彩色多普勒血流会聚法评估偏心性二尖瓣返流的临床价值

观察３０列显示血流会聚区的偏心性二尖瓣返流患者的返流束形态，发现均为附壁细长束。返流束面积、返流束面积／左房面积与频谱多普勒法及血流会聚法测定的参数比较左相关性均较差，相关系数分别为０．５９、０．５６及０．５５、０．５７，耐血流会聚法所测返流率与频谱多普勒法所测返流量则高度相关，相关系数为０．９６（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量评估二尖瓣返流严重程度的研究

彩色多普勒血流会聚区（ＦＣＲ）法是近几年发展起来的一定量二尖瓣返流的新方法。本文应用该方法，对５５例显示血流会聚区的二尖瓣返流患者行ＦＣＲ法与返流束面积法（ＳＲ）、返流束面积与左房面积之比法（ＳＲ／ＳＬＡ）相比较，相关系数分别为０．８２２及０．７３２（Ｐ值均小于０．０１），并应用ＦＣＲ法定量测定二尖瓣返流率。按不同的返流率将二尖瓣返流分为轻、中、重三度。本文认为血流会聚法为定量评估二尖瓣返流（特别是中至重度返流）一较为理想的无创性方法，具有广泛的理论研究及临床应用前景。     

测量有效返流口面积在二尖瓣关闭不全定量诊断中的价值

用彩色多普勒血流会聚方法测量了二尖瓣有效返流口面积，并探讨了该指标在二尖瓣关闭不全定量诊断中的价值。结果表明，这一指标与二尖瓣返流容积、返流分数，彩色多普勒返流起始宽度、返流面积具有良好的相关性（分别为ｒ＝０．８９、０．８４、０．８２及０．６７，Ｐ＜０．００１～０．０００１）。有效返流口面积≥３０ｍｍ２区别轻、中度与重度返流的准确度为９５．７％。有效返流口面积是一种较好的反映二尖瓣关闭不全的指标。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚与众射流参数在二尖瓣返流定量中的价值

用血流会聚新方法及射流参数对二尖瓣返流定量的价值进行了研究。结果表明血流会聚法计算返流量与二尖瓣返流容积及返流分数相关性最佳。彩色多普勒射流参数与二尖瓣返流容积和二尖瓣返流分数的相关性不一，其中返流起始宽度与两者相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８７－０．９３，Ｐ＜０．０００１）．彩色多普勒射流参数与二尖瓣返流容积和二尖瓣返流分数的相关性不一，其中返流起始宽度与两者相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８８和０．８１（Ｐ＜０．０     

超声多普勒测定二尖瓣返流的有效返流口面积

为探讨返流口面积大小对评价二尖瓣返流（ＭＲ）严重性的价值，对３５例ＭＲ患者进行了多普勒超声有效返流口面积（ＲＯＡ）测定及心导管检查。发现彩色多普勒血流会聚法（ＦＣＭ）及多普勒血流量法测得的ＲＯＡ与心导管左室造影返流程度，每搏返流量及返流分数均密切相关（相关系数分别为０．８６，０．８４；０．８９，０．８７；０．８０，０．７８；Ｐ＜０．００１）。两种超声方法的ＲＯＡ测值总体上无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＦＣＭ的结果优于多普勒血流量法，且ＦＣＭ计算ＲＯＡ更为方便。本文亦提出以ＲＯＡ估计ＭＲ程度的定量标准。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量二尖瓣返流的临床探讨

为探讨临床应用彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量评价二尖瓣返流，本文采用心脏造影－热稀释方法作对照，研究２２例二尖瓣返流患者，发现会聚法测得的每搏返流量、返流分数与心导管法浊值总体相关良好（ｒ分别为０．９３－０．９４，０．８１－０．８７）。会聚方法（１）计算的每搏返流量值与心导管法测值无显著差异，而会聚方法（２）的每搏返流量测值出现低估。会聚方法（１）能直接较准确计算每搏返流量，但不能直接提供返流分烽，该方     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法在生理性二尖瓣返流诊断中的价值

