性病门诊男性患者支原体感染耐药性分析

目的了解STD门诊男性泌尿生殖道感染解脲脲原体单纯感染与合并感染时对8种抗生素的耐药情况。方法取男性患者泌尿生殖道分泌物进行解脲脲原体、人型支原体培养及药敏试验。同时做淋球菌培养及衣原体检测。结果 Uu阳性223例．Mh阳性18例,Uu＋Mh阳性77例。分离株对罗红霉素、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星高度耐药;对交沙霉素、多西环素、米诺环素耐药率较低。单纯解脲脲原体感染患者149例、解脲脲原体合并人型支原体感染患者73例、解脲脲原体合并衣原体感染患者42例、解脲脲原体合并淋菌感染患者6例．比较认为混合感染较单纯感染耐药性增加。结论对泌尿生殖道支原体感染患者应该首选多西环素和交沙霉素。有条件可以做分泌物的多方面培养,以便更好的治疗混合感染。     

郴州地区解脲脲原体感染者耐药情况分析

目的:探讨泌尿生殖道解脲脲原体(Uu)对8种常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法:采用Uu培养、鉴定、药敏一体化试剂盒,对郴州地区2 710例泌尿道感染患者的泌尿生殖道分泌物进行Uu培养及药敏试验。结果:药敏试验表明,Uu对红霉素耐药率最高,达30.52%,其余依次为罗红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、左氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、多西环素、米诺环素,耐药率分别为17.52%,14.10%,13.43%,6.97%,5.28%,3.95%,2.80%。结论:Uu对红霉素等多种抗生素高度耐药,治疗上应首选半合成四环素类,同时应规范临床经验性治疗用药,进一步加强对Uu菌株耐药变迁的监测。     

宁波地区841例泌尿生殖道感染患者支原体培养及药敏分析

目的了解宁波地区解脲脲原体和人型支原体感染情况及对抗生素的敏感性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法对841例泌尿生殖道感染患者泌尿生殖道分泌物标本采用解脲脲原体和人型支原体培养及药敏试剂盒进行检测结果841例泌尿生殖道感染患者中,支原体总的阳性率为42.8%,其中单一Uu感染占阳性标本的71.9%,单一Mh感染占阳性标本的5.8%,Uu＋Mh混合感染占阳性标本的22.2%,支原体对抗生素的敏感性高低为：强力霉素〉美满霉素〉交沙霉素〉克拉霉素〉阿奇霉素〉司帕沙星〉罗红霉素〉左氧氟沙星〉氧氟沙星结论泌尿生殖道支原体感染主要由Uu引起,解脲脲原体和人型支原体对喹诺酮类抗生素抗药性较高,医生应根据药敏结果,合理选择治疗药物。     

泌尿生殖道分离的解脲脲原体药敏分析

目的讨论泌尿生殖道分离的解脲脲原体的药敏性,为临床用药提供参考依据。方法用丽珠试剂集团生产的支原体培养基及药敏试剂盒进行检测。对近一年内入我院的715例非淋球菌尿道炎患者的泌尿生殖道分泌物进行解脲脲原体培养、鉴定及药敏分析。结果 715例中共检出Uu阳性患者309例,阳性率为43.22%,并且女性检出率高于男性;9种抗生素中对Uu敏感性从高到低依次是强力霉素（91.58%）,美满霉素（86.41%）,交沙霉素（81.23%）,克拉霉素（75.73%）。结论由于喹诺酮类药物的滥用,耐药率明显升高,已不作为一线用药,目前首选是强力霉素、美满霉素,其次是交沙霉素和克拉霉素。     

泌尿生殖道支原体检测及临床药敏的分析

目的?探讨本地区泌尿生殖道支原体感染及药敏情况,指导临床合理用药。方法?利用支原体培养鉴定药敏试剂盒进行临床检测。结果?796例患者共检出支原体感染337例,阳性率42.34%,其中解脲脲原体（Uu）阳性263例（33.04%）,人型支原体（Mh）阳性41例（5.15%）,Uu+Mh混合感染阳性33例（4.15%）。药敏结果显示,单纯Uu感染药敏试验,敏感率最高的是3种抗生素：强力霉素（DOX）92.02%,美满霉素（MIN）91.63%,交沙霉素（JOS）73.00%,而敏感率最低的3种抗生素为氧氟沙星（OFL）10.27%,罗红霉素（ROX）19.77%,左旋氧氟沙星（LEV）21.29%。Mh及Uu+Mh混合感染率虽然不及Uu高,但它俩的耐药率明显高于Uu感染的耐药率。结论?泌尿生殖道支原体引起的感染日趋增多,它们对各种抗生素的耐药率也在缓缓上升,因此定期对本地区泌尿生殖道感染培养检测及耐药性监测,是十分必要的。其有利于指导临床用药、控制耐药菌株的产生。     

