白萝卜提取物对大鼠胃肠动力影响的实验研究

目的 研究白萝卜提取物（Raphanus extract）对大鼠胃肠动力的影响，为开发白萝卜提取物的促胃肠动力作用的药用价值提供理论依据。方法 采用旋转蒸发的方法制备白萝卜提取物后，以0．3ml／kg、1ml／kg、3ml／kg（每1ml折合生药约57g）的剂量给大鼠灌胃，同时设立空白对照组，测定给药后大鼠胃电的变化，进一步以胃肠内标记物葡聚糖蓝-2000在大鼠胃内色素相对残留率及小肠推进比为指标，观察白萝卜提取物对大鼠胃电、胃排空及肠推进的影响。结果 白萝卜粗提物（Crude radish extract，Ecr）在0．3ml／kg、1ml／kg、3ml／kg（每1ml折合生药约57g）剂量下，均可以增加大鼠胃电振幅，其中以1ml／kg给药量组的胃电变化明显，与空白对照组相比，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）；在0．3ml／kg、1ml／kg、3ml／kg剂量都能够提高大鼠胃排空率，与空白对照组相比，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）；通过小肠推进比的比较，发现0．3ml／kg、1ml／kg剂量的提取物可明显促进小肠推进，与空白对照组相比，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）；而3ml／kg剂量下的提取物未表现出明显的促进小肠推进作用，与空白对照组相比，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 白萝卜提取物对大鼠胃肠具促动力作用，且促动力作用与给药剂量存在量一效关系。     

白萝卜提取物促胃动力作用机制

目的探讨白萝卜提取物（Raphanus sativus L extract，Ecr）促胃肠动力作用机制。方法20只SD大鼠随机分为A（Ecr）组、B（0．9％氯化钠对照）组，分别灌服Ecr和等体积0．9％氯化钠，1h后，免疫组织化学方法和放免法分别观察胃电起搏区P物质（SP）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）表达的变化。结果sP免疫阳性神经及产物的表达明显增加（P〈0．05）；CGRP免疫阳性神经及产物的表达明显减少（P〈0．05）。结论白萝卜提取物的促胃肠动力作用可能与局部及血浆中SP、CGRP量的变化有密切关系。     

白萝卜提取物促胃动力作用中Cajal间质细胞与P物质的变化

目的探讨白萝卜提取物（raphanus sativus 1 extract，Ecr）通过Cajal间质细胞促胃肠动力作用机制。方法40只SD大鼠随机分为A（Ecr）组、B（0．9％氯化钠对照）组分别灌服等体积Ecr和0．9％氯化钠，1h后用双重免疫荧光组织化学标记的方法观察胃电起搏区Cajal间质细胞（interstitial cells of Cajal，ICC）与P物质（SP）阳性神经及产物表达的变化。结果肌间神经丛中ICC与SP阳性神经呈网络样分布，二者紧密毗邻；肌间神经丛及肌层内与ICC结合的SP阳性神经产物表达明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论白萝卜提取物的促胃肠动力作用可能与胃体ICC上结合的SP阳性神经产物表达增高有密切关系。     

白萝卜提取物对实验动物胃肠动力的促进作用及其可能的机制

目的探讨白萝卜提取物（Raphanus sativus roots extract,Rex）对实验动物胃肠运动的影响并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法灌胃给药（剂量10、30、100 mg/kg）后,测定小鼠胃内容物的残留率、小肠中阿拉伯胶活性炭粉混合物的推进距离;制作豚鼠回肠离体肠段标本,测定给药前后肠段平滑肌收缩强度和频率的变化情况;多导生理记录仪检测大鼠胃及十二指肠电活动;放射免疫法测定大鼠血浆胃动素含量变化。结果与阴性对照组相比,白萝卜提物在10-100 mg/kg时可使胃残留率明显减少,小肠推进百分比明显增加;并剂量依赖性地使离体豚鼠回肠平滑肌收缩;大鼠胃及十二指肠电活动的慢波频率和振幅明显增加,血浆胃动素水平明显升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论白萝卜提取物可明显促进实验动物胃肠运动,该作用的发挥可能与胃动素水平升高及促进胃十二指肠电活动有关。     

