双歧三联活菌对肝硬化患者肠道菌群的调节作用及其对内毒素血症的影响

肝硬化患者存在肠道菌群失调,并与肠源性内毒素血症(enterotoxemia,ETM)有密切关系.目前对ETM的治疗仍无特效的方法.使用活菌制剂,调节患者肠道菌群,抑制肠道中革兰氏阴性杆菌的生长,减少内毒素的产生,可能是有效方法之一.本研究,旨在观察双歧三联活菌制剂对肝硬化患者肠道菌群的调节作用及其对血浆内毒素水平的影响,初步探讨其作用机制,为应用提供可靠的理论依据.     

双歧三联活菌对肝硬化患者肠道菌群的调节作用及其对内毒素血症 …

肝硬化患者存在肠道菌群失调,并与肠源性内毒素血症(ｅｎｔｅｒｏｔｏｘｅｍｉａ,ＥＴＭ)有密切关系。目前对ＥＴＭ的治疗仍无特效的方法。使用活菌制剂,调节患者肠道菌群,抑制肠道中革兰氏阴性杆菌的生长,减少内毒素的产生,可能是有效方法之一。本研究,旨在观察双歧三联活菌制剂对肝硬化患者肠道菌群的调节作用及其对血浆内毒素水平的影响,初步探讨其作用机制,为应用提供可靠的理论依据。对象和方法一、研究对象收集本院及南京军区肝病中心、江苏省海门市卫生防疫站肝硬化患者60例,均具有典型的肝硬化临床表现(肝功能损害或门脉高压)。排除…     

双歧三联活菌制剂辅助治疗肝硬化肠源性内毒素血症的研究

选择肝硬化患者60例,随机分为对照组和实验组,对照组给予肝硬化的常规治疗,实验组在常规治疗的基础上加服双歧三联活菌胶囊.应用鲎试剂动态比浊法测定患者血浆中内毒素的含量;应用酶联免疫技术测定血浆中IL-1α、IL-6、TNF-α的水平;观察实验组用药前后临床腹泻症状.实验组治疗后各观察指标水平均明显低于治疗前及对照组治疗后,用药后患者临床腹泻症状明显好转率达96%.提示口服双歧三联活菌制剂可以明显降低血浆中内毒素的水平,促使肝功能好转,并可直接改善肠道的菌群失调.     

肝硬化患者肠道菌群失调与Child-Pugh分级的关系

目的评估肝硬化患者与健康人相比肠道菌群分布状态;肠道菌群分布与肝功能Child-Pugh分级的关系;益生菌治疗对于肝硬化患者肠道菌群的改善情况及对患者肝脏生化指标的影响。方法随机选择2014年2月至2014年7月健康成人21例及孝感市中心医院就诊的肝硬化不伴腹水患者26例及肝硬化伴腹水患者22例,其中肝硬化组在常规治疗基础上给予益生菌(贝飞达),共治疗14 d进行比较研究。测定研究对象的肠道菌群、血氨及ALT,血清白蛋白水平及TBil值,计量资料组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用方差分析,计数资料采用非参数检验。结果肝硬化患者均存在程度不同的肠道菌群失调,主要表现为肠球菌、肠杆菌显著增多(P0.01),双歧杆菌减少(P0.01);菌群失调的严重程度与患者肝功能严重程度有关,肝功能Child-Pugh C级患者菌群失调较A级严重(P0.01);益生菌可改善肝硬化患者生化指标、降低血氨、提高肠道双歧杆菌数量(P0.01);益生菌亦可改善肝硬化患者肝功能Child-Pugh分级,其中肝硬化合并腹水患者效果更明显(P0.01)。结论肝硬化组患者存在不同程度肠道菌群失调,益生菌能有效改善肝硬化患者肠道菌群失调并可改善生化指标及降低血氨。     

早期肝硬化患者口服四联活菌片对血浆细胞因子和肠道菌群的影响

肝炎后肝硬化患者均有不同程度的肠道菌群失调,特别是厌氧双歧杆菌、真杆菌以及需氧肠杆菌、酵母样真菌的数量发生改变.研究发现微生态制剂具有营养和改善肝脏、肠道功能、增强免疫作用,对肝硬化有辅助治疗作用[1].本文对早期肝硬化患者在保肝常规治疗的基础上加用四联活菌片(思连康)进行治疗,观察治疗前后患者血浆细胞因子和肠道菌群的变化.     

