腰椎后路单节段融合术后早期功能康复的临床意义

目的:探讨腰椎后路单节段融合术后早期功能康复对患者功能恢复及并发症的影响。方法:回顾性研究2016年10月～2017年12月因腰椎退行性疾病行腰椎后路单节段融合手术(posterior lumbar interbody fu sion,PLIF)病例,将患者分为早期康复组和对照组。早期康复组患者术后第1天在腰围保护下离床活动,同时拔除尿管,更改引流为常压引流袋,在康复师指导下行早期功能锻炼;对照组患者术后卧床休息,维持负压引流,拔除引流管后进行自行功能锻炼。主要观察指标包括腰椎Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)及疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),围手术期并发症、引流量及引流时间,以及住院时间。结果:本研究共纳入113例单节段PLIF病例,其中2017年6月前手术患者均行传统康复措施,纳入对照组,之后手术患者均进行早期康复锻炼并纳入早期康复组。早期康复组52例,女性占61.5%(32例),患者平均年龄52.4±15.9岁(23～78岁)。对照组61例,患者平均年龄55.0±11.2岁(21～76岁),女性患者占54.1%(33例)。两组患者手术时间(118.79min vs术中出血量(306.56ml vs 307.73ml,P0.05)无显著统计学差异。术后两组拔管时间(3.00d vs 3.15d)及总引流量(390.77ml vs 374.75ml)均无明显统计学差异(P0.05),两组患者术后1个月、3个月、6个月和1年随访ODI和VAS评分无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。早期康复组出现1例再手术,1例术后腹胀便秘,对照组出现2例下肢静脉血栓形成,2例泌尿系感染,4例腹胀便秘,两组围手术期相关并发症发生率(3.8%vs 13.1%,P0.05)及平均住院时间(8.7±3.2d vs 10.2±2.7d,P0.01)比较,差异具有统计学意义。结论:腰椎单节段融合术后早期在康复师指导下进行离床活动及主动功能锻炼可降低围手术期卧床相关并发症风险,减少住院时间,但对总引流量、拔管时间、临床疗效及疼痛改善无明显影响。     

渐进式康复护理对老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折术后功能的影响

目的 探讨渐进式康复护理对老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折术后功能的影响,为临床制定护理方案提供参考。方法 选取本院骨科于2020年1月至2023年6月收治的92例老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者,根据不同护理模式将其纳入常规组与康复组,每组46例。常规组实施常规护理,康复组实施常规护理+渐进式康复护理,对比两组患者的临床指标（住院时间、下床活动时间、骨痂形成时间、骨折愈合时间）、疼痛程度[视觉模拟评分法（VAS）]、腰椎功能[日本骨科协会胸腰椎评分法（JOA）]、日常生活活动能力[Barthel指数评定量表（BI）]、并发症发生率（术后感染、压疮、医源性神经根损伤、骨折延迟愈合）。结果 康复组的住院时间、下床活动时间、骨痂形成时间、骨折愈合时间短于常规组,P<0.05;两组护理后的VAS评分均降低,且康复组低于常规组,P<0.05;两组护理后的JOA评分均升高,且康复组高于常规组,P<0.05;两组护理后的BI评分均升高,且康复组高于常规组,P<0.05;康复组的并发症发生率低于常规组,P<0.05。结论 渐进式康复护理在老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者护理中的实施效果显著,能够缩...     

加速康复外科理念在腹腔镜胰体尾切除术 围手术期的应用体会

目的:评估腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中实施加速康复外科(ERAS)相关管理措施的可行性与安全性。方法:收集2018年5月至2018年10月行腹腔镜胰体尾切除术61例患者的临床资料,根据是否实施ERAS相关管理措施分为ERAS组(n=31)与对照组(n=30)。对照组接受常规围手术期治疗与护理方案,ERAS组施行ERAS相关管理措施,包括多模式镇痛,术后早期下床活动,早期拔除胃管、尿管及腹腔引流管,早期进食等。对比分析两组术后临床数据、并发症发生率等情况。结果:ERAS组术后首次饮水时间、首次排气时间、首次下床活动时间、术后疼痛评分、胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后首次进食时间、胃管拔除时间、尿管拔除时间、腹腔引流管拔除时间、术后住院时间等均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:在腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中实施ERAS相关管理措施安全、有效,可加速患者术后胃肠道功能的恢复,早日下床活动,缩短住院时间,值得临床推广。     

