附红细胞体感染人畜的流行病学调查(Ⅱ)

作者对我国４个省区的人畜感染附红体作了进一步流行病学调查，结果表明，在人，牛，羊，猪，驴和鸡中有附红体感染，因地区不同人畜感率差异较大。人群感染率与性别、年龄、职业无关，畜间感染附红体病有明显的季节性，感染高峰是在５￣８月份。     

附红细胞体感染人畜的流行病学调查(Ⅲ)

笔者报道了我国广东、广西、新疆、甘肃和江苏的人畜附红体感染的流行病学调查。其结果表明，在人及各种动物中均有不同程度的感染，因地区不同，人畜感染率有一定差别。人群的感染与性别、年龄等关系不大，并发现机体不同状态下（包括生理或病理）的附红体感染明显高于健康人。笔者还报道了人和猪群的临床病例。     

山东省附红细胞体病的流行病学调查

目的了解山东省附红细胞体(附红体)的感染情况.方法用血涂片、镜检的方法检测山东省7个地区的不同人群776人,家畜198只,野鼠114只.结果全省人群附红体总感染率为7.3%,不同地区的感染率差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).比较男女两组之间的感染率差异无显著性(x2=0.436,P＞0.05).年龄组比较,青壮年感染率明显高于少年组和老年组(P＜0.05).在各种职业人群中,屠宰工的附红体感染率明显高于农民、小学生及城镇居民(P＜0.01).附红体感染率与人体健康状况有关,患有肝炎、糖尿病、关节炎等慢性疾病的人群感染率显著高于正常人群(X2=4.375,P＜0.05).羊的附红体感染率为15.6%,牛的感染率为3.2%,鼠的感染率为零.感染强度大部分为低度.结论首次证明山东省人畜间广泛存在附红体感染.     

蚊虫及其天敌感染附红细胞体调查分析

目的调查蚊虫及其天敌附红细胞体感染情况,探讨附红细胞体的传播方式。方法在不同生境捕捉蚊虫、蜘蛛和蜻蜓,采集其血液查找附红细胞体,计算感染率,比较不同动物种类,不同生境的感染情况。结果捕捉的所有动物都有附红细胞体感染,蚊虫的感染率为88.54%。蚊虫中三带喙库蚊和中华按蚊感染率较高,达97%。畜房中的蚊虫感染率最高,达98.07%,人房中的感染率最低,为39.29%。蚊虫天敌蜘蛛和蜻蜓都有附红细胞体感染,感染率为55.38%和21.62%,蜘蛛的感染率农村比城镇高。结论在自然界中,当蚊虫叮咬被感染附红细胞体的宿主动物后,捕食蚊虫的天敌如蜘蛛、蜻蜓吞食吸血蚊虫后,可直接经口感染附红细胞体。     

附红细胞体感染人畜的流行病学调查

笔者对我国三省５个地区的人畜感染附红体进行了流行病学调查，其结果表明，在人及猪、羊和牛中都有附红体感染，因地区不同，人畜感染率有较大差异，人群感染率与性别、年龄和职业无关，笔者对有关问题进行了讨论。     

辽宁省某地农村附红细胞体感染状况调查

附红细胞体病(eperythrozoonsis,附红体病)是由附红细胞体(eperythrozoon,附红体)感染引起的一种人畜共患病[1].2008年天津市首次报告一例8岁病例,来自辽宁省某地农村.流行病学调查发现病例的父母、姐姐也息有附红体病,并得知当地农户以养殖牲畜为主.为了进一步了解该病特征,本研究开展协作对病例原籍所在地人、猪附红体感染状况以及蚊种密度进行调查.     

辽宁省某地农村附红细胞体感染状况调查

附红细胞体病(eperythrozoonsis,附红体病)是由附红细胞体(eperythrozoon,附红体)感染引起的一种人畜共患病[1].2008年天津市首次报告一例8岁病例,来自辽宁省某地农村.流行病学调查发现病例的父母、姐姐也息有附红体病,并得知当地农户以养殖牲畜为主.为了进一步了解该病特征,本研究开展协作对病例原籍所在地人、猪附红体感染状况以及蚊种密度进行调查.     

辽宁省某地农村附红细胞体感染状况调查

附红细胞体病(eperythrozoonsis,附红体病)是由附红细胞体(eperythrozoon,附红体)感染引起的一种人畜共患病[1].2008年天津市首次报告一例8岁病例,来自辽宁省某地农村.流行病学调查发现病例的父母、姐姐也息有附红体病,并得知当地农户以养殖牲畜为主.为了进一步了解该病特征,本研究开展协作对病例原籍所在地人、猪附红体感染状况以及蚊种密度进行调查.     

