膝骨性关节炎的超声表现特点及其相关性研究

目的:通过比较膝骨性关节炎患者膝关节肌骨超声表现与膝关节功能障碍、X线表现的相关性,分析膝关节周围软组织炎症在膝骨性关节炎中的病理作用机制。方法:应用横断面研究方法(证据等级为Ⅲ级)。根据病例筛选标准收集整理2016年9月至2017年1月就诊于门诊的膝骨性关节炎患者,采集全部患者膝关节肌骨超声、X线图像,填写Lysholm膝关节功能评价量表。应用Pearson相关系数检验、t检验及秩和检验分析肌骨超声表现与Lysholm评分、X线表现的相关性。结果:共纳入123例膝骨性关节炎患者。膝关节周围软组织炎症在膝骨性关节炎患者中具有较高的发病率(髌下脂肪垫炎81%),并且滑膜厚度、积液深度、半月板膨出程度均超过了正常范围。相关性分析显示:Lysholm功能障碍评分方面,膝关节积液深度与"下蹲"评分呈负相关(r=-0.21,P=0.02),内侧半月板膨出程度与"支撑"评分呈明显负相关(r=-0.26,P0.01),并与Lysholm总分呈负相关(r=-0.19,P=0.04),外侧半月板膨出程度则与"不稳定"评分呈负相关(r=-0.22,P=0.02)。X线表现方面,膝关节内侧间隙狭窄程度与关节积液深度(r=-0.27,P0.001),滑膜增生厚度呈负相关(r=-0.17,P=0.007),与内侧半月板膨出程度呈正相关(r=0.18,P=0.04),与髌韧带止点炎症、髌下脂肪垫炎有相关性(P0.05),外侧关节间隙狭窄程度则与"髌韧带止点炎症"有相关性(P=0.02)。结论:膝关节周围软组织炎症是KOA患者的主要病理表现,并与膝关节功能障碍、骨性结构病变具有显著相关性,通过影响膝关节功能、促进关节软骨破坏从而影响KOA的疾病进程。     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫疝1例

患者　女,41岁。因行走时左膝关节反复疼痛1年加重3个月入院。检查:一般情况好,右膝关节无肿胀,关节屈曲时髌韧带外侧有包块突出,伸膝时包块可自行还纳,关节屈伸活动时有明显摩擦感,髌骨外缘压痛。Ｘ线片示右膝关节无明显异常改变。ＣＴ片示:右膝外侧副韧带变薄。入院后考虑:①右膝髌下脂肪疝出;②右膝髌骨软化症;③右膝骨关节炎。在持硬麻下行手术治疗。术中见:右膝髌下脂肪垫肥厚,髌韧带外侧关节囊变薄,使髌下脂垫由此疝出,故手术切除部伤髌下脂肪垫,关节囊薄弱处重叠缝合。术后右膝关节疼痛消失,随访2年右膝关节疼痛未再复发。该类病例临…     

膝骨关节炎关节镜下病变特征与血清CTX-Ⅱ和COMP水平的相关性

目的探讨膝骨关节炎患者血清中Ⅱ型胶原C端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)和软骨寡聚基质蛋白(COMP)的水平高低与膝骨关节病变之间的相关性。方法筛选出144例符合标准的患者,通过关节镜严格检查患者膝关节的炎症病变状况,观察半月板和软骨组织的损伤程度、滑膜增生情况以及是否存在游离体、骨赘,依据惯用标准对上述指标进行分级评价。检测血清CTX-Ⅱ和COMP水平,并分析二者和膝关节病变程度的相关性。结果患者血清中CTX-Ⅱ和COMP水平高低与关节软骨组织损伤程度、半月板损伤分级以及滑膜的增生程度有相关性(P0.001),而与骨赘分级情况以及游离体大小无相关性(P0.05)。结论血清CTX-Ⅱ和COMP水平高低在一定程度上反映出膝骨关节炎的病变程度,可以为临床上膝骨关节炎的分级诊断以及患者恢复情况提供参考价值。     