快速康复理念在术后饮水排尿评估中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科理念在术后首次饮水、下床排尿及活动评估中的应用效果。方法将300例乳腺、甲状腺、胆囊、胃肠择期手术患者依照病种均分为康复组和对照组各150例。对照组按术后常规护理;康复组将快速康复外科理念用于术后饮水、下床排尿及活动干预,评估患者满足相关条件后,将术后首次饮水、下床排尿及康复功能锻炼分别提前至术后回病房15min、30min、6h。结果两组术后并发症发生率、平均住院费用及住院时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);康复组不同术式首次饮水、下床排尿及活动时间显著早于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论快速康复外科理念在术后首次饮水、下床排尿及活动评估技术中的应用,能促使术后患者早期恢复。     

快速康复外科护理干预对保肛术患者肠功能恢复的影响

目的 探讨快速康复外科护理干预对保肛术患者肠功能恢复的影响.方法 将47例低位直肠癌保肛术患者分为快速康复组(23例)和对照组(24例),对照组予传统外科治疗和常规护理,快速康复组予快速康复外科护理干预 ;包括术前的认知行为和心理干预,术中和术后管理等.结果 快速康复组术后拔除胃管、腹腔引流管、尿管时间,首次进食、排气、排便、下床活动时间和住院时间,术后2、7d尿乳果糖/甘露醇比值(L/M)显著短于或低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 快速康复外科护理干预可促进低位直肠癌保肛术患者肠功能恢复.     

退变性腰椎侧凸畸形快速康复的临床应用

[目的]探讨腰椎退变性侧弯畸形的围手术期快速康复的临床应用可行性及优势。[方法]本院2014年2月～2018年2月采用便利抽样法,快速康复组85例,男38例,女47例,年龄47～73岁,平均(62.23±6.21)岁,常规康复组83例,男33例,女50例,年龄49～71岁,平均(61.17±7.41)岁。记录疼痛VAS评分、患者满意度和平均住院时间等指标。[结果]快速康复组术后3 d疼痛VAS评分、术后下床时间、术后输液时间和平均住院天数均显著优于常规康复组等,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。并发症发生率低于常规康复组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]较常规护理,快速康复模式能够减轻患者术后疼痛,早期恢复功能锻炼,减少术后不良反应,提高患者满意度。     

围手术期护理对经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性腰椎压缩骨折的影响

骨质疏松性腰椎压缩骨折的发病是骨质疏松症患者常见的并发症之一,经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebrc-plasty,PVP)是治疗此类骨折的经典术式,创伤小、镇痛效果显著,手术时间短,患者术后可早期下床功能锻炼,优势明显.有研究表明,围手术期给予患者有效的护理措施,对于PVP术后的早期康复具有一定意...     

胸腰椎手术后发生脑脊液漏早期护理干预的临床研究

[摘要]目的：探讨并评估胸腰椎手术后发生脑脊液漏的早期护理干预的临床疗效。方法：选择2009年9月～2012年3月胸腰椎手术后出现脑脊液漏的患者共54例。在伤口愈合前使用适量抗生素预防感染,同时分别进行以下护理措施：A组19例早期（术后48小时内）拔出引流管后单纯更换伤口敷料;B组19例延长引流管放置时间（脑脊液漏50ml时拔除引流管）;C组18例术后即刻将引流袋抬高减缓引流液,早期拔除引流管（术后48小时内）,拔除引流管后缝合引流管口。     

急性脑梗死患者动脉溶栓术后的早期康复护理

目的 观察早期康复护理对急性脑梗死患者动脉溶栓术后功能恢复的效果。方法将68例急性脑梗死（无严重并发症）患者随机分为康复组和对照组各34例，对照组术后按内科常规护理，康复组在此基础上予以早期康复护理，包括重症阶段术侧制动，健侧肢体按摩，主动和被动锻炼患肢和日常活动能力训练及出院前模拟出院后活动量对患者进行上下肢运动功能锻炼及生活自理能力的护理指导。观察两组平均卧床时间、住院时间、便秘发生情况及生活自理能力。结果康复组平均卧床时间、住院时间较对照组显著缩短（均P〈0．05）；便秘发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）；出院前生活自理能力评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 急性脑梗死患者动脉溶栓术后行早期康复护理，能改善患者运动功能，缩短住院时间，提高生活质量。     

快速康复外科模式在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

目的：评价快速康复外科（FTS）在接受择期手术的腹腔镜胃癌根治术（D2根治）患者中的安全性和有效性。方法：将68例拟接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者分为快速康复组和传统治疗组,每组34例。快速康复组围手术期接受快速康复方案处理,传统治疗组接受传统的围手术期处理。观察术后首次排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用及术后并发症等。结果：两组病人均痊愈出院。快速康复组患者与传统手术相比,首次排气时间提前、术后的住院时间缩短、住院总费用减少（P〈0．05）。术后并发症发生率没有增加（P〉0．05）。结论：快速康复外科模式在接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者中安全可行,加快了患者术后康复,缩短了术后住院时间,降低了医疗费用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.