蚊虫自然感染附红细胞体的调查

目的通过蚊虫叮咬宿主附红细胞体进入蚊体内感染的研究，评价蚊虫在附红细胞体病流行过程中的作用。方法在不同生境捕捉吸血蚊，在蚊胃血、胸、唾液腺压片检查附红细胞体，计算感染率。结果年均人房蚊密度为16．6只／间·人工小时，畜房为105．44只／间·人工小时。共解剖965只，在蚊胃血阳性率为72．12％；在胸、唾液腺阳性率为30．16％。其中人房帐内捕蚊273只，在蚊胃血阳性率为53．11％，在胸、唾液腺阳性率为21．98％；畜房捕蚊692只，在蚊胃血阳性率为79．62％，在胸、唾液腺阳性率为33．38％。人房、畜房、野外感染率有差异（χ^2=131．56，P〈0．005）。人房帐内平均吸血率为57．23％，平均叮咬人率为0．48只／人·天。结论蚊虫在传播附红细胞体中具有一定的媒介作用。     

福建省人群感染附红细胞体调查分析

目的 了解福建省人群附红细胞体(附红体)感染情况,探讨其危害及传播途径.方法 用末梢血镜检方法检测中学生、发热病人和疟疾门诊病人附红体感染状况;询问学生和疟疾门诊病人饲养动物情况.结果 调查2 115人,感染率为80.5％,轻度、中度和重度感染分别占42.9％、26.4％和30.7％;疟疾门诊患者的感染率(98....     

Estimation of transmission hazard of Leptospira Sp. infections in 2 groups of people

The aim of the study was to determine the possible risk of the leptospiral transmission from animals to humans. 457 humans (both men and women) were divided into 2 groups: 1) of possible high risk infection consisted of people dealing as farm workers with cattle and pigs 2) of possible low risk infection consisted of people selected randomly. The animals on the farms were previously tested and found positive. All sera were examined using micro-agglutination test (MAT) with a battery of 18 serovars. The statistical evaluation of the results was performed using chi 2 test. The infection rate in I group was 13.79% and in II group was 1.5%. (p < or = 0.001). Sera of I group reacted with 7 serovars (sejroe, bratislava, canicola, tarassovi, bataviae, celledoni, patoc) and of II with 3 (hebdomadis, sejroe, hardjo). The infection rate in the group I was over 9 times higher than in group II. Thus dealing with infected animals is a high risk factor.     

Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum.

We analyzed 92 Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from humans and animals by a polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method based on the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein 2 gene sequence. Used as a molecular marker, this method can differentiate between the two genotypes of C. parvum and elucidate the transmission of infection to humans.     

Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Rissen from animals, food products, and patients in Thailand and Denmark

Recently we reported increases in both the number of Salmonella infections due to Salmonella Rissen in Thailand and the isolation of this serovar from pork products in Thailand. The objectives of the present study were to determine the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Rissen isolates recovered from humans, food products, and animals in Denmark and Thailand. Additionally, risk factors due to travel and consumption of specific food products were analyzed and evaluated. A total of 112 Salmonella Rissen isolates were included in this study from Thailand and Denmark. Thai isolates were recovered from humans, uncooked food, and ready-to-eat food. Danish isolates were obtained from humans (with and without a history of travel to Thailand prior to the infection), Danish pig or pork products, imported pig or pork products, turkeys, and animal feed. A total of 63 unique XbaI PFGE patterns were observed. The predominant pattern was shared by 22 strains. Limited antimicrobial resistance was observed in the Danish strains, and a higher degree of resistance was observed in strains originating from Thailand. Virtually all isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The tet A gene was detected in tetracycline-resistant isolates. Statistical analysis and molecular subtyping identified the combination of travel to Thailand and consumption of imported pig or pork products as well consumption of as pig or pork products produced in Denmark as risk factors for Salmonella Rissen infection among the Danish patients. The outcome of this study might be used as a supplement for future Salmonella Rissen investigations and outbreak detection.     

Cryptosporidium Spp. Infection in Human and Domestic Animals

Background

Cryptosporidium spp. is a coccidian parasite infected humans and animals. Prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium spp. infection associated with is some parameters such as sampling, age, season, country and contact to domestic animals. This study aimed to determine Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in humans and some animals in rural areas of Shushtar district from Khuzestan Province, south- west of Iran.

Methods

In this study, Stool specimens were randomly collected from 45 cattle, 8 buffalos, 35 calves, 22 turkeys, 3 sheep, 2 geese as well as 62 humans in different seasons selected from rural areas of Shushtar district located in Khuzestan in the south- west of Iran from August 2009 to April 2011. The collected stool samples were examined by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method.

Results

Altogether, 68/115 (59.1%) domestic animals and 9/62 (14.5%) of humans were showed Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the study areas.

Conclusion

In this study we found the high frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the studied areas.     

A comparison of human and animal botulism: a review.

Botulism can arise from preformed toxin, wound infection or intestinal toxico-infection. All three forms can occur in humans as well as in animals. The examination of botulism in veterinary practice can alert the medical profession to the hazards which can occur with the introduction of dietary alterations and hermetic sealing of foodstuffs. There is also the possibility that the development of pica through lack of essential nutrients could lead to the ingestion of contaminated substances rendering the child (or even adult) susceptible to botulinum intoxication. A positive gain has been that research leading to the elimination of shaker foal disease has provided a comprehensive analysis of factors which may underline the risk of toxico-infection in infants.     