肌骨超声在中老年退行性膝关节病变的临床应用价值

目的探讨肌骨超声对中老年退行性膝关节病变的临床诊断价值。方法选取我院临床诊断为退行性膝关节病变患者60例(87个膝关节),男32例,女28例;年龄55～78岁,平均(61.5±6.5)岁。所有患者患侧膝关节均行US、MRI检查及关节镜手术。通过膝关节US和MRI检查结果与关节镜手术后诊断进行比较,分析肌骨超声(ultrasound,US)诊断退行性膝关节病变的临床价值。结果肌骨US可以清晰地显示关节软骨病变、滑膜增厚及关节积液,并且可以观察增生滑膜内的血流信号丰富程度,其与MRI的诊断符合率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但是对于诊断肌腱、半月板及韧带的损伤,MRI明显优于肌骨US,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肌骨US对退行性膝关节早期病变的诊断价值与MRI相同,可作为中老年膝关节病的常规检查,值得临床推广应用。     

关节镜下清理、胫骨结节垫高治疗髌股关节炎

髌股关节痛是髌股关节炎常见症状，也是膝关节骨性关节病的早期症状或症状之一。目前在正常人群的发病率约40．5％左右，女性多见。此病除髌股关节软骨退变外，往往伴有关节内其他病变，如滑膜增生，髌下脂肪垫增厚，半月板撕裂等。传统方法关节内病变往往需要膝关节切开处理，手术创伤大，术后恢复慢，易导致关节粘连功能障碍。从2000年3月起采用关节镜下清理关节内病变，关节外胫骨结节植骨垫高，消除髌股关节异常应力治疗髌股关节炎50例，取得良好疗效。     

膝关节常见病变的影像学诊断(一)

膝关节疾病是临床常见疾病，主要包括外伤性病变、退行眭骨关节疾病、炎症陛疾病及肿瘤性疾病。膝关节疾病的诊断临床上除了根据病史、症状、体征外，主要还是借助影像学手段。目前，膝关节疾病的影像学检查手段主要有传统X线、CT、MRI和核医学检查。X线摄片及CT检查可以清晰显示膝关节骨性结构，对于膝关节外伤、退行性疾病、炎症性疾病及肿瘤性疾病有较好的诊断价值。但难以对膝关节韧带、关节软骨及半月板病变做出准确的定性诊断。MR由于较高的软组织分辨率及多方位成像的优点，对显示膝关节软组织如韧带、半月板、关节软骨、滑膜襞及滑膜囊等结构有明显的优势，尤其是能确定损伤及病变的性质及范围。     

关节外全膝关节切除术的解剖学观察和临床应用

 目的 探讨关节外全膝关节切除术中伸膝装置保留与重建的手术方法。方法 新鲜全膝关节标本(6个)关节囊和髌下深囊内注入不同浓度泛影葡胺后行CT检查。关节囊内注入美兰后按关节外切除术要求处理伸膝装置,观察关节囊、髌下脂肪垫、髌下深囊的关系及关节外切除的可行性。累及关节内的膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤4例,2例术前髌下深囊造影证实髌下脂肪垫未受累者保留完整髌韧带、2例未行髌下深囊造影者行髌韧带冠状面剖开,髌骨冠状面截骨,关节外分离完整切除。观察近期局部控制效果及肢体功能。结果 标本观察见髌上囊,腓肠肌内、外侧头腱下囊,腘肌囊,股二头肌腱下滑囊可与关节囊相通,而髌下脂肪垫位于髌韧带和关节腔之间,且髌下深囊未发现与关节腔相通,对脂肪垫未受累者可保留完整髌韧带。4例患者随访10~28个月,平均19个月,均未发现局部肿瘤复发及转移,膝关节屈曲度平均为105°(95°~118°),伸膝延迟平均22°(10°~40°),MSTS评分平均为72.5%。结论 累及关节内的膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤术前应常规行髌下深囊造影,髌下深囊与关节腔不相通及髌下脂肪垫的存在者关节外全膝关节切除术中可完整保留髌韧带,少数情况下仅保留髌韧带的浅层1/2也可满足伸膝装置重建的要求,初步临床应用获得了良好的肿瘤局部控制和功能学结果。     

