直肠类癌的诊断及手术治疗体会(附58例报告)

目的 探索直肠类癌的诊断和手术治疗.方法 结合文献回顾性分析经病理证实的58例直肠类癌的临床资料.结果 54例直径<2 cm经肛门局部切除术后经 6个月至7年随访无1例复发或转移,3例直径>2 cm者行根治性手术,2例发现直肠类癌时已有肝转移灶,1例随访2年半无复发或转移.1例直肠多发类癌行根治性手术随诊2年无复发或转移.结论 直肠类癌应早期诊断,早期治疗,对于<2 cm类癌可采用局部切除,是一种简单安全有效的治疗方法.     

手术治疗直肠类癌36例

目的:探讨直肠类癌的诊断及治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的36例直肠类癌患者的诊断和治疗方式.结果:36例中肿瘤位于黏膜下层者23例,浅肌层11例,深肌层1例,浆膜层1例.根据肿瘤直径大小,分别采用局部切除、局部扩大切除术和经腹前切除术.无直肠穿孔或大出血等严重并发症.经12个月至8年随访,34例直径＜2 cm者无1例肿瘤复发或转移,2例直径＞2 cm者有1例术后1年死于肝内广泛转移,1例术后随访2年无复发.结论:直肠类癌早期诊断和手术是治疗关键.直径＜2 cm的直肠类癌采用局部(扩大)切除术是一种有效的治疗方法.     

直肠类癌45例临床分析

目的分析直肠类癌的临床特征。方法回顾性分析1994年1月至2009年10月收治的45例直肠类癌患者的诊断方法、治疗方式及生物学特性。结果本组直肠类癌患者：直肠指检＋肠镜＋活检正确诊断率可达97.8%。45例患者中42例得到随访,随访率93.3%,5年生存率93.8%。治疗：肠镜电烧1例,肛门局部切除17例,肛局部扩大切除4例,腹肠壁楔形切除1例,根治性切除术22例。结论直肠类癌症状不典型,临床诊断率低,易误诊;消化内镜为诊断直肠类癌首选方法,结合肛诊可以提高类癌诊断率;手术切除是治疗结直肠类癌的首选方法     

直肠类癌26例诊治分析

目的探讨直肠类癌的诊断及治疗方法。方法本文分析了26例直肠类癌的诊断和手术方式。结果26例患者中，5年生存率75％。结论直肠类癌症状无特异性，大部分患者可能通过直肠指诊触及肿块，确诊依靠病理组织检查。手术治疗主要是根据病变大小、浸润深度，采取相应的术式，可取得较好的治疗效果。     

直肠类癌(综合报道)

直肠类癌罕见,占直肠所有肿瘤的0.7%～1.3%,约占胃肠道类癌的20%,占全部类癌的10%～17%.类癌“Karzinoide”一词首于1907年提出,1912年首例直肠类癌临床报告.至今世界文献已有1600例直肠类癌报告.直肠类癌常为单发,男女发病相等.50%以上患者在查出此病时无症状,多为40～60岁(1岁～93岁).日本、南亚及其他非白种人发病率较高.直肠多发类癌占直肠类癌的2.0%～4.5%,而直肠类癌合并其他部位原发类癌却很少报告.直肠类癌的恶变率可能较低(5%～40%).患者很少有类癌综合征表现.无症状可能因为分泌非生物活性的激素、或无活性的前激素或只是低水平分泌量.有此综合征表现的病人极少,却有广泛肝转移,而且血与尿测出多种激素.少数病例有肝转移而无类癌综合征.良性肿瘤偶也有表现类癌综合征.少数直肠类癌虽只侵及肌层却也转移至淋巴结,但疾病进展似有一定限度.应认识到这些含两种分泌的肿瘤的独特性,与非典型类癌或偶合外分泌或神经内分泌的肿瘤不同,因前者常有恶性表现.     