561例泌尿生殖道感染及不孕不育症患者支原体感染情况与药敏分析

目的 分析南平市第一医院泌尿生殖道感染人型支原体(Mh)、解脲脲原体(Uu)的检出率以及耐药情况,为临床医生提供合理用药的依据.方法 对南平市第一医院2019年1月1日-12月31日共561例泌尿生殖道感染以及不孕不育症患者采集泌尿生殖道拭子进行培养,统计人型支原体、解脲脲原体的检出率和耐药率.结果 共送检泌尿生殖道拭...     

386例泌尿生殖道感染患者支原体感染及药敏结果分析

目的：了解本地区泌尿生殖道支原体感染及其对抗生素的敏感情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：对386例泌尿生殖道感染患者进行支原体培养、鉴定、计数及12种抗生素药敏试验。结果：386例患者中支原体阳性148例,感染率为38-3％,其中解脲脲原体（Uu）感染104例占26．9％,人型支原体（Mh）感染1例,解脲脲原体合并人型支原体（Uu＋Mh）感染43例占11．1％;支原体药物敏感情况,对美满霉素、强力霉素、四环素、交沙霉素的敏感率分别为90．5％,89．1％,80．3％,70．8％。结论：泌尿生殖道支原体培养及药敏检测,对于指导临床用药具有重要意义。     

泌尿生殖道支原体培养、鉴定、药敏结果分析

目的了解泌尿生殖道支原体感染及耐药情况,为临床诊断治疗提供依据。方法采用珠海益民生物工程制品厂生产的“支原体培养、鉴定、药敏一体化”试剂盒,对我院2002～2003年泌尿生殖道炎症患者进行支原体培养、鉴定及药敏试验。结果支原体总检出率为32.08%,解脲支原体(Uu)占82.73%,人型支原体(Mh)占6.91%,混合(Uu Mh)占10.36%;女性患者总阳性率和Uu阳性率均非常显著高于男性(P<0.01);Uu对四环素、强力霉素、美满霉素、氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为:45.01%、25.75%、24.13%和22.04%,Mh和Uu Mh对红霉素、罗红霉素、阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为:77.78%、81.48%,77.78%、70.07%,69.44%、40.74%;交沙霉素对Uu、Mh及Uu Mh敏感率分别为97.22%、100%和94.44%。结论支原体感染是泌尿生殖道炎症的主要病原体之一;对女性泌尿生殖道炎症患者应及早作支原体检测;交沙霉素、左氧沙星可作为支原体感染治疗的首选药物;应根据支原体感染的类型、药敏结果选用有效的抗生素联合治疗。     

653例解脲脲原体和人型支原体的检测与结果分析

目的了解非淋菌性尿道炎患者支原体感染及耐药情况,泌尿生殖道支原体的感染情况及耐药现状,指导临床合理用药。方法支原体的鉴定和药敏采用珠海丽珠试剂有限公司解脲脲原体和人型支原体培养鉴定药敏试剂盒。结果在653份标本中检出支原体阳性279例,检出率为42.7%;解脲脲原体感染的220例,人型支原体感染的59例,解脲脲原体占阳性标本78.5%;支原体感染以中青年为主(21～40岁),占阳性标本的92.1%,对支原体敏感的主要药物依次为强力霉素、克拉霉素、交沙霉素;而支原体对氧氟沙星耐药率最高49.5%。结论解脲脲原体是本地非淋菌性尿道炎感染主要病原体,应重视支原体的感染及其耐药性,合理用药。     

125例泌尿生殖道支原体药敏结果分析

目的：了解泌尿生殖道支原体感染及其对抗生素的敏感情况，为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法：对315例泌尿生殖道感染患者进行支原体培养、鉴定、计数及9种抗生素药敏试验检测。结果：315例疑似非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）患者中支原体阳性125例，感染率为39．67％；其中解脲脲原体（Uu）感染为101例占32．06％；人型支原体（Mh）感染为10例占3．17％；解脲脲原体合并人型支原体（Uu＋Mh）混合感染为14例占4．44％。支原体药物敏感结果显示：强力霉素、原始霉素、交沙霉素、四环素对支原体的药物敏感率分别为99．20％，97．60％，96．80％，94．40％。结论：泌尿生殖道支原体培养及其药敏检测，对于指导临床用药治疗具有重要意义，目前强力霉素、原始霉素、交沙霉素、四环素可作为临床支原体感染首选药物。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.