髌下脂肪垫对骨关节炎患者全膝置换术后关节功能的影响

[目的]探讨髌下脂肪垫对全膝关节置换术后膝关节功能恢复的影响。[方法]回顾性研究2009²012年期间的32例骨关节炎患者,全膝关节置换术中予以脂肪垫切除或保留,术后对髌韧带挛缩程度、疼痛分数、美国膝关节协会膝评分与功能评分数据进行分析。[结果]通过术后1年随访,髌下脂肪垫切除组中,患者发生明显的髌韧带挛缩倾向,而脂肪垫保留组中,髌韧带未发生明显挛缩,两组间差异明显(P=0.009),而且,脂肪垫切除组术后膝关节发生疼痛者为保留组的2倍,但两组膝关节协会评分与功能评分(P=0.269)无明显差异。[结论]尽管脂肪垫对全膝关节置换后有关功能评价的指标无明显影响,但为改善外科暴露而切除脂肪垫后,可能存在术后疼痛与髌韧带挛缩的风险,是否切除脂肪垫需慎重考虑。     

膝骨性关节炎关节镜清理术治疗进展

膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是老年性的膝关节慢性退行性病变,是引起老年人下肢功能障碍、活动受限的主要原因,是基本病变为关节软骨退变,继而新骨增生的一种慢性、进行性关节病。患者多为中老年人,随着社会人口老龄化,发病率逐年上升。本文对膝关节镜治疗膝骨关节炎的进展综述如下。1历史背景自从1960年Wantanabe和Takeda将第一台实用关节镜用于临床以来,关节镜治疗膝退行性关节炎再次引起人们的重视,已成为膝关节疾病诊断和治疗的重要方法之一。1972年,Jackson对200例膝关节疼痛患者,采用关节镜观察关节内部的病理变化,并行镜下摘除游离体,切除损伤半月板,临床症状有所好转。1981年,Sprague[1]采用关节镜清理术治疗膝退行性关节炎,采用切除损伤半月板、滑膜、骨赘,刨削软骨面等方法治疗69膝,结果优良率为74%。近年来,由于微骨折技术简便易行、并发症少及其使用成本较低,常被用作首选治疗方案。2手术方法2.1关节镜冲洗术老年性膝骨关节炎病变常累及关节软骨、软骨下骨和滑膜。软骨表面软化、脱落、溃疡,形成关节内游离体。滑膜充血、炎症细胞浸润,后期滑膜呈绒毛样增生,包埋破碎软骨...     

人工髌股关节置换术的早中期随访研究

目的探讨人工髌股关节置换术治疗重度髌股关节骨关节炎的早中期疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2020年12月行髌股关节置换术的严重髌股关节骨关节炎患者64例(80膝), 男9例(12膝)、女55例(68膝);年龄(60.50±8.82)岁(范围27～82岁)。术前膝关节X线片提示髌股关节退变均为Kellgren-Lawrence Ⅳ级, 内外侧胫股间室无明显退变。单侧髌股关节置换48例, 双侧髌股关节置换16例, 其中同期双侧髌股关节置换9例、分次行双侧髌股关节置换7例。对术后随访5年以上的患者采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)、纽约特种外科医院(Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS)膝关节评分及牛津膝关节评分(Oxford knee score, OKS)评估临床疗效;测量手术前后膝关节髌骨轴位X线片上髌骨倾斜角和站立位双下肢全长正位X线片上髋-膝-踝角;观察有无切口感染、假体周围感染、深静脉血栓形成、假体松动、磨损及胫股间室严重骨关节炎等并发症。结果 64例患者随访(4.31±1.79)年(范围1.5～8.2...     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020