银杏萜内酯的药理作用与银杏天宝所含萜内酯的评价

银杏萜内酯的药理作用与银杏天宝所含萜内酯的评价吕玉涛,李遐松,任晖（贵州信邦制药公司贵阳市５５０００３）银杏萜内酯含量的多少,对银杏叶制剂质量具有关键性作用［１］。为提高银杏天宝总内酯含量,经开发研究,总内酯已达８．８７％～１０．０４％。现将有关情况...     

反相高效液相色谱法测定银杏叶中银杏萜内酯的含量

银杏萜内酯(ginkgo terpene lactones)为银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)叶和银杏叶提取物中主要的药效成分,具有广泛的药理作用。银杏叶提取物及其制剂的质量倍受关注。银杏萜内酯为其中最重要的有效成分,其含量测定是非常重要的。银杏萜内酯包括倍半萜白果内酯(bilobalide,BB)和二萜的银杏内酯(ginkgolides)。银杏内酯包括银杏内酯A(ginkgolide A,GA)、银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B,     

HPLC-ELSD法测定白果中银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B和银杏内酯C

目的建立HPLC-ELSD法同时测定白果药材中银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B和银杏内酯C 3个萜杏内酯成分。方法采用Agilent 5TC C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇–四氢呋喃–水(25∶10∶65)为流动相,体积流量1 m L/min,柱温30℃,蒸发光散射检测器检测,对照品进样量为10、20μL,供试品溶液进样量为5~20μL。结果银杏内酯A在0.37~5.92μg、银杏内酯B在2.8~44.8μg、银杏内酯C在0.65~10.4μg时线性关系良好。银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C平均回收率分别为92.40%、95.03%、91.29%,RSD值分别为2.75%、2.06%、2.88%。结论本法操作简单,重复性好,为白果药材的质量控制提供了依据。     

银杏制剂的质量

本文概述了从银杏叶中分离出的成分。其活性成分类黄酮及萜内酯的结构及它们在银杏叶、植物制剂中的定性、定量测定方法。阐述了实验室分析类黄酮的三种方法,讨论了萜内酯,银杏制剂质量控制的标准。     

银杏叶中萜内酯类化合物的研究进展

银杏萜内酯是银杏叶提取物及其制剂中的主要活性成分,是公认的血小板激活因子拮抗剂,被广泛用于心脑血管疾病。本文对银杏叶中萜内酯类化合物的化学成分、提取分离、含量检测及药理作用方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离-质谱分析银杏叶中银杏内酯和白果内酯

银杏萜内酯包括银杏内酯和白果内酯是银杏提取物或银杏叶中主要的药效成分。本文用高效液相色谱 -电喷雾电离 -质谱 (HPLC ESI MS)法对银杏叶中银杏内酯和白果内酯进行分析。液相色谱条件为色谱柱为InertsilODS3,流动相为甲醇 -水 (36 :6 4) ,流速 1mL·min- 1 ;质谱为ZMDMicromass电喷雾质谱仪。得到了样品HPLC总离子流和选择离子 (m z 32 5 ,40 7,42 3,439)流图 ,及相应色谱峰的ESI MS质谱图 ,鉴别出银杏叶中白果内酯及银杏内酯A、B、C、J。本方法快捷 ,简便     

银杏苦内酯药理作用的研究进展

银杏（Ginkgo biloba）属银杏科，是我国的特产植物。早在1975年，人们就将银杏叶提取物（EGB）应用于临床，其具有抗氧自由基，改善细胞代谢及缺血后的心功能状态等作用。记载表明，标准银杏叶提取物（EGB761）中含有22％～27％黄酮苷及5％～7％萜内酯。迄今为止，银杏叶共提出6种萜内酯化合物，分别是银杏苦内酯A（BN-52020）、B（BN-52021）、C（BN-52022）、M（BN-52023）、J（BN-52024）和银杏新内酯。     