直肠类癌诊治46例报告

为提高直肠类癌的诊疗水平，同顾分析46例直肠类癌患者资料，通过访问病史、症状体征检查，尤其是指诊和结肠镜检查，结合病理明确诊断，最终行手术治疗。结果显示，肿物局部切除42例；3例直肠镜下活检完整取出病灶；经腹会阴根治术1例，尔后病理检查显示类癌恶变．有淋巴结转移，死于肝转移。45例健在。结果表明，直肠类癌属于肛肠疾病中较少见的一种，可以恶变，因此提高早期对该病的认汉和及时行相关检查并处理至关重要，手术治疗后需要定期随访。     

直肠类癌的诊断治疗12例报告

直肠类癌无特异临床症状 ,往往以肛直肠其它疾患就诊而得诊治。笔者于 1 987年 7月至 1 998年4月收治直肠类癌 1 2例 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料 :本组男 7例 ,女 5例 ,年龄 2 2～ 6 4岁 ,平均 48.8岁 ,40～ 6 0岁占 81 .7%。1 .2　临床表现 :间歇性大便带血 5例 ,肛门疼痛 6例 ,肛门不适便急频繁 2例 ,便秘 1例 ,粘液便 5例 ,面色潮红心动过速并肝转移 1例。无临床症状 ,肛诊发现 5例。1 .3　诊断与治疗 :本组病例术前确诊直肠类癌 3例 ,3例术前活检诊断直肠腺癌 ,另 6例术前未能确诊 ,术后病理确诊直肠类癌。 7例行局部楔形…     

直肠类癌的诊治近况

类癌是一种特殊类型的嗜银细胞肿瘤。近20年来,类癌的发病率有所上升,多发生于胃肠道。Ｍｏｄｌｉｎ等[1]总结了8305例类癌病例,发现类癌发生于胃肠道者占73.7%,而胃肠道又以小肠(28.51%)、阑尾(18.9%)和直肠(11.38%)为多。本文仅介绍近年来直肠类癌的诊断和治疗进展情况。一、临床表现与诊断直肠类癌多发生于40～60岁的成人,青少年少见,男性多于女性。过去认为其发病率较低,但近年来普查发现其并不少见。类癌起源于肠粘膜隐窝深部的Ｋｕｌｃｈｉｔｓｋｙ细胞(肠嗜铬细胞),因具有嗜银性,故也称嗜银细胞癌。早期临床表现为粘膜和粘膜下结节或…     

直肠类癌23例临床病理分析

为探讨类癌病理学特点及临床表现．回顾性分析23例直肠类癌活检的病理学特点及临床资料。结果显示。23例直肠类癌位于肛门3～10cm．其中8例内镜下诊断为息肉，8例光镜下诊断为类癌．15例加做神经内分泌标记物诊断为类癌。结果表明，直肠类癌常位于黏膜下，体积小，临床易误诊为息肉。类癌的确诊依赖于常规病理与免疫组化技术，早期结肠镜检查并及时送检有利于提高类癌的确诊率。     

直肠类癌的诊断及术式选择（附11例报告）

目的　探讨直肠类癌的诊断、手术治疗方式和疗效。方法　回顾性分析 11例直肠类癌病例。对瘤体直径小于 2 .0cm者先行局部诊断性整块切除送病理检查 ,以明确诊断 ,病理检查有肌层浸润者加作根治术 ;瘤体直径大于 2 .0cm者经病理证实为类癌即行根治术。在选择根治术式时 ,除考虑患者对手术的耐受力外 ,应尽可能保存肛门的控便、排便功能。结果　本组患者随访 6个月～ 12年。 1例术后 2年因心肌梗塞死亡 ,1例术后 1年因类癌肝转移死亡。其余 9例未发现癌转移。结论　加强对直肠类癌的认识。根据瘤体大小、肌层是否浸润 ,结合患者对手术的耐受力 ,并尽量争取保存固有的控便、排便功能 ,选择合理的术式     

Malignant carcinoid tumor in the papilla of Vater: case report and review of 25 cases reported in Japan

