益肾汤保留灌肠对慢性肾脏病4期患者hs-CRP、IL-6及IL-8的研究

目的:研究益肾汤保留灌肠联合结肠透析对慢性肾脏病(CKD)4期患者hs-CRP、IL-6及IL-8的影响。方法:选取CKD 4期患者83例,其中对照组40例、益肾汤保留灌肠组43例,观察16周,比较各组患者血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血尿酸(UA)、胱抑素C(Cys C)、血红蛋白(Hb)、全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、血钙(Ca2+)、血磷(P3-)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及白细胞介素-8(IL-8)等指标的变化,分析益肾汤保留灌肠联合结肠透析对CKD 4期患者微炎症状态的影响。结果:治疗周期前,两组CKD患者各指标基线值差异无统计学意义(P0.05);16周后和对照组相比,益肾汤组的hs-CRP、IL-6及IL-8水平下降,临床检验指标改善优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:CKD 4期患者体内存在明显的微炎症状态,益肾汤保留灌肠联合结肠透析治疗可有效清除毒素和炎症介质,缓解机体微炎症状态。     

结肠透析配合尿毒清保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰竭的疗效观察

结肠透析和口服尿毒清均可降低血尿素氮和肌酐,用于治疗慢性肾衰竭的疗效已得到肯定,我们采用结肠途径治疗机行结肠透析结束后,给予尿毒清保留灌肠,治疗慢性肾衰竭38例,收到较好疗效,现总结报告如下.     

不同透析方式对血清胱抑素C清除效果的比较

目的 比较不同透析方式对血清胱抑素C清除的效果.方法 12例尿毒症患者透析方式的不同分为血液透析组和血液透析+血液灌流组进行治疗,分别于治疗前、后测定尿素氮、肌酐、胱抑素C水平,观察不同透析方式对胱抑素C的清除效果.结果 两组患者经治疗后血尿素氮和肌酐与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);而两组患者血胱抑素C水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)),血液透析+血液灌流组患者血清胱抑素C水平治疗前、后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 血液透析和血液透析+血液灌流不能有效清除血清胱抑素.     

益肾汤经结肠透析对慢性肾衰竭大鼠肠上皮细胞IRE1α、GRP78表达的影响

目的:观察益肾汤经结肠透析对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)大鼠肠上皮细胞IRE-1α、GRP78表达的影响。方法:随机在60只健康雄性SD大鼠中抽取45只，腺嘌呤灌胃诱导建立CRF大鼠模型，其余15只为正常组。将造模成功大鼠随机分为CRF组、尿毒清结肠透析组和益肾汤结肠透析组，尿毒清结肠透析组予尿毒清结肠透析，益肾汤结肠透析组予益肾汤结肠透析，实验周期为4周。实验过程中记录大鼠一般状况、体重、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)的变化，4周末取肾组织、结肠组织行HE染色观察组织学改变，免疫组化检测各组结肠组织IRE1α、GRP78的表达及分布情况，实时荧光定量PCR法测定IRE1α、GRP78 mRNA表达情况。结果:(1) CRF组大鼠一般情况较正常组差，体重增长减慢(P <0.05)，而尿毒清结肠透析组及益肾汤结肠透析组与CRF组相比有所改善，体重增加(P <0.05);(2)与正常组比较，CRF组Scr、BUN值升高(P <0.05)，免疫组化示肠上皮细胞IRE1α、GRP78表达均明显上调(P <0.05),PCR结果显示GRP78、IRE1α mRNA相对表达量...     

辨证分型应用中药结肠透析治疗慢性肾衰竭早中期32例疗效观察

目的：探讨辨证分型应用中药结肠透析对慢性肾衰竭（CRF）早中期患者疗效的影响.方法：选择慢性肾衰竭早中期患者（血肌酐707 μmol/L以下）63例,治疗组32例,对照组31例.治疗组采用电子结肠透析机进行辨证分型中药结肠透析,对照组采用辨证分型传统中药灌肠方法.观察患者治疗前后症状以及肾功能改善情况.结果：症状积分比较显示治疗组效果优于对照组;肾功能比较显示治疗组尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸均较治疗前明显下降,而对照组尿素氮、尿酸下降不明显;临床疗效比较显示治疗组总有效率90.6％,对照组总有效率70.9％,差异有统计学意义.结论：辨证分型应用中药结肠透析治疗慢性肾衰竭早、中期疗效明显.     

结肠透析配合中药保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰竭的临床研究

目的：观察结肠透析治疗慢性肾衰竭（CRF）的临床疗效。方法：72例CRF患者随机分成两组,治疗组和对照组各36例,两组均用西药并低蛋白饮食等综合治疗。治疗组加用结肠透析并配合中药保留灌肠,对照组仅加用中药保留灌肠。观察治疗前后中医证候的改善情况,检测治疗前后血尿素氮、血肌酐及尿酸水平的变化。结果：治疗组总有效率为88.9%,明显优于对照组69.4%（P〈0.05）。结论：结肠透析对CRF患者有保护肾功能,延缓CRF进展的作用。     

