家庭教养方式问卷的编制和信效度研究

目的:编制本土化家庭教养方式问卷并验证其信度和效度.方法:根据中国文化背景结合国内外家庭教养方式研究文献,编制了包含20种教养行为的家庭教养方式问卷;在3976名基本样本(年龄范围9～26岁)、140名重测样本和158名效度样本中进行测试.结果:问卷的重测信度、分半信度和α系数分别为0.654～0.822、0.635～0.869和0.496～0.824 (P＜0.001);条目与维度分有显著相关(r=0.26～0.73),维度间有较高的相关(0.32～0.81);因素分析获得3个因子,解释方差68％,各维度分与SCL-90多数因子分显著负相关(r=0.20～0.50).结论:新编家庭教养方式问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求.     

中国人婚姻动因问卷的初步编制

目的：编制婚姻动因问卷，检验其信效度。方法：根据婚姻动因的概念和临床经验．编制由40个条目组成的婚姻动因问卷；在1303名基本样本、52名重测样本和95名效度样本中，检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度。结果：问卷各领域的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0．616-0．800、0．614-0．7866和0．615-0．797。各种婚因动因间有一定的相关性。离婚或分居者与在婚者的婚姻动因有些差异。验证性因素分析显示，四因素模型的各项参数达到可以接受的水平。结论：新编婚姻动因问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度达到了心理测量学的要求。     

百项心理症状问卷编制和信效度研究

目的:编制一个适用于10岁以上人群的心理健康调查表并检验其信效度。方法:按经验法编制了一个包含10个症状维度(每个维度10个条目)的心理健康量表,采用分层方便取样法收集了4672名社区或学校样本、1135例临床样本、252名重测样本和378名效度样本的心理健康资料,并对问卷的信度和效度做了测量学检验。结果:问卷的重测信度和α系数分别为0.615~0.791、0.804~0.974;维度与总分(0.737~0.882)及维度间(0.453~0.811)显著相关,10个维度可归为4个因子(情绪症状、生理症状、行为控制和精神病理);百项心理症状问卷与SCL-90总分(0.823)和相关维度(0.605~0.797)显著相关,常模样本和临床样本得分(除人格品行外)有显著性差异(P0.001)。结论:百项心理症状问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求。     

体像自评问卷的初步编制及信效度研究

目的:编制体像障碍筛查问卷,同时检验问卷信度和效度.方法:借鉴国内外相关文献,基于访谈和临床实践经验,编制体像自评问卷,并用新编问卷对756名对象进行测试.结果:体像自评问卷包含31个条目,含盖体貌满意度、心理痛苦度、功能影响度和易貌愿望度等4个维度,并从相关分析和探索性因素分析中得到验证;问卷各因子的平均重测信度为0.94,平均α系数为0.88,平均分半系数为0.87;问卷各因子与SCL-90,MMPI,CBQ等量表的多数因子有显著相关.结论:体像自评问卷具有较好信度和效度,符合心理测量学要求.     

儿少主观生活质量问卷的编制和信效度分析

按多维层阶模式，编制一个适用于儿少的主观生活质量问卷。方法：在中、小学样中随机整群抽取小学生５０５人，中学生３６１人，用编制的主观生活质量问卷（ＩＳＬＱ）对入组被试作团体测试，并作信、效度考验。结果：定型问卷为三水平八维度模式，计５２个条目，探索性因素分析获得因素建构与预想模式相符，具有较好的实证效度；问卷的同质信度与重测信度较理想，各维度、成份和总分的信度均符合心理测量学要求。结论：初编的儿少生活质量问卷的结构及信、效度达到预期目的。     