Carcinoid tumors in the papilla of Vater are rare. We describe a 48-year-old male who was diagnosed with a tumor consisting of atypical cells in the papilla of Vater. He underwent curative resection of the tumor by pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD), with dissection of the regional lymph nodes. Microscopic examination revealed a metastatic lymph node in the pancreatic region. Characteristic findings on histopathological and electron microscopic studies led to the final diagnosis of malignant carcinoid tumor. It is clear from the literature that carcinoid tumors in the papilla of Vater metastasize to the regional lymph nodes and the liver. However, it has been difficult to preoperatively diagnose carcinoid tumor in the papilla of Vater. Therefore, if we observe atypical cells in the papilla of Vater, malignant carcinoid tumor should be considered. If this tumor is suspected, PD or pylorus-preserving PD, together with dissection of the regional lymph nodes, at least along the hepatoduodenal ligament, should be considered as the treatment of first choice.     

术前化疗对胰腺癌细胞凋亡和组织结构的影响

探讨术前选择性动脉化疗对胰腺癌细胞生长的影响，为临床制定合理的胰腺癌化疗方案提供理论依据。方法运用ＤＮＡ末端标记法对３０例胰腺癌患者术前化疗和未化疗和术后病理切片进行肿瘤细胞凋亡的检测，同时对比观察它们ＨＥ染色的组织结构变化 。     

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors--ten years experience

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are rare, accounting for as many as 2% of all pulmonary neoplasms and for 10% of carcinoid tumors overall. Previously classified as bronchial adenomas, actually are classified as neuroendocrine tumors. They have a subclassification into typical classed as low-grade malignant neoplasm and atypical more aggressive, with more potential to cause local invasion. In this paper, the authors report a retrospective study of 25 patients, who had the diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoid tumors and had been operated between January of 1994 and August of 2004. We conclude that this tumors must be considered malignant in the surgical approach.     

Metastatic carcinoid of bone. Report of two cases and review of the literature

The skeletal manifestations of malignant carcinoid seem not to have been reported in the orthopedic literature. Bronchial and hindgut carcinoid tumors are less numerous than midgut tumors but metastasize to bone much more frequently. Carcinoid skeletal deposits are usually osteoblastic and most commonly affect the axial skeleton. The radiologic appearance is frequently indistinguishable from prostatic skeletal metastases or chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis. Two cases of skeletal metastases from midgut carcinoid are reported to demonstrate that metastases from carcinoid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of either bone malignancy or chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis.     

小肠原发性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨小肠肿瘤的临床特点以及影响小肠恶性肿瘤预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析32例原发性小肠肿瘤病例(不包括壶腹周围癌)的临床资料。结果 本组小肠良性肿瘤4例中3例为平滑肌瘤,1例为腺瘤;恶性肿瘤28例,其中恶性淋巴瘤13例(46.4％),腺癌8例(28.6％),平滑肌肉瘤5例(17.9％),类癌2例(7.1％)。临床症状无特异性,内窥镜和消化道钡餐造影是主要诊断手段。50％的恶性病例在手术时已有远处转移,仅14例(50％)行根治性切除。小肠恶性肿瘤患者手术后5年生存率为40.7％。结论 早期诊断、早期治疗是提高小肠恶性肿瘤预后的主要手段,对无远处转移者应争取行根治术。     

Ten cases of rare breast tumors. Review and surgical management]

Ten cases of rare breast tumors are reported along with review of the literature. Three of the patients had cystosarcoma phylloides, one a primary carcinoid of the breast, two metastasis to the breast (bronchus carcinoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus), two malignant lymphoma and two Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast. We present a discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of breast tumors. Specially in rare breast tumors an exact histological diagnosis is important in order to avoid unnecessary surgical treatment and to guide further therapy.     

