿病患病率随年龄增长而增加,从性别来看,男性和女性糖尿病患病率差异无统计学意义,男性35～岁组糖尿病患病率均高于女性,而65～74岁组糖尿病患病率低于女性,差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.470,P<0.001;χ2=4.188,P=0.041）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、性别、中心性肥胖、高脂血症、高血压和家族史是影响糖尿病患病的独立危险因素,差异均具有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。结论 河南省35～74岁人群糖尿病患病率较高,不良生活方式和肥胖是主要危险因素,应加强这部分人群行为干预,倡导健康生活方式,限酒减重,防控糖尿病的发生。     

Cardiac risk profile in diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose

OBJECTIVE: Mortality of diabetic patients is higher than that of the population at large, and mainly results from cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to identify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) or abnormal fasting glucose (FG) in order to guide health actions. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative random cluster sampling of 1,066 adult urban population (> or =20 years) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 1999 and 2000. A structured questionnaire on coronary risk factors was applied and sociodemographic characteristics of all adults older than 20 years living in the same dwelling were collected. Subjects were clinically evaluated and blood samples were obtained for measuring total cholesterol and fasting glycemia. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 7 and a 5% significance level was set. Categorical variables were compared by Pearson's chi-square and continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test or Anova and multivariate analysis, all controlled for the cluster effect. RESULTS: Of 992 subjects, 12.4% were diabetic and 7.4% had impaired fasting glucose. Among the risk factors evaluated, subjects who presented any kind of glucose homeostasis abnormality were at a higher prevalence of obesity (17.8, 29.2 and 35.3% in healthy subjects, impaired fasting glucose and DM respectively, p<0.001), hypertension (30.1, 56.3 and 50.5% in healthy subjects, impaired fasting glucose and DM, respectively, p<0.001), and hypercholesterolemia (23.2, 35.1 and 39.5 in healthy subjects, impaired fasting glucose and DM respectively, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Subjects with any kind of glucose homeostasis abnormality represent a group, which preventive individual and population health policies should target since they have higher prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors.     

酒仙桥地区中老年人高血压患病调查

为了解酒仙桥地区老年人高血压的流行现状和主要危险因素 ,以制定合理的预防措施 ,于1996年 6～ 12月对北京酒仙桥地区 9个居委会 2 0 55名 50岁以上中老年人进行高血压患病调查。并抽查 2 39例高血压患者和 2 67名非高血压者进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验和心电图检查。结果共发现临界高血压和确诊高血压 874例 ,临界高血压和确诊高血压患病率分别是 10 .9%和 31.6% ,合计 4 2 .5% ;男性确诊高血压高于女性 (P <0 .0 5) ;单纯收缩期高血压患病率为 7.5% ,随年龄增加而增加 (P <0 .0 5) ;男女单纯高血压患病率无差异 (P >0 .0 5) ;有 2 5.6%的患者否认或不知道有高血压 ;高血压病人组伴发糖尿病、糖耐量低减和冠心病患病率明显高于非高血压组 (P <0 .0 1)。结果表明 ,高血压是社区老年人的主要疾病之一 ,需加强社区高血压的管理和教育。     

上海市金山区35岁以上居民糖调节受损 和糖尿病流行现状

摘要:目的　初步了解金山区35岁以上居民糖调节受损和糖尿病流行特点,为评估金山区糖尿病流行趋势并采取积极的防治措施提供依据。方法　采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,对金山区35岁以上居民进行横断面的调查。结果　35岁以上居民糖尿病（DM）、糖调节受损（IGR）、糖耐量减低（IGT）和空腹血糖受损（IFG）患病率分别为17.84%（512/2870）、21.57%（619/2870）、16.34%（469/2870）和5.23%（150/2870）（标化率16.69%、21.25%、16.29%和4.96%）。高血压人群中DM患病率为27.58%（275/997）,IGR患病率为24.67%（246/997）,明显高于血压正常人群［分别为12.65%（237/1873）和19.91%（373/1873）］。男性DM和IGR患病率分别为20.42%（255/1249）和20.34%（254/1249）,女性DM和IGR患病率分别为15.85%（257/1621）和22.52%（365/1621）,DM患病率男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,IGR患病率男女之间差异无统计学意义（P＝0.159）。新诊断DM比例为56.45%。结论　金山区糖尿病患病率处在较高水平,仅不到一半的糖尿病患者知道自己患病,有效的预防和及时发现糖尿病患者应作为今后糖尿病防治工作的重要内容。     

