广西产赪桐的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 研究广西产赪桐的HPLC指纹图谱.方法 采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1％磷酸-甲醇,梯度洗脱,检测波长320 nm,柱温25℃,流速1.0 mL· min-1;将色谱图导入《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)》软件中,生成对照图谱,并进行相似度评价和聚类分析.结果 建立了含12个共有峰的赪桐特征指纹图谱,不同产地赪桐特征图谱的相似度均＞0.9.结论 所建指纹图谱反映了同一产地赪桐中化学成分的趋同,可用于赪桐药材的质量控制.     

不同产地和品种天麻的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 研究不同产地和不同品种天麻的HPLC指纹图谱.方法 色谱柱为Diamonil C18柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1％磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,流速1 mL·min-1,柱温35℃.对20批天麻样品的HPLC指纹图谱进行相似度评价和聚类分析.结果 确立了13个共有峰,建立了天麻药材HPLC指纹图谱共有峰模式.20批不同产地和品种天麻的相似度为0.829 ～1.000,综合评判得分为-0.77～1.07.结论 建立的HPLC指纹图谱反映了天麻药材中的化学成分信息,同一产地天麻的化学成分趋同,而不同产地的天麻差异较大,表明产地因素对其化学成分的影响较大.     

龙眼叶乙酸乙酯部位的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立不同产地龙眼叶药材乙酸乙酯部位的HPLC指纹图谱,并进行聚类分析和主成分分析。方法采用Thermo C18(4. 6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-0. 2%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1. 0 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长280 nm。结果提取12个色谱峰为药材指纹图谱共有峰,采用对照品指认了3个主要色谱峰,其中以对照品没食子酸乙酯为参照峰,运用相似度评价软件、聚类分析和主成分分析对所收集的10个不同产地龙眼叶药材乙酸乙酯部位进行系统比较与归类,10个产地龙眼叶药材相似度均大于0. 9,分别聚为4类。结论建立的指纹图谱方法重复性好,简便可靠,为不同产地地龙眼叶药材质量控制和评价提供依据。     

鸦胆子药材水溶性成分的HPLC指纹图谱检测方法

目的建立鸦胆子药材水溶性成分指纹图谱检测方法。方法采用汉邦BDS-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),用反相色谱法进行分离,以乙腈-磷酸水溶液(pH 3.0)进行线性梯度洗脱,检测波长:280 nm,柱温:40℃,进样量:10μL。以没食子酸峰作为内参照峰。结果测定20批不同产地的鸦胆子药材,共标定11个共有峰。通过中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2009年版)进行评价,20批鸦胆子药材水溶性指纹图谱之间相似度均在0.95以上。易伪品女贞子水溶性成分与鸦胆子水溶性成分共有模式相似度为0.562。结论建立的指纹图谱检测方法可为鉴别鸦胆子药材真伪和药材质量控制提供试验依据。     

黔产钩藤HPLC指纹图谱的研究

目的收集贵州十个不同产地的钩藤药材为样品,建立钩藤药材高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,以便更全面地评价黔产钩藤药材的内在品质,为黔产钩藤药材的质量控制提供客观依据。方法色谱柱为Kamsial C18色谱柱(4.6×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.05%氨水的梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,紫外检测波长为245nm。结果将16个样品色谱峰作为钩藤特征色谱峰,运用中国药典委员会推荐使用的"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价软件"对指纹图谱的相似度进行评价,十批样品的相似度在0.880~0.9960之间。结论 90%药材指纹图谱与共有模式相似度在0.9以上,所建立的HPLC指纹图谱共有模式可作为钩藤药材质量综合评价的参考方法。     