老年人痴呆筛查问卷的编制和信效度研究

目的：编制一个用于老年人痴呆筛查的问卷．检验问卷的信度和效度。方法：借鉴MMSE和ADL的评定范武编制一个以评估认知缺陷为核心，兼顾日常生活能力、精神症状和人格改变等内容的痴呆筛查问卷（简称DSI—E），包含11个领域55个条目：存2815名社区样本、215名重测样本和199名效度样本中，检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度和结构效度。结果：问卷总分的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0．96，0．91和0．85；新编问卷与MMSE、ADL、MMAS记忆商数和CCAS智商的相关分别为0．92、0．89、0．71和0．63；因素分析获得3个因子．分别命名为认知能力、生活能力和精神病理．可解释60．1％的方差。结论：新编痴呆筛查问卷的信度和效度较理想．符合心理测量学要求。     

心理评定量表的编制和修订中存在的一些问题

目的:对当前我国心理评定量表的编制和修订中存在的一些问题进行分析和讨论.方法:通过<中国期刊网>检索到公开发表的心理评定量表410个,从量表编制理论、样本、信效度等方面进行分析.结果:①77.5%的自编量表(N=365)在编制前缺乏清晰的理论框架;②样本量普遍较大,但人群分布较局限;③条目分析报告较少且存在方法学问题;④量表的内部一致性中位数为0.872(α系数)和0.861(分半信度),平均各维度中位数为0.774(α系数和分半信度),量表和平均各维度重测信度分别为0.810和0.745.但是近一半的研究未报告重测信度;⑤在运用因素分析方法做效度研究中存在一些问题,40%的研究未报告效标效度,只有22%的研究做了实证效度.结论:我国心理评定量表的研制工作期得了显著的成果,但仍然存在许多问题值得注意.     

系统家庭动力学自评问卷的编制及信效度分析

目的 :编制适合中国文化背景的系统家庭动力学自评问卷。方法 :用初编 30个条目的问卷施测 ,选取昆明市几家医院精神疾病患者 2 4 8例 (精神分裂症 10 0例、抑郁症 5 2例、神经症 96例 )及正常对照 97例为测评对象。结果 :通过因子分析筛选出 2 9个条目组成正式的系统家庭动力学自评问卷。问卷有 4个维度 ,因子分析证实了问卷的结构效度 ,整个问卷的同质信度Cronbach’sα系数为 0 .810 7,4个维度α系数为 0 .6 710～ 0 .886 5 ;4个维度的重测信度 0 .74 14～ 0 .92 72 ,总分重测相关为 0 .885 0 ,表明问卷具有一定的内在一致性和稳定性。不同的疾病组与正常对照组的家庭动力学比较表明该问卷有较好的判别效度。结论 :问卷编制符合心理测量学要求 ,已达到预期目的     

成年人智能手机成瘾量表的初步编制

目的:编制成年人智能手机成瘾量表,并对其进行信效度检验。方法:通过开放式问卷调查和深度访谈收集原始项目,采用内容分析法整理归纳得到初始条目47条,样本1(n=851)用于项目分析及探索性因素分析,样本2(n=1004)用于验证性因素分析及信度检验。在样本2中随机选取89名被试于4周后进行重测。结果:智能手机成瘾量表最后保留26个条目,归纳为App使用、App更新、戒断反应、突显性、社会功能受损、生理不适6个因子,累积解释总方差的58.43%;具有良好的结构效度(χ~2/df=2.13,RMSEA=0.043,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,GFI=0.94)。总量表的α系数为0.909,6个维度的α系数为0.706~0.820;总量表的重测信度系数为0.931,6个维度的重测信度系数为0.743~0.850。结论:本研究编制的量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以用来测量成年人的智能手机成瘾情况。     

中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度

目的:主要研究中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度和其在神经症研究、临床评价中的应用价值。方法:以229名神经症、402名健康人为研究对象,运用克朗巴哈α(Cronbach'sα)系数、分半信度、重测信度、结构效度、内容效度、实证效度检验中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度。结果:本量表Cronbach'sα系数为0.809;分半信度为0.779;重测信度为0.852。内容效度、结构效度、实证效度良好。结论:中文版神经症被束缚自评量表的信度、效度良好,适合于中国文化背景临床对神经症被束缚状态的评价和研究应用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.