Association between the polycystic ovary syndrome and the metabolic syndrome in Puerto Rico

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects mostly young women causing chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and obesity with android pattern. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, hypertension and increased waist circumference) in PCOS is not defined although both have a common etiologic factor: insulin resistance. This retrospective study from medical records examined the presence of obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS. The metabolic syndrome was defined as presence of two or more of the following signs: abnormal glucose metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, and hypertension. Thirty nine records of patients with PCOS were reviewed. The mean age was 29.4 years and the body mass index was 36 kg/m2. Hypertriglyceridemia was present in 43%, low HDL in 71%, hypertension in 36%, impaired glucose tolerance in 10% and diabetes mellitus type 2 in 37%. The metabolic syndrome was identified in 44% of sampled women with PCOS. These findings indicate that women with PCOS are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 at a young age. PCOS patients have higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than the rest of the population and thus are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease even if they don't develop diabetes mellitus type 2.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult Malaysians: an update

A total of 4428 adults (>18 years old) from 5 different selected regions in Peninsular and East Malaysia participated in this health survey. Using World Health Organization recommendations for body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of overweight and obesity were found to be 33.6% (95% CI= 32.2, 35.0) and 19.5% (95% CI= 18.3, 20.7) respectively. There were more females who were obese (22.5%, 95% CI=20.9, 24.0) compared to males (14.1%, 95% CI=12.3, 15.9). Highest prevalence of obesity were among the Indians (24.6%, 95% CI=20.3, 29.3), followed closely by the Malays (23.2%, 95% CI=21.6, 24.8%) and lowest prevalence was among the Chinese subjects (8.2%, 95% CI=6.2, 10.6). More than 43% of the 531 younger subjects (<30 years old) were either overweight (20%, 95% CI=16.6, 23.6) or obese (13.9%, 95% CI=11.1, 17.2%). All subjects who claimed to be non-diabetes were required to undergo 75 g glucose tolerance test. Compared to subjects with normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), there was a 3- and 2-folds increase in the prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance respectively, among obese subjects (BMI>30 kg/m2) who initially claimed to have no diabetes. This study highlights a need for more active, inter-sectoral participation advocating a health-promoting environment in order to combat obesity in this country.     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese subjects gradually increased with impaired glucose homeostasis: a multicenter, clinical based, cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a high risk factor for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). We estimated to investigate how MetS prevalence by glucose homeostasis varies across different age and gender groups. METHODS: We studied 9257 Chinese subjects over the age of 15 years in two cross-sectional surveys in 2006. With oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) test, 2341 subjects were normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and 5448 were diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes (T2D). All other 1468 subjects were considered to be impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects. Diabetes was diagnosis by WHO99 criteria. We used modified NCEP-III criteria for the diagnosis of MetS. RESULTS: The prevalences of MetS in the male NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D groups were 25.9% (404/1559), 65.6% (769/1172), and 73.5% (2483/3376), respectively. The prevalences of MetS in the female NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D groups were 13.4% (105/782), 51.0% (151/296), and 75.4% (1563/2072), respectively. The prevalence of MetS in the male IFG/IGT group gradually decreased from 73.26% to 41.08% in subjects over the age of 30 years. The prevalence of MetS in the female IFG/IGT group gradually increased from 30% to 75% with aging. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MetS in subjects with different glucose tolerances in China was high and gradually increased with impaired glucose homeostasis both in males and females.