中国人婚姻质量问卷的编制和信效度分析

目的:编制一个婚姻质量问卷,检验问卷的信度和效度.方法:根据婚姻质量的定义和Jackson的量表编制策略,编制了由90个条目组成的婚姻质量问卷;在1303名基本样本、52名重测样本和95名效度样本中,检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度.结果:问卷总分的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0.852,0.899和0.925,维度分信度系数分别为0.672～0.856,0.477～0.698和0.462～0.645.本问卷与Olson问卷对应维度显著相关,维度间有较高的相关(0.502～0.745),各维度的因子负荷在0.77以上,条目与维度分有显著相关.婚姻质量与SCL-90的某些因子和MMPI的某些临床量表显著相关,离婚或分居者的婚姻质量显著低于在婚者.结论:婚姻质量问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度、效标效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求.     

学生性格品质自评问卷的编制

目的:编制学生性格品质自评问卷,检验其信度和效度.方法:通过文献检索、专家访谈与问卷调查等形式,收集、整理形成初始问卷,然后选取501名学生进行初测并根据测量的结果对问卷进行修订.结果:学生性格品质自评问卷包含18个题项,由对待学习、对待生活、对待他人3个维度构成,共解释总变异的58.95％,验证性因素分析表明该量表具有良好的结构效度(X2/df=1.82,IFI=0.99,CFI=0.99,GFI=0.97,RMSEA=0.030,NFI=0.97,TLI=0.98).校标关联效度分析显示,学生心理健康量表各维度与学生性格品质各维度均呈显著相关.性格品质自评问卷的Cronbach α系数为0.92,3个维度的Cronbach α系数分别为0.85、0.89、0.92.结论:本研究编制的学生性格品质自评问卷具有良好的信度和效度.     

中文版长处和困难量表(自评版)在832例青少年中的试用

目的:建立长处和困难量表(自评版)(self-report SDQ)中文版,并分析其信、效度.方法:832名青少年完成了SDQ自评问卷,分析量表的内部一致性和重测信度、条目间平均相关系数、效标效度、进行验证性因子分析,并与英文版英国常模进行比较.结果:SDQ自评问卷的全量表Cronbach's α系数为0.81;各因子α系数在0.48～0.88之间;重测信度为0.72;5个分量表的条目与相应的因子分相关系数在0.47到0.75之间;SDQ困难总分及各分量表得分与相应的YSR总分及分量表得分有中到高度相关.验证性因子分析的各个拟合指数均符合测量学标准.中国青少年样本在情绪问题、多动/注意障碍及亲社会行为分量表上得分均低于英国常模,在同伴关系问题分量表上得分高于英国常模.结论:中文版SDQ自评问卷具有良好的信、效度,可以试用于我国青少年常见心理问题的筛查.     

成为心理治疗师的影响因素(IBT)问卷的初步修订

目的:对成为心理治疗师的影响因素(IBT)问卷进行修订,并分析其信度和效度.方法:对510名参加心理咨询师国家职业资格考试培训的学员进行问卷调查.结果:经过项目分析和探索性因子分析删除部分项目后提取出5个动机因子和5个经历因子,验证性因子分析显示该模型与数据拟合较好,问卷具有较好的结构效度.信度分析显示,问卷整体的Cronbach α系数为0.86,各因子的Cronbach α系数在0.62～0.79之间;问卷三周后重测信度为0.76,各因子的重测信度在0.48～0.83之间.结论:修订后的成为心理治疗师的影响因素(IBT)问卷中文版具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为开展心理咨询师职业心理研究的测量工具.     

士兵训练倦怠自评问卷信度及效度的验证

目的:编制士兵训练倦怠自评问卷,并对其信度、效度进行验证。方法:随机整群抽取968名士兵为研究对象,分A(485名)、B(483名)两个组。用编制的士兵训练倦怠自评问卷对两组数据进行测查。A组进行探索性因素分析和相关分析,B组进行验证性因素分析。结果:经检验,问卷Cronbach'sα系数为0.778,各因子的Cronbach'sα系数范围0.670~0.721;问卷的折半信度为0.754,各维度间的折半系数为0.654~0.680。问卷维度间相关系数0.312~0.486(P0.01),各维度与问卷总分间相关系数为0.663~0.785(P0.01)。经探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析发现,问卷结构和理论模型与新兵训练倦怠自评问卷一致,问卷的一阶三因素模型(χ2/df=3.548,GFI=0.959、AGFI=0.938、NFI=0.911、CFI=0.934、IFI=0.934、RMSEA=0.058)拟合效果比较理想。问卷总分及3个维度与职业倦怠总分及各维度呈显著正相关(P0.01)。结论:士兵训练倦怠自评问卷具有较好的信效度,可以作为训练倦怠测查工具使用。     