采用常规彩色多普勒技术（常规法）和彩色多普勒血流会聚法（会聚法）对５２例生理性二尖瓣返流和８７例病理性二尖瓣返流患者进行了对比研究。结果发现：３３／５２（６３％）例生理性二尖瓣返流和８７／８７（１００％）例病理性二尖瓣返流可于二尖瓣左室面显示血流会聚区；与常规法定量测值（返流束长度和面积）相比，会聚法定量测值（返流率和每搏返流量）在生理性与病理性二尖瓣返流之间的重叠程度较小。表明会聚法在生理性二尖瓣返流的诊断及鉴别诊断中优于常规法。     

彩色多普勒过返流口宽度与射流参数评估二尖瓣返流的对照研究

目的：研究彩色多普勒过返流口宽度评估二尖瓣返流的价值。材料与方法：测量３１例二尖瓣关闭不全患者彩色多普勒过返流口宽度、返流长度、返流面积、瞬间返流容积及返流量和返流分数。结果：彩色多普勒过返流口宽度、返流长度、返流面积及瞬间返流容积与返流量的相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８７、０．４８、０．６５和０．６４；上述彩色多普勒参数与返流分数的相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８９、０．６１、０．７１和０．６４。彩色多普勒过返流口宽度预报重度二尖瓣返流的准确度（９３．５％～９６．８％）显著高于返流长度、返流面积及瞬间返流容积预报重度二尖瓣返流的准确度（７１．０％～７４．２％），Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１。结论：彩色多普勒过返流口宽度是一种比返流束更好的评估二尖瓣返流的指标。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量二尖瓣返流的临床应用

为在临床上应用彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量评价二尖瓣返流，本文应用频谱多普勒法评估二尖瓣返流作对照，评价其定量返流的临床应用价值，文中研究了２４例二尖瓣返流患者，用二维超声心动图计算出主动脉瓣口和二尖瓣口的面积，用频谱多普勒计算出收缩期主动脉瓣口血流的速...     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法对偏心性二尖瓣返流程度的评估

作者2000年3月～2001年9月,将彩色多普勒血流会聚法用于评估偏心性二尖瓣返流的程度,与返流束面积法进行对照,探讨彩色多普勒血流会聚法在判断偏心性二尖瓣返流程度的临床价值.     

Transesophageal color flow Doppler mapping in the assessment of native mitral valvular regurgitation: comparison with left ventricular angiography.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed within 24 hours after cardiac catheterization in 45 patients for assessment of native mitral valvular regurgitation. Color flow mapping was used in evaluating systolic regurgitant jet sizes. A jet demonstrated by TEE was 96% sensitive and 44% specific for angiographic mitral regurgitation. The presence of angiographic mitral regurgitation was best predicted by (single measurement) (1) a holosystolic jet, (2) a jet length greater than 2.5 cm, and (3) a jet area greater than 2 cm2. Severe angiographic mitral regurgitation (grades 3 and 4) was best predicted by (single measurement) (1) a jet area greater than 5 cm2, and (2) a jet length greater than 4 cm. It is concluded that the assessment of angiographic mitral regurgitation by TEE is improved by the measurement of these jet parameters, which have a high sensitivity and higher specificity than the presence of a jet alone. Furthermore, with TEE one is able to differentiate severe (grades 3 and 4) from absent or mild mitral regurgitation (grades 0, 1, and 2).     

A comparison of flow convergence with other transthoracic echocardiographic indexes of prosthetic mitral regurgitation.