不同产地山楂叶HPLC指纹图谱比较分析

目的 建立不同产地的山楂叶50％乙醇提取物的HPLC指纹图谱,并对其中5种主要成分进行含量测定,结合聚类分析评价不同产地的山楂叶药材质量.方法 采用Diamonsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以乙腈-0.1％冰醋酸-四氢呋喃体系梯度洗脱;检测波长320 nm;流速0.9 mL·min-1;柱温30℃;应用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统建立HPLC指纹图谱进行评价,用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行聚类分析.结果 标定出山楂叶HPLC指纹图谱共有峰7个,相似度0.09～0.90;聚类分析后,可以区分不同产地山楂叶,最终以19批主产地的山楂叶为样本,重新建立山楂叶50％乙醇提取物HPLC指纹图谱,标定出共有峰11个,相似度均大于0.85;对25批山楂叶提取物5种主要成分进行含量测定,结果显示主产区山楂叶的质量比较稳定.结论 建立的山楂叶HPLC指纹图谱重现性和特征性较好,能够快速鉴别山楂叶.应用SPSS 19.0聚类分析软件,可以较全面的反映不同产地山楂叶化学成分的差异,为其质量控制提供实验依据.     

高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法指纹图谱和聚类分析用于黄芪质量评价

目的 建立黄芪及相关药材的高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(HPLC-DAD)色谱指纹图谱,采用相似度计算和聚类分析的方法评价药材质量.方法 色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax SB C18柱(4.6 mm×250.0 mm,5.0 μm);流动相为A相为乙腈-甲醇(体积比9∶1),B相为水,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml/min,柱温25℃,检测波长260 nm,进样量20 μl.进行方法学考察,并进行相似度计算和聚类分析.结果 黄芪药材HPLC-DAD色谱指纹图谱的稳定性、精密度和重复性良好,可以标定11个共有峰,黄芪药材相似度计算结果均大于0.85,聚类分析结果与其一致.结论 相似度计算和聚类分析方法均可以有效区分黄芪药材及其相关样品,使指纹图谱具有广泛的实用性和应用前景.     

秦皮药材HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的采用高效液相色谱法建立中药药材秦皮的指纹图谱,为秦皮药材科学的质量控制提供参考依据。方法采用Inertsil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以体积分数0.1%甲酸水-甲醇溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm,柱温30℃;建立秦皮药材指纹图谱,运用中国药典委员会"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统软件"对10批秦皮药材进行相似度评价,并对其中四个色谱峰进行指认,对10批不同来源秦皮药材进行聚类分析。结果 10批秦皮药材指纹图谱中标定了18个共有色谱峰,相似度值均在0.9以上。结论该法所建立的指纹图谱方法精密、重复性好、稳定性强,对提高秦皮药材的整体质量控制提供参考依据。     

蒙药山川柳的HPLC指纹图谱建立、相似度评价和聚类分析

目的:建立蒙药山川柳的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,并进行相似度评价和聚类分析。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent ODS C_(18),流速为1.0 m L/min,流动相为甲醇-水(梯度洗脱),检测波长为335 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。以槲皮素峰为参照,生成10批药材样品的HPLC指纹图谱;采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2004 A版)进行相似度评价,确定共有峰;采用SPSS 17.0软件对10批药材样品进行聚类分析。结果:10批药材样品的HPLC指纹图谱有13个共有峰,相似度大于0.95,并指认了槲皮素和山柰酚这2个共有峰。聚类分析结果显示,10批药材样品可聚为两类,S8聚为一类,其余批次聚为一类。结论:所建HPLC指纹图谱、相似度评价和聚类分析结果可为山川柳药材的质量控制提供依据。     

广西地不容药材的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立广西地不容药材的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。方法:采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2,流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为282 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。以延胡索乙素为参照,测定10批药材样品的HPLC图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012版)进行共有峰指认和相似度评价。结果:10批广西地不容的HPLC图谱有17个共有峰,10批药材样品中有8个产地药材指纹图谱与对照图谱比较相似度>0.900,2个产地药材相似度<0.900。结论:该研究所建HPLC指纹图谱可为广西地不容的鉴别和质量评价提供参考;广西区内多数产地的地不容药材所含生物碱类成分相似,少数存在差异。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.