中国积极信念自评量表的研制及其信效度检验

目的编制中国积极信念自评预测量表并进行信度、效度检验。方法通过预测验构建初问卷,并采用探索性因素分析、相关分析、t检验等方法分析数据,检验其信效度。结果根据因子分析结果,提取1个因子,正式量表含有10个条目,累计方差贡献率为51.85%。总量表的Cronbach'sα系数为0.783,分半系数为0.852。10个条目与总量表的相关系数在0.624~0.778(P0.01)。高分组与低分组比较,各条目得分差异显著(t=2.57~5.38,P0.01)。结论中国积极信念自评量表的信度、效度符合心理测量学要求,可作为中国人积极信念的自评工具。     

系统家庭动力学自评问卷的编制及信效度分析

目的 :编制适合中国文化背景的系统家庭动力学自评问卷。方法 :用初编 30个条目的问卷施测 ,选取昆明市几家医院精神疾病患者 2 4 8例 (精神分裂症 10 0例、抑郁症 5 2例、神经症 96例 )及正常对照 97例为测评对象。结果 :通过因子分析筛选出 2 9个条目组成正式的系统家庭动力学自评问卷。问卷有 4个维度 ,因子分析证实了问卷的结构效度 ,整个问卷的同质信度Cronbach’sα系数为 0 .810 7,4个维度α系数为 0 .6 710～ 0 .886 5 ;4个维度的重测信度 0 .74 14～ 0 .92 72 ,总分重测相关为 0 .885 0 ,表明问卷具有一定的内在一致性和稳定性。不同的疾病组与正常对照组的家庭动力学比较表明该问卷有较好的判别效度。结论 :问卷编制符合心理测量学要求 ,已达到预期目的     

情绪问卷中文版用于中学生的信度和效度研究

目的:考察情绪问卷中文版的信度和效度.方法:采用分层抽样法,从4所中学选取2592名中学生,进行情绪问卷的信度和效度分析.随机抽取30名中学生间隔4周重测,评定重测信度.结果:情绪问卷中文版的Cronbachα系数为0.93.分半相关系数为0.90.重测信度为0.84.情绪问卷中文版各因子及总分与儿童抑郁障碍自评量表总分的相关系数分别为0.95、0.91、0.88、0.86、0.36、0.84;与儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表总分的相关系数为0.79.主成分分析共提取5个因子,解释变异量的48.8%.验证性因素分析的拟合指标χ2/df、RMSEA、GFI、AGFI、NNFI、CFI分别为:4.59、0.05、0.91、0.89、0.97、0.97.结论:情绪问卷的信度、效度均较理想,符合心理计量学要求,可以满足今后国内有关研究和临床应用的需要.     

慢性病患者风险感知问卷的编制

目的编制慢性病患者风险感知结构问卷,评价其信效度。方法采用质性访谈及专家函询法,编制慢性病患者风险感知结构问卷。施测于315名慢性病患者,用Cronbach'sα系数评估问卷的信度,通过探索性因子分析及相关分析法评价问卷的效度。结果采用项目分析、探索性因子分析、主成分分析法,最终确定问卷包括经济风险、身体诊疗风险和社会心理风险3个公因子、12个条目。累计方差贡献率59.32%,问卷总的内部一致性系数为0.833,各因子内部一致性系数均在0.716~0.781。结论本问卷具有良好的信度和效度,可作为调查慢性病患者风险感知结构的测评工具。     

家庭教养方式问卷的编制和信效度研究

目的:编制本土化家庭教养方式问卷并验证其信度和效度.方法:根据中国文化背景结合国内外家庭教养方式研究文献,编制了包含20种教养行为的家庭教养方式问卷;在3976名基本样本(年龄范围9～26岁)、140名重测样本和158名效度样本中进行测试.结果:问卷的重测信度、分半信度和α系数分别为0.654～0.822、0.635～0.869和0.496～0.824 (P＜0.001);条目与维度分有显著相关(r=0.26～0.73),维度间有较高的相关(0.32～0.81);因素分析获得3个因子,解释方差68％,各维度分与SCL-90多数因子分显著负相关(r=0.20～0.50).结论:新编家庭教养方式问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.