Prosthetic shadowing of the left atrium may prevent detection of mitral regurgitation during transthoracic echocardiography. In 60 patients with mitral valves, Carpentier-Edwards (n = 20), St. Jude (n = 22), and cage-ball (n = 18), we blindly evaluated the accuracy of three transthoracic Doppler signs of significant (> 2+) mitral regurgitation: (1) color Doppler flow convergence, (2) a color Doppler jet of significant regurgitation in the left atrium, and (3) an intense continuous wave Doppler signal. All 60 patients had transesophageal echocardiography, 26 had cardiac catheterization, and 28 had surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of flow convergence for significant regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography was 73% and 70%, respectively, compared with 33% and 93% for left atrial color Doppler, and 15% and 97% for continuous wave Doppler. The sensitivity of flow convergence in Carpentier-Edwards, St. Jude, and cage-ball valves was 80%, 73%, and 67%, respectively; whereas the sensitivity of left atrial color Doppler was 70%, 27%, and 0%, and the sensitivity of continuous wave Doppler was 33%, 0%, and 13%. Flow convergence was the only sign of significant regurgitation in 12 of 30 patients (40%); 10 of these patients had mechanical valves. We conclude flow convergence is a more sensitive, though less specific, predictor of significant mitral regurgitation than color Doppler, spatial mapping of the left atrium, and continuous wave Doppler, especially when a mechanical valve is present.     

Value of pulmonary venous flow characteristics in the assessment of severity of native mitral valve regurgitation: an angiographic correlated study.

To evaluate the relation between left ventricular angiography and pulmonary venous flow velocity in native mitral valve regurgitation, 28 patients with sinus rhythm and valvular and/or coronary artery disease underwent transesophageal echocardiography within 24 hours after cardiac catheterization. Group I consisted of 17 patients, seven patients without (grade 0) and 10 patients with angiographically mild to moderate mitral regurgitation (grades 1 and 2). Group II consisted of 11 patients with angiographically severe mitral regurgitation (grades 3 and 4). Mitral regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography was evaluated by measuring the regurgitant jet sizes and color-guided pulsed Doppler pulmonary venous flow velocities. Multivariate analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor (p less than 0.001) of angiographically severe (grades 3 and 4) mitral regurgitation was reversed systolic flow into the left upper pulmonary vein (sensitivity 82%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%). If this variable was excluded from analysis, jet area and jet length (p less than 0.001) were the next best predictors for angiographically severe mitral regurgitation. Mean values of systolic peak pulmonary venous flow velocities were significantly lower in patients from group II, 13.0 +/- 11.1 cm/s versus 43.4 +/- 20.6 cm/s (group I) with p less than 0.005. This finding was also true for systolic time velocity integral, 1.3 +/- 1.3 cm (group II) versus 7.8 +/- 5.3 cm (group I) with p less than 0.005.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

近场射流宽度在评价三尖瓣返流中的应用探讨

本文观察了39例三尖瓣返流患者的彩色返流束，根据返流束是否偏心分为中心返流组（A组）和偏心返流组（B组），并把两组返流束大小参数同多普勒法计算的每搏返流流率进行相关分析。结果发现，近场射流宽度与三尖瓣返流流率间在A、B两组均呈良好相关（r＝0.75，和0.71，P＜0.05），返流束长度及面积在A组与运流流率间呈中度相关（r＝0.58，和0.54，P＜0.05），而在B组则无明显相关（P＞0.05）。结论：（1）近场射流宽度可以较准确地评价三尖瓣返流程度;（2）在偏心三尖瓣返流时彩色返流束长度和面积低估返流程度。     