Update in Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors: A Review Article

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine malignant tumors that make up 1% to 2% of all lung tumors. According to histopathologic criteria, carcinoids can be divided into typical (TC) and atypical (AC) carcinoids. Carcinoids can be placed in a spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors, ranging from low-grade malignant TC to intermediate AC to high-grade large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma. Familial pulmonary carcinoids are rare. The most common symptoms are hemoptysis, cough, recurrent pulmonary infection, fever, chest discomfort and chest pain, unilateral wheezing, and shortness of breath. Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare and include carcinoid syndrome, Cushings syndrome, and ectopic growth hormone–releasing hormone secretion. The diagnosis is usually established by flexible bronchoscopy and biopsy, although occasionally this can result in severe hemorrhage. Immunoscintigraphy by somatostatin analogs can also be useful in diagnosis. The treatment of choice is surgical resection, and prognosis is relatively good in TC, although it is worse in AC. The role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy as part of multimodality treatment or palliation is still debated.     

原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗(附15例报道)

目的探讨原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析15例经病理确诊并手术的原发性阑尾恶性肿瘤资料。典型类癌6例,杯状细胞类癌1例;阑尾粘液腺癌4例,中分化腺癌2例,粘液囊腺癌2例。术前确诊1例杯状细胞类癌,行右半结肠切除+腹腔化疗;术中确诊7例,其中2例典型类癌、1例粘液腺癌和1例粘液囊腺癌行阑尾及肿瘤切除术,1例典型类癌、1例粘液囊腺癌及1例腺癌行右半结肠切除术;术后明确诊断7例,2例典型类癌未再行手术治疗,1例典型类癌、4例腺癌行补救性右半结肠切除术。结果所有患者平均随访32(4~98)月。11例无症状生存,3例腺癌和1例杯状细胞类癌在术后15月内死亡。结论阑尾恶性肿瘤术前确诊困难,术中确诊并选择合理术式是保证预后的重要手段。     

Surgical implications in malignant cardiac disease

Despite the rarity of primary malignant tumors of the heart (0.0017 to 0.03% of large postmortem series) and the infrequency of clinical signs and symptoms (0 to 50%) of the more common metastatic cardiac tumors, many cardiothoracic surgeons at some time will encounter a patient with one of these two conditions. A review of the medical literature yielded 28 cases of primary cardiac tumors, 10 of secondary tumors, and 12 of carcinoid heart disease treated surgically and followed sufficiently for retrospective evaluation. We summarized those cases and made the following conclusions. Primary malignant tumors of the heart are occasionally resectable, although cure is unlikely; survival may be enhanced by postoperative irradiation but probably not by postoperative chemotherapy. For patients with secondary malignant tumors of the heart, surgical intervention is rarely of benefit except for establishing a tissue diagnosis, effecting artificial cardiac pacing, decompressing symptomatic pericardial effusions, or reducing an obstructive tumor mass. Patients with carcinoid heart disease affecting the valves may derive benefit from valve replacement or repair. Thus, in selected patients with malignant cardiac disease, surgical intervention may be feasible and should always be among the therapeutic options considered.     

Carcinoid tumors of the gut: Diagnosis and treatment

Carcinoids are relatively uncommon tumors, which may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. The appendiceal carcinoid is in autopsy series the most prevalent, but frequently overlooked clinically unless routinely searched for at appendectomy. In the stomach and the rectum the carcinoids often present as simple benign polypous lesions, fortuitously discovered during endoscopy, while the rare colon carcinoid is generally a large, bulky tumor at time of diagnosis. The mid-gut carcinoid is most frequently located in the terminal ileum and tends to prevail in clinical series due to its common association with the carcinoid syndrome. Ventricular, rectal and appendiceal carcinoids are generally benign and the extent of surgery may safely be based on the size of the tumor. Local excision or simple appendectomy is thus generally sufficient and only the larger, invasive or clearly malignant lesions require more extensive surgery. The mid-gut carcinoids on the other hand are frequently malignant, irrespective of tumor size, and surgery should carefully aim to remove mesenteric metastases together with the primary tumor. Also in cases with disseminated mid-gut carcinoids tumor debulking of the larger mesenteric and liver metastases may cause considerable alleviation of symptoms and probably facilitates medical treatment of the carcinoid syndrome. Surgery may also relieve abdominal symptoms due to intestinal entrapment or impaired intestinal circulation, which is frequently encountered in association with the more advanced mid-gut carcinoid.