Pesticide exposure: human cancers on the horizon.

Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane, a halogenated hydrocarbon, was introduced as an insecticide in the 1940s. In her book "Silent Spring", Rachel Carson expressed her concern for the environment, plants, animals, and human health about the potential harmful effects of such chemicals. In 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency banned the chemical in the USA. DDT and its metabolite DDE are lipid soluble compounds that persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in the body in adipose tissue at levels far higher than those in blood and breast milk. This paper evaluates the possibility of cancer occurring in humans from DDT exposure. Some risk of lymphoma, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer was found in humans exposed to DDT. Animal studies showed a significant association between DDT administration and lymphoma, respiratory cancer, liver cancer, and estrogenic effects on mammary tissue. On the basis of on epidemiological principles, human studies were deficient in adequate sample sizes and were not exempt from such confounding factors as multiple chemical exposure, lifestyle factors, genetic, and other environmental influences. Extrapolation of data on DDT toxicity from animals to humans has limitations. With the persistence of DDT and DDE in the environment, the potential risk to the health of man, animals, and the environment remains.     

969名1～14岁藏族儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染的影响因素研究

目的探讨1-14岁藏族儿童乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（Hepatitis B Virus,HBV）感染的主要影响因素。方法对2006年全国乙肝血清流行病学调查中,969名1-14岁藏族儿童采用单因素和二元逻辑斯蒂（Logistic）回归分析HBV感染者。结果有乙肝疫苗（Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB）免疫史是儿童免受HBV感染的保护因素,居住城市、无HepB免疫史、有口腔诊疗史和创伤性美容史是儿童感染HBV的危险因素。结论继续推广目前实施的HepB免疫策略,加强对新生儿的首剂及时、全程、合格的HepB接种,控制医源性感染,开发有当地文化特色阻断HBV传播的健康教育策略。     

Escherichia coli: on-farm contamination of animals

Escherichia coli is one of the main inhabitants of the intestinal tract of most mammalian species, including humans, and birds. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), also called verotoxinogenic E. coli, usually do not cause disease in animals but may cause watery diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and/or haemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans. Zoonotic STEC include the O157:H7 strains and, with increasing frequency, certain non-O157 strains. The importance of non-O157 zoonotic strains is probably underestimated as they have been less well characterised and are more difficult to detect in samples than O157:H7. Another large subset of STEC strains has been isolated from animals but has not, at the present time, been associated with disease in animals or humans. Cattle and other ruminants are the most important reservoir of zoonotic STEC, which are transmitted to humans through the ingestion of foods or water contaminated with animal faeces, or through direct contact with the infected animals or their environment. The main sources of STEC infection of cattle on-farm are the drinking water, the feed, and the immediate environment of the animal. Risk factors that have been identified for infection of animals with O157 STEC include age, weaning, movement of the animals, season, feed composition, and the ability of the bacteria to persist in the environment. On-farm control of the zoonotic risk of human infection with STEC should primarily target the main source of contamination: the animal reservoir. Various strategies to reduce intestinal colonisation of cattle by zoonotic STEC have been tried with varying results, including vaccination, treatment with probiotics, such as direct-fed microbials or competitive exclusion, administration of bacteriophages, and modification of the diet.     

Protothecosis in human medicine

Prototheca spp. are ubiquitous achlorophyllous algae that produce disease in humans and animals. In the past years infections with Prototheca have obtained increasing importance in human medicine. The cases have been classified into three clinical forms: cutaneous and/or subcutaneous infection, synovitis of olecranon bursa or other fibrous tissue and systemic infection. Patients with a mild degree of immunosuppression may become colonized by Prototheca spp. with a subsequent worsening of their immune surveillance and spread of the disease. Among the numerous pharmacologic agents tried, amphotericin B is the most promising. Successful treatment of protothecosis involves radical excision of the involved structures.     

Factors associated with increased and decreased risk of Campylobacter infection: a prospective case-control study in Norway

In 1999-2000, a prospective case-control study of sporadic, domestically acquired campylobacteriosis was conducted in three counties in Norway to identify preventable risk factors and potentially protective factors. A total of 212 cases and 422 population controls matched by age, sex, and geographic area were enrolled. In conditional logistic regression analysis, the following factors were found to be independently associated with an increased risk of Campylobacter infection: drinking undisinfected water, eating at barbecues, eating poultry bought raw, having occupational exposure to animals, and eating undercooked pork. The following factors were independently related to a decreased risk: eating mutton, eating raw fruits or berries, and swimming. Results indicated that infection is more likely to occur as a result of cross-contamination from raw poultry products than because of poultry consumption per se. Drinking undisinfected water, reported by 53% of cases, was a leading risk factor in this study. Drinking water may constitute the common reservoir linking infection in humans and animals, including poultry and wild birds. Insight into the ecology of Campylobacter in freshwater ecosystems may be required to understand the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis. The possibility that certain foods confer protection against campylobacteriosis deserves exploration.