银杏内酯注射液和银杏内酯ABC对血小板活化因子诱导的家兔血小板聚集作用比较

目的 观察银杏内酯注射液、银杏内酯ABC以及银杏叶提取物注射液（EGb761）对家兔血小板聚集功能、超微结构及PF-4和β-TG含量的影响比较。方法 将日本大耳兔分为对照（生理盐水）组、EGb761（1.02 mL/kg）组、银杏内酯ABC （5.13 mg/kg）组、银杏内酯注射液（1.02 mL/kg,以萜内酯计5.1 mg/kg）组、白果内酯（5.13 mg/kg）组,分别iv相应药物1周。给药结束后,家兔心脏取血,观察PAF诱导下血小板聚集率;电镜观察血小板超微结构;试剂盒法观察PAF诱导下血清中血小板因子-4（PF-4）和β-血小板球蛋白（β-TG）含量。结果 与对照组比较,EGb761组、银杏内酯ABC组、银杏内酯注射液组的血小板聚集率均显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）,白果内酯组无显著变化;血小板聚集抑制率：银杏内酯注射液（43.76%） > 银杏内酯ABC （35.3%） > EGb761（26.52%） > 白果内酯（5.48%）。与对照组比较,EGb761、银杏内酯ABC、银杏内酯注射液均能减少聚集型血小板数量,使树突型血小板突起变少变短。与对照组比较,银杏内酯注射液和银杏内酯ABC均使PF-4和β-TG表达显著降低（P<0.01）,EGb761仅显著降低β-TG表达（P<0.05）。结论 银杏内酯注射液通过PAF途径发挥抗血小板聚集作用,其作用强于银杏内酯ABC,可能是白果内酯发挥了协同增效作用。     

HPLC法测定康脉灵胶囊中银杏萜内酯的含量

目的 :建立 HPL C法测定康脉灵胶囊中银杏萜内酯的含量。方法 :HPL C法 ,色谱柱 :Watersμ bondapak C1 8(3.9mm× 30 0 mm,5μm) ,流动相 :甲醇 -水 (2 4∶ 76 ) ,采用蒸发光散射检测器检测。结果 :4种内酯组分白果内酯、银杏内酯 A、银杏内酯 B和银杏内酯 C分别在 4 .392～ 2 1.96 0、4 .0 2 8～ 2 0 .14 0、4 .0 0 8～ 2 0 .0 4 0和 1.92 0～ 9.6 0 0μg范围内呈线性关系 ;平均回收率分别为 98.2 %、98.9%、98.6 %和 98.4 % ;RSD分别为 1.2 %、1.1%、1.3%和 1.4 % (n =5 )。结论 :该方法准确可靠 ,专属性强 ,结果稳定 ,重现性好 ,可有效控制制剂质量。     

反相HPLC法测定银杏叶中银杏内酯的含量

目的：测定银杏叶中银杏内酯的含量。方法：实验中采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定银杏提取物（GBE）中银杏内酯含量的优化方法,GBE用甲醇溶解后,经酸性氧化铝柱净化,由反向HPLC测定银杏内酯含量。结果：测定银杏内酯含量A,银杏内酯B,银杏内酯C,白果内酯在0.5～7.5μg具有良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为97.2%（相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.4%）、99.3%（RSD=1.9%）、97.4%（RSD=2.5%）。结论：该方法快速、有效,准确度高,重现性好。可用于银杏叶及其提取物（GBE）中银杏内酯的快速测定和分析。     

加强生物教学中的科学方法训练

在生物教学中科学方法训练是能力培养的基础，是完成生物学教学目的的途径之一。因此，在生物学中加强科学方法训练，使学生了解科学探究的基本过程，掌握基本的科学研究方式。     

Validated stability-indicating methods for determination of cilostazol in the presence of its degradation products according to the ICH guidelines

Sensitive and selective stability-indicating assay methods (SIAMs) are suggested for the determination of cilostazol (CIL) in the presence of its acid, alkaline and oxidative degradation products. Developing SIAMs is necessary to carry out any stability study. Stress testing of CIL was performed according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines in order to validate the stability-indicating power of the analytical procedures. Stress testing showed that CIL underwent acid, alkaline and oxidative degradation; on the other hand, it showed stability towards photo- and thermal degradation. Two chromatographic SIAMs were developed, namely HPLC and HPTLC methods. The concentration range and the mean percentage recovery were 1.0-31.0 microg/ml and 99.96+/-0.46 and 0.6-14.0 microg/spot and 99.88+/-1.10 for HPLC and HPTLC methods, respectively. In addition, derivative spectrophotometric methods were developed in order to determine CIL in the presence of its acid degradation product; these were performed by using the third derivative spectra (3D) and the first derivative of the ratio spectra (1DD) methods. The linearity range and the mean percentage recovery were 2.0-34.0 microg/ml and 100.27+/-1.20 for the (3D) method, while they were 2.0-30.0 microg/ml and 99.94+/-1.18 for the (1DD) method. Also, two chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods, based on using partial least squares (PLS) and concentration residual augmented classical least squares method (CRACLS), for the determination of CIL were developed. Both methods were applied on zero order spectra of the mixtures of CIL and its acid degradation product, the mean percentage recovery was 100.03+/-1.09 and 99.91+/-1.27 for PLS and CRACLS, respectively. All methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and applied on bulk powder and pharmaceutical formulations.     