Quantification of regurgitant lesions by MRI

We examined 46 patients with angiographically documented regurgitant lesions (26 patients with mitral regurgitation, 20 patients with aortic regurgitation) using an 0.5 Tesla magnet. In each patient a multislice-multiphase spinecho sequence in sagittal-coronal double angulated plane was performed to assess left and right ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and regurgitant fraction. Additionally a blood flow sensitive gradient echo technique was done to visualize direction and extension of the regurgitant jet. MRI data were compared with quantitative and qualitative assessment of regurgitation by angiography and echocardiography. Using the gradient echo technique MRI could demonstrate the regurgitant jet in all patients. A linear correlation for volume parameters by MRI and angio was found with best correlation for the left ventricular stroke volume (r=0.82, p<0.0001). Furthermore MRI regurgitant fraction correlated with angiographically determined regurgitant fraction in patients with aortic regurgitation (r=0.91, p<0.0001) and mitral regurgitation (r=0.67, p<0.001), respectively. Semiquantitative assessment of regurgitation by gradient echo technique showed an agreement with angiographic grading by Sellers in 70% of mitral and 75% of aortic regurgitation, respectively. The comparison of MRI and color Doppler sonography showed only moderate correlation of r=0.72 (p<0.01).     

实时三维彩色多普勒血流显像与磁共振定量心脏瓣膜反流束容积的对照研究

目的探讨实时三维彩色多普勒血流显像（RT-3DCDFI）技术诊断和定量评估心脏瓣膜反流的临床应用价值。方法17例主动脉瓣反流患者和11例二尖瓣反流患者,应用RT-3DCDFI采集瓣膜反流束三维彩色多普勒血流信号数据库,导入TomTec三维图像工作站脱机测量反流束容积,并与磁共振（MRI）测值对照。结果28例瓣膜反流RT-3DCDFI检查均取得满意效果,包括中心型反流19例（主动脉瓣反流12例,二尖瓣反流7例）,偏心型反流9例（主动脉瓣反流5例,二尖瓣反流4例）。RT-3DCDFI与MRI对反流束容积的测值相关性良好。全部病例组RT-3DCDFI与MRI测值相关性r=0.93,Y=0.89X＋3.39,P〈0.0001,二者间的均数差为1.7ml,标准差为8.3ml;中心型反流组RT-3DCDFI与MRI测值相关性r=0.94;偏心型反流组RT-3DCDFI与MRI测值相关性r=0.91。结论RT-3DCDFI可准确测量瓣膜反流束容积,有望为临床定量评估心脏瓣膜反流提供一种简便、准确、可靠的新方法。     

Color flow imaging of the vena contracta in mitral regurgitation: technical considerations.

Qualitative grading of mitral regurgitation severity has significant pitfalls secondary to hemodynamic variables, sonographic technique, blood pool entrainment, and the Coanda effect. Volumetric and proximal isovelocity surface area methods can be used to quantitate regurgitant orifice area, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction, but have several limitations and can pose technical challenges. The vena contracta width method provides a rapid and accurate quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation severity, but is clinically underused. This article is intended to generate an understanding of the flow mechanics of the vena contracta and the sonographic technique required to provide consistent and accurate measurements of vena contracta width in patients with mitral regurgitation.     

Left atrial systolic antegrade flow in patients with mitral regurgitation: a pulsed Doppler sign displayed by color flow imaging

Twenty-two patients with severe mitral regurgitation were observed to have turbulent systolic antegrade flow on pulsed Doppler mapping of the left atrium. All were studied by color flow imaging to delineate the mechanism of this peculiar flow. Pulsed Doppler findings of an eccentric regurgitant flow in one side, an antegrade systolic flow with slightly delayed onset in the other side, and a low velocity flow near the posterior wall, were consistant with the theory of a large eccentric regurgitant jet swirling in the left atrium. Color flow imaging confirmed this mechanism in all patients. Nineteen patients had flail mitral valve with a positive predictive value of 86%. The other three patients had deformed rheumatic mitral valve. The severity of mitral regurgitation was confirmed in all 16 patients studied by left ventricular cineangiography. We have shown that the antegrade systolic left atrial flow is the result of the swirling of a large regurgitant eccentric jet, is commonly observed with flail mitral valve, can occur in patients with deformed rheumatic mitral valve without flail leaflet, and most significantly indicates the presence of severe mitral regurgitation.