肝移植术后胆道并发症的磁共振评价

目的:探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)联合MR断面图像在诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症中的应用价值.方法:对57例肝移植术后怀疑有胆道并发症的患者行MR检查,分析其表现,并与手术、胆道造影、肝脏活检和,临床随访结果进行对照.比较MRCP和MRCP联合MR断面图像对胆道并发症诊断的确诊率.结果:57例患者胆道并发症发生率64.9%(37/57).其中吻合口狭窄患者14例,非吻合口狭窄8例.孤立性胆道结石或胆泥淤积5例,胆管炎及胆管周围炎3例,胆汁湖/胆汁瘤3例,供体-受体胆总管不匹配3例,肝外胆管吻合后过长1例.对胆道并发症诊断的准确率,MRCP为75.7%(28/37),MRCP联合MRI断面图像为94.6%(35/37),两者差别有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:MRCP联合MR断面图像能提高胆道并发症诊断的准确性.     

肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变发生危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变(ITBL)发生的危险因素。方法 2015年1月～2019年2月我院收治的接受肝移植术治疗患者312例,根据肝功能、胆道造影和影像学检查结果诊断术后ITBL的发生,采用单因素和多因素Logistic 回归分析。结果 本组312例接受肝移植术患者原发疾病以原发性肝癌为主(占45.8%),术后发生ITBL者37例(11.9%);经Logistic回归分析显示输入血浆的量(OR=1.2,P=0.01)、术后1周肝动脉阻力指数(RI,OR=8.9,P=0.03)、急性排斥反应(OR=7.0,P=0.02)、冷缺血时间≥11.5 h(OR=1.1,P=0.01)为影响患者发生ITBL的独立影响因素。结论 肝移植术后患者易发生ITBL,需针对诱发因素给予针对性的预防处理,以提高肝移植效果。     

肝移植术后胆道吻合口狭窄内镜处理策略

目的探讨肝移植术后胆道吻合口狭窄的内镜处理和操作技巧。方法分析第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院内镜科2003年12月至2006年12月经十二指肠镜治疗的228例肝移植患者临床资料。结果肝移植术后胆道并发症患者中,合并或单纯胆道吻合口病变者187例,占82.0%,其中175例成功进行了内镜下治疗,成功率93.6%。187例有胆道吻合口病变的患者中,吻合口狭窄149例(79.7%),其中成功进行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)治疗者145例,成功率为97.3%。结论肝移植后胆道并发症患者中,合并或单纯胆道吻合口狭窄者占绝大多数,ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法之一。行ERCP时导丝及其他附件通过胆道吻合口狭窄的操作技巧是治疗成功的关键。     

地佐辛与芬太尼超前镇痛用于老年患者逆行胰胆管造影术的效果比较

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)是复杂的高风险性技术,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影是复杂的高风险性技术,中已从单纯的诊断技术发展成为胆胰疾病首选的治疗措施[1].近十几年来,随着医学发展的不断进步,逆行胰胆管造影成功病例逐年提高,到目前已达90％左右,已成为诊断胆道和胰腺疾病重要的诊断和治疗方法,使大部分患者避免开腹手术,减少创伤和缩短了住院时间,也为这部分患者节省住院费用.然而操作过程中给患者带来的刺激和不适感,可引起严重的心血管系统并发症.地佐辛是作用于阿片受体的镇痛药,兼有激动和拮抗作用,临床上已经广泛用于术后疼痛的治疗[2～5].但地佐辛会产生一定程度的镇静作用[6],本研究宗旨在观察比较地佐辛与芬太尼复合丙泊酚在老年患者中行逆行胰胆管造影、取石术中麻醉的镇痛、镇静效果、副作用及安全性.     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治134例

目的:探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防和治疗.方法:回顾性分析2004-10/2006-01施行的134例肝移植患者的临床资料.结果:18例患者(共20例次)出现胆道并发症,治愈17例,1例放弃治疗.其中胆道狭窄12例次,胆漏2例次,胆管结石6例次.与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为11.7%(14/120).胆道并发症组冷缺血时间(624min)和二次热缺血时间(60min)均高于无胆道并发症组(384min,43min,均P<0.05).结论:保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因.术后早期胆道造影并联合应用核磁共振胆管成像有助于及时诊断胆道并发症.介入技术是胆道并发症的主要治疗手段.     

直肠内应用吲哚美辛预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的Meta分析

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)是胰胆管疾病重要的诊断和治疗方法,尤其是治疗性ERCP在胰胆管微创治疗中占有重要的地位.但行ERCP检查或治疗后会出现急性胰腺炎、出血及穿孔等并发症[1].随着ERCP技术的改进,相关并发症有一定减少,但ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)的发生率却无明显降低[2].近年,国内外相关文献报道称非甾体类抗炎药(NASIDs)之一的吲哚美辛(indomethacin)在PEP的预防中有积极的作用[3-4],但亦有相反的结论[5].     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

内镜下巧用内支架取出器扩张肝移植术后胆管严重狭窄1例

随着肝移植技术的不断发展,肝移植病例日趋增多,而相应胆道并发症的绝对例数也随之增加.胆道并发症仍是导致肝移植失败的重要原因之一.第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院自2004年1月至2006年12月共计完成内镜胰胆管造影(ERCP)3066例,针对肝移植术后胆道并发症进行的ERCP诊断和治疗达234例(7.63%),其中单纯或合并吻合口狭窄比例高达77.82%(182例),供肝肝内外胆管广泛硬化性狭窄比例高达57.66%(135例),而这2个问题是ERCP处理的难点,本文就肝内胆管硬化性狭窄扩张处理的技巧结合典型病例进行介绍.     

彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症价值分析

目的探讨采用彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的应用价值,为提高移植肝的存活率提供保障。方法 2014年5月～2018年9月在我院行肝移植术的54例患者,采用胆道造影和彩色多普勒超声检查胆道情况。结果经胆道造影检查,发现14例发生了肝移植术后胆道并发症,其中胆道狭窄9例,胆管内胆泥或胆石形成5例;有并发症患者肝内胆管内径和总胆管内径分别为(4.7±2.1) mm和(7.5±3.6) mm,显著大于40例无并发症患者的(1.2±0.5) mm和(4.3±1.6) mm(P0.05),有并发症患者肝内胆管壁厚和总胆管壁厚分别为(2.3±0.4) mm和(4.7±1.5) mm,显著大于无并发症患者的(0.8±0.2) mm和(2.1±0.9) mm(P0.05);以总胆管内径6 mm、胆管壁回声增强和总胆管壁厚度3.5 mm作为诊断标准,彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的敏感度为57.1%,特异度为80.0%。结论使用彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生具有无创、方便和可重复进行的优点,具有很大的临床应用价值。     

肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的诊治

胆道并发症是肝移植术后发病率和病死率较高的并发症之一。自从有了肝脏移植，胆道并发症即成为此项技术的“阿喀琉斯之踵”（Achilles’Heel）。缺血型胆道病变（ischemic—type biliary lesions，ITBL），也称为非吻合口胆道狭窄，是指肝移植术后移植肝胆管树的破坏、狭窄或梗阻，多发生在胆道吻合口以外尤其在肝门及肝内胆管；是肝移植术后较为严重的胆道并发症之一，如不及时有效地处理，常造成移植物逐渐丧失，甚至需要再次移植，     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.