葱白提取物对脑缺血大鼠脑血流量和血清血管内皮生长因子的影响

保护、改善和重建脑微循环是治疗脑梗死的关键。葱白提取物是应用祖国医学“通阳法”治疗动脉粥样硬化的研究用药，实验研究证明其疗效肯定。因“心主血脉”，脑脉亦为心所主，故治疗心脉不通的葱白提取物是否亦适合于脑缺血的治疗？本研究试图通过观察葱白提取物对脑缺血大鼠脑血流量和血清血管内皮生长因子（vascularendothelial growth factor，VEGF）含量的影响，为临床应用“通阳法”治疗缺血性卒中提供科学依据。     

糖尿病与学生饮食

白萝卜牛肚汤 【材料】白萝卜320克、牛肚120克、陈皮、生姜、胡椒各适量。 【做法】1．白萝卜洗净，去皮切块；胡椒用纱布包扎好；牛肚洗净，切块。     

白萝卜提取物对胃电起搏区缝隙连接的影响

目的探讨白萝卜提取物（Raphanus sativus L extract,Ecr）促胃肠动力作用机制。方法20只SD大鼠随机平均分为A（Ecr）组、B（0．9％氯化钠对照）组,分别灌服Ecr和等体积0．9％氯化钠。1h后用免疫组织化学方法观察胃体胃电起搏区肌间神经丛铺片缝隙连接蛋白Cx43表达的变化。并用透射电镜观察缝隙连接超微结构的特征。结果缝隙连接蛋白Cx43表达明显增加（P〈0．05）;Cajal间质细胞与平滑肌之间有明显的缝隙连接结构,且观察到一种与平滑肌细胞之间形成的类似突触样结构的特殊联系。结论白萝卜提取物促胃肠动力作用可能与胃电起搏区缝隙连接蛋白Cx43表达增加及缝隙连接功能增强有关。     

糖尿病患者冬季萝卜宴

民间素有“冬吃萝卜夏吃姜，不劳医生开处方”的谚语，这里的萝卜指的是白萝卜，白萝卜是冬季家庭不可缺少一个物美价廉的好食材。白萝卜属低热量、营养丰富、多水分的食品，每100克白萝卜可食部分含热量为21千卡。而糖尿病患者热性体质者居多，正是其不可多得的低热卡、富营养、偏凉性的药食两宜的佳品，糖尿病患者冬季不妨来点萝卜餐，既进补又有利于控糖。     

蛴螬提取物抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的探讨蛴螬提取物抗肿瘤作用及其作用机制。方法采用寇氏（Korbor）法计算小鼠急性经口LD50及其95％可信限；用蛴螬提取物灌胃观察其对S180荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的抑制作用，并采用比色法测定S180荷瘤小鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果①蛴螬提取物的小鼠急性经口LD50及其95％可信限为48．73（46．43—51，14）g／kg；②蛴螬提取物小、中、大剂量组对小鼠移植性肉瘤S180实体瘤的抑瘤率分别为18．64％、39．47％、53．24％；③经过蛴螬提取物治疗后，荷瘤小鼠血清MDA较模型组明显下降，而SOD活性则显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论蛴螬提取物属低毒中药，具有抗氧化作用，可能是其抗肿瘤机制之一；蛴螬提取物在体内具有抑制小鼠移植性S180肉瘤生长的作用。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在骨形成中的作用

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor．bFGF)和其他细胞因子一样是哺乳动物和人体中一种非常微量的活性物质，具有广泛的生理功能和重要的临床应用价值。早在1940年Hoffman等人就发现在脑和垂体提取物中富含能刺激成纤维细胞生长的物质。1974年Gospodarowicz及其同事首次分离并纯化该物质，由于它对成纤维细胞有明     