肝硬化患者肠道菌群的研究

目的:研究肝硬化患者肠道菌群的变化、并分析血内毒素水平与肠道细菌的关系。方法:对37例肝硬化患者和18例健康者粪便中8种常见的厌氧菌及需氧菌进行定量研究,以偶氮基质显色法测外周血内毒素。结果:(1)肝硬化患者双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、真杆菌量明显低于正常组,而大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌量高于正常组(P<0.05);(2)肝硬化患者肠菌失调程度与肝功能Child-Pugh分级有关;(3)肝硬化患者血内毒素水平与大肠杆菌量存在相关性。结论:肝硬化患者存在肠道菌群失调,具有代表性的厌氧菌减少,需氧菌增多。需氧革兰阴性杆菌大量繁殖可能是引起肝硬化肠源性内毒素血症的一个重要因素。     

肝硬化患者肠道菌群的研究

目的：研究肝硬化患者肠道苗群的变化 并分析血浆内毒素水平与肠道细菌的关系。方法：对37例肝硬化患者和18名健康者粪便中8种常见的厌氧菌及需氧菌进行定量研究，以偶氮基质显色法测外周血内毒素。结果：①肝硬化患者双歧杆菌、类杆菌、真杆菌的量明显低于正常组，而大肠杆菌，产气荚膜梭菌的量高于正常组（P<0．05)；②肝硬化患者肠菌失调程度与肝功能Child-Pugh分级有关；③肝硬化患者血浆内毒素水平与大脑杆菌量存在相关性。结论：肝硬化患者存在肠道菌群失调，具有代表性的厌氧菌减少，需氧菌增多。革兰阴性需氧杆菌大量繁殖可能是引起肝硬化肠源性内毒素血症的一个重要因素。     

双岐杆菌活菌制剂对肝硬化患者内毒素血症的治疗作用

用双盲给药法观察双歧杆菌活菌制剂口服治疗20例肝硬化内毒素血症的效果.结果显示该制剂有明显降低内毒素血症的作用.有效率在治疗组和对照组分别为73.33%和15.38%,P<0.005.两种不同机制产生的内毒素血症动物模型在该制剂灌胃后鲎试验阴转数为3/5只.粪便菌群计数肠杆菌数量较治疗前减少,双歧杆菌数增加,提示双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗机制可能通过抑制肠道革兰氏阴性杆菌生长,减少了内毒素的产生.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肠道菌群变化及双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对肠道菌群、肝功能、血脂及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的研究非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者肠道菌群的变化以及双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对肠道菌群、肝功能、血脂及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法随机选取2015年1月至2015年10月于本院确诊的NAFLD患者60例,采集粪便标本检测肠道菌群,同时在门诊健康体检者中随机选取40例作为健康对照组,比较NAFLD患者与健康对照者肠道菌群的变化情况。将NAFLD患者随机分为A组和B组,每组30例,其中A组给予口服多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊治疗,456 mg/次,3次/天,疗程30天;B组口服多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊(456 mg/次,3次/天)的同时口服双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊(420 mg/次,3次/天),疗程30天。比较治疗前后各组患者粪便中肠道菌群及血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、血浆内毒素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)、总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平的变化。应用稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)分析肠道菌群与血浆内毒素水平的相关性。结果治疗前,NAFLD患者与健康对照组相比,双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的数量显著降低(t值分别为-2.320、2.875,P值分别为0.022、0.002),肠葡萄球菌和肠杆菌数量显著升高(t值分别为4.352、3.435,P值分别为0.000、0.001),肠球菌和拟杆菌无显著变化(t值分别为0.834、1.459,P值分别为0.401、0.173)。治疗后A组与B组双歧杆菌及乳杆菌的数量均有所上升,B组较A组上升更显著(t值分别为2.455、2.526,P值分别为0.027、0.018),两组治疗后肠葡萄球菌及肠杆菌数量显著下降,B组较A组下降更显著(t值分别为-2.049、2.758,P值分别为0.041、0.009)。治疗前NAFLD患者与健康对照者相比,血浆内毒素、TNF-α、IL-6和HOMA-IR均显著升高(t值分别为2.783、3.174、6.173和6.730,P值分别为0.006、0.002、0.000和0.000)。与A组相比,治疗后B组血浆内毒素、TNF-α、IL-6、HOMA-IR、ALT、AST、TBil及TG均显著下降(t值分别为-2.452、-3.038、-3.398、-3.276、-2.473、-2.748、-2.474和-2.536,P值分别为0.023、0.005、0.002、0.004、0.018、0.017、0.019和0.017)。肠道菌群与血浆内毒素的相关性分析表明需氧菌与血浆内毒素水平呈正相关,厌氧菌与血浆内毒素水平呈负相关。结论 NAFLD患者存在肠道菌群构成的改变,提示肠道菌群失调可能参与NAFLD的发生发展。双歧杆菌三联活菌辅助治疗NAFLD可显著改善患者肠道菌群失调,降低肠源性内毒素血症,改善肝功能,具有一定的治疗价值。     

肝硬化患者肠道菌群的研究

目的研究肝硬化患者肠道菌群的变化，并分析血浆内毒素水平与肠道细菌的关系。方法对３７例肝硬化患者和１８例健康者粪便中８种常见的厌氧菌及需氧菌进行定量研究，以偶氮基质显色法测外周血内毒素。结果（１）肝硬化患者双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、真杆菌量明显低于正常组，而大肠杆菌、产气荚膜杆菌量高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０５）：（２）肠菌失调程度与肝功能Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ分级有关；（３）内毒素水平与大肠杆菌量存在相关性。结论肝硬化患者存在肠道菌群失调，具有代表性的厌氧菌减少，需氧菌增多。需氧革兰氏阴性杆菌大量繁殖可能是引起肝硬化肠源性内毒素血症的一个重要因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.