煎药机制备中药汤剂方法探索

目的:探索医院中药汤剂煎煮与配制新方法。方法:采用HPLC法,以银翘散煎煮液中绿原酸等5个成分含量为指标,通过正交试验设计优化汤剂煎煮方法;采用目测法,以阿胶、川贝母在汤剂中的稳定性为指标,考察烊化和冲服中药的配制方法。结果:银翘散煎煮以中药饮片粉碎为最粗粉,浸泡15min,121℃加压煎煮20min为佳;阿胶、川贝母与汤液的配制可一次成型。结论:该方法操作简易,质量稳定,使用方便,可作为医院汤剂煎煮与配制的参考。     

Bayesian Estimation for Performance Measures of Two Diagnostic Tests in the Presence of Verification Bias

Sensitivity and specificity are measures that allow us to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test. In practice, it is common to have situations where a proportion of selected individuals cannot have the real state of the disease verified, since the verification could be an invasive procedure, as occurs with biopsy. This happens, as a special case, in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, or in any other situation related to risks, that is, not practicable, nor ethical, or in situations with high cost. For this case, it is common to use diagnostic tests based only on the information of verified individuals. This procedure can lead to biased results or workup bias. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian approach to estimate the sensitivity and the specificity for two diagnostic tests considering verified and unverified individuals, a result that generalizes the usual situation based on only one diagnostic test.     

Recent progress on the traditional Chinese medicines that regulate the blood

In traditional Chinese medicine, the herbs that regulate blood play a vital role. Here, nine herbs including Typhae Pollen, Notoginseng Root, Common Bletilla Tuber, India Madder Root and Rhizome, Chinese Arborvitae Twig, Lignum Dalbergiae Oderiferae, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Corydalis Tuber, and Motherwort Herb were selected and reviewed for their recent studies on anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular effects. Besides, the analytical methods developed to qualify or quantify the active compounds of the herbs are also summarized.     

药事管理研究方法探析

药事管理学科发展过程中，基础研究应得到应有的重视。本文对药事管理研究方法展开讨论，说明移植方法对药事管理研究的重要性，分析药事管理与管理学、经济学研究方法的关系，提出研究方法选择的影响因素。     

有毒中药炮制减毒的三类分类法

本文将有毒中药的炮制减毒方法分为三类加以论述,其中化学减毒包括加热、水解、溶解之减毒方法 ;物理化学结合法减毒包括白矾、甘草、豆腐、米醋、麦麸、滑石粉、米等辅料减毒及稀释减毒;物理减毒包括除油和去除毒物存在部位等减毒方法。     

临床论著中统计方法应用现况调查

对我国９０年代中期临床论著中统计方法的应用现况进行调查。结果表明：两均数比较及列联表统计方法累计占６５．８％，仍然居主导地位。五种基本统计方法累计占８９．４％，构成比重相对稳定，但有下降的趋势。非参数检验方法占３．４％，构成比重有所增加，新的统计方法应用较少，统计方法未明确交待的占１９％。     

不同麻醉方法在阑尾切除术中的疗效比较

目的对不同麻醉方法对阑尾切除术的治疗疗效进行分析研究。方法随机选取我院69名阑尾炎患者,分成A、B两组,A组25名为对照组,在手术时行蛛网膜下腔麻醉方法;B组34名为治疗组,行局部麻醉方法。将A、B组患者麻醉效果及手术后效果进行对比研究。结果 B组手术后排气时间和住院时间低于A组,并发症比例相比于A组较低,患者恢复较好,有效率高于A组。结论局部麻醉方法能够有效减少患者在阑尾切除术中的疼痛感,改善患者病情,减少并发症,具有较高临床使用和推广价值。     

Parameter identifiability is required in pooled data methods

In pooled data methods such as naive pooled data methods and NONMEM, the number of sample points per individual may be less than the number of unknown parameters so that the values of the parameters are not estimable in individuals. However, for the moments of the distributions of the parameters to be estimable, the basic parameters must be identifiable.