益肾泄浊方对痛风性肾病并发慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾功能及病理影响的实验研究

目的:观察益肾泄浊方对痛风性肾病并发慢性肾衰竭大鼠模型血清尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸的影响及肾脏病理组织学变化的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分组处理:模型组予高酵母饲料喂养及腺嘌呤灌胃,建立痛风性肾病并发慢性肾衰竭大鼠模型;同时分别以别嘌醇、益肾泄浊方干预;正常对照组给予普通大鼠颗粒饲料喂养,生理盐水灌胃。监测大鼠血清尿酸、肌酐及尿素氮水平的变化,同时观察大鼠肾脏病理改变。结果:与正常对照组比,第5周末模型组大鼠尿素氮、血肌酐、血尿酸增高,P<0.05,肾脏病理为痛风性肾病并发慢性肾衰竭大鼠模型改变;与模型组比较,别嘌醇组血尿酸明显下降,P<0.05;益肾泄浊方大剂量组血肌酐下降明显,P<0.05;益肾泄浊方大剂量组病理修复最好,别嘌醇组次之。结论:益肾泄浊方可以保护痛风性肾病并发慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾功能、修复肾脏病理。     

川芎嗪与N-乙酰半胱氨酸抑制对比剂肾病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的比较

目的评价川芎嗪抑制对比剂。肾病大鼠。肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的效应。方法建立对比剂肾病大鼠模型,分正常组（A）、模型组（B）、N-乙酰半胱氨酸组（C）、川芎嗪组（D）。C、D组在造模前3d每日分别腹腔注射150mg／kgN-乙酰半胱氨酸、80mg／kg川芎嗪。测定肾功能,观察。肾脏病理改变,TUNEL染色检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,Western印迹检测肾组织Caspase3表达。结果与A组相比,B组血肌酐、尿素氮、血清胱抑素C明显升高,肾间质水肿、肾小管上皮细胞空泡样变及细胞凋亡（P〈O．01）、Caspase-3蛋白表达增多（P〈0．05）。与B组相比,C、D组血肌酐、尿素氮、血清胱抑素C明显回落,病理改变显著减轻,肾小管上皮细胞凋亡指数显著减少（P〈0．01）,Caspase3蛋白表达降低（P〈O．05）,C、D组在上述检测中差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结论Caspase3依赖的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡参与了对比剂肾病的发生,川芎嗪通过抑制Caspase3抑制。肾小管上皮细胞凋亡并保护大鼠肾功能,效果与N_乙酰半胱氨酸组相近。     

益肾汤经结肠透析对慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾组织GRP78、CHOP表达的影响

目的:观察益肾汤经结肠透析对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)模型肾组织内质网应激(ERS)标志物GRP78、CHOP表达的影响。方法:随机从60只雄性SD大鼠中选15只为正常组,余45只采用腺嘌呤灌胃制作CRF模型,造模成功后随机分为:模型组、结肠透析组及益肾汤经结肠透析组。正常组和模型组予自由饮食,结肠透析组予单纯结肠透析,益肾汤经结肠透析组系结肠透析组治疗基础上予益肾汤灌肠,实验周期为4周。实验过程中观察大鼠一般状况、监测体重变化,4周末腹主动脉采血检测Scr、BUN、TGF-β、IL-6,免疫组化检测肾组织GRP78及CHOP的表达情况。结果:(1)治疗4周后观察,与正常组相比,模型组体重增长减慢;而益肾汤结肠透析组与模型组及结肠透析组相比,大鼠体重有所增加(P0.05)。(2)与正常组比较,模型组Scr、BUN水平明显升高(P0.01);与模型组比较,结肠透析组及益肾汤结肠透析组均明显下降(P0.05);与正常组相比,模型组TGF-β、IL-6水平明显升高(P0.01);与模型组相比,结肠透析组、益肾汤结肠透析组TGF-β、IL-6水平明显降低,益肾汤结肠透析组降低更明显;模型组大鼠肾组织中GRP78、CHOP表达明显升高,结肠透析组、益肾汤结肠透析组与模型组比较,GRP78、CHOP表达有所降低(P0.05)。结论:CRF大鼠肾组织存在ERS;益肾汤经结肠透析可通过抑制ERS,从而起到肾脏保护作用。     

结肠透析联合尿毒清颗粒保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰竭疗效的Meta分析

目的 评价结肠透析联合尿毒清颗粒保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰竭疗效.方法 计算机检索Cochrane图书馆资料库、MEDLINE（美国国立医学图书馆）、EMbase（荷兰医学文摘数据库）、万方数据、中国知网（CNKI）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）.同时手工检索结肠透析联合尿毒清颗粒保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰竭疗效的随机对照试验,检索时限均为建库至2013年11月,并追溯纳入研究的参考文献.由两位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量后,采用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入9篇文献.其中8篇文献质量评价为C级,1篇文献评为B级.Meta分析显示,慢性肾衰竭患者经过结肠透析联合尿毒清颗粒保留灌肠治疗后：①血肌酐水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义（MD=-122.28,95％ CI：-172.43～-72.14,P＜0.01）;②血尿素氮水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义（MD=-4.08,95％ CI：-5.88～-2.27,P＜0.01）;③肌酐清除率明显升高,差异有统计学意义（MD=-2.79,95％ CI：1.82～3.75,P＜0.01）.结论 结肠透析联合尿毒清颗粒保留灌肠治疗慢性肾衰竭疗效确切.但由于目前的临床研究质量总体偏低,尚需进行严格的、多中心的随机双盲对照实验研究进一步证实.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.