表观扩散系数值与肝细胞癌分级的相关性以及相关性与肿瘤大小关系的分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC）值与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC）组织学分级的相关性以及不同直径肿瘤的ADC值与HCC的相关性。方法?回顾性分析2017年—2020年180例病理证实为HCC的病例资料,按肿瘤直径大小分为＜2 cm、≥2 cm且＜3 cm、≥3 cm且＜5 cm、≥5 cm 4组,标为I、II、III、IV组。分析ADC值与HCC组织学分级的相关性,并分析在不同直径肿瘤ADC值与HCC的相关性。结果?高、中和低分化HCC的ADC值分别为（1.159±0.302）×10-3、（0.951±0.213）×10-3和（0.811±0.239）×10-3 mm2/s,逐级降低（P＜0.05）。ADC值与总体HCC的组织学分级呈负相关（r=-0.474）,与I～III组HCC的组织学分级均呈负相关（r值分别为-0.663、-0.527、-0.364）,而与IV组HCC的组织学分级无相关性。结论?ADC值可以作为非侵入性预测HCC组织学分级的指标,预测结果受肿瘤大小影响,更适用于小肝细胞癌。     

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.     

缺锌对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为观察喂养缺锌饲料对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。将16只受孕Wistar鼠随机分为缺锌组(ZD组)、加锌组(ZS组)和正常对照组(ZC组),分别喂饲缺锌饲料、加锌饲料和基础饲料,记录每只孕鼠每日体重变化。于妊娠21日将孕鼠处死,取其肝脏、胎盘作GSH-PX和CAT活性测定。结果为ZD组孕鼠体重未见增加,SC组和ZS组孕鼠体重增加明显;与ZC组和ZS组相比,ZD组孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中GSH-PX活性显著降低(P<0.05),孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05)。故认为缺锌可影响孕鼠肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性,并影响其生长发育。     

Ligaments of the larynx and the adjacent pharynx and esophagus

Two ligament systems of the larynx are demonstrated by dissection. The suspensory ligament of the esophagus is attached to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and is also a part of the fascial sheath which is common to the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid. The ligaments at the inner margins of the vocal, ventricular, and aryepiglottic folds are distinctive in site and, inferentially, in function. The aryepiglottic ligaments join at the incisura between the arytenoid cartilages and are continued as the corniculopharyngeal ligament which splays into the flexible tissues in the anterior wall of the hypopharynx, posterior to the suspensory ligament of the esophagus. These ligament systems are involved in two different actions in swallow. The gross superior and anterior motions of the larynx are transmitted to the esophagus by the suspensory ligament, so that the esophagus is elevated in relation to the bolus and is also opened. These esophageal displacements resemble, in effect, the swallow displacements of the pharyngoesophageal segment and of the constrictor wall of the hypopharynx. The marginal ligaments of the laryngeal folds help to implement the constriction and closure of the larynx during swallow. By anatomical inference, the corniculopharyngeal ligament effects vertical traction within the flexible tissues of the anterior wall of the hypopharynx.     

Humanism and the suffering of the people

Abstract
Humanism includes, among its many contexts, the ideal of the universal perfection of health. Procedures for alleviation of disease existed through all epochs of human history, but efficacy was mostly lacking. The prototypic humanism of the Renaissance ( ad  1300−1600) scarcely involved the medical ­sciences other than human anatomy. The Enlightenment of the seventeenth century included discovery of the circulation of the blood, and applications of microscopy. Discoveries relevant to medical practice began in the nineteenth century, ushered in by vaccination and the germ theory of disease. This 200-year period saw a transformation of human health according to the surrogate marker of increased life-­expectancy. This has been variously attributed to: (i) increased prosperity following the industrial revolution, (ii) efforts of humanistic social and public health reformers and, more recently, (iii) advances in medical science. Yet the beneficiaries remain a minority of the world's population. The nexus between poverty, illness and low life-expectancy between and within nations is the major challenge for the future. Contemporary science is providing ever-expanding knowledge on means to achieve the goal of perfection of human health, but the need for humanism is as great as at any previous age. Fortunately, however, the targets are more clearly visible than during the periods of poverty, plagues and pestilence of the past. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 195−202)