套管针在早产低体重儿静脉营养中的应用

目的 探讨应用套管针在早产低体重儿(PLBW)实行静脉营养时的方法及优点。方法 将47例实行静脉营养的PLBW分为2组,观察组:22例采用全封闭式Y型套管针。对照组:25例采用头皮针。观察比较每次静脉通道维持的时间和输液局部的反应情况。结果 (1)静脉通道维持时间:观察组为29.3±8.1 h,对照组为18.0±8.0h(P<0.001);两组局部肿渗情况:(2)观察组局部出现硬结较对照组少(P<0.001);(3)针管内有回血:观察组较对照组多(P<0.001);(4)局部皮肤颜色的改变:观察组少于对照组(P<0.001)。结论 在早产低体重儿实施外周静脉营养时使用全封闭式Y型套管针,能减少小静脉穿刺的局部反应,确保治疗顺利进行,且操作简便。因此,PLBW周围静脉营养途径的选择应首选套管针,其次为头皮针,临床上两者可结合使用。     

静脉留置针在院前抢救中的应用

[目的]探讨静脉留置针输液在院前抢救中的应用效果.[方法]将急诊科抢救输液的300例病人随机分为静脉留置针组150例和头皮针组150例,观察两组穿刺成功率和液体外渗发生率.[结果]静脉留置针组一次穿刺成功率高于头皮针组,液体外渗发生率低于头皮针组.[结论]静脉留置针输液可提高穿刺成功率高,降低渗漏率,减轻病人痛苦.     

套管针在重症监护室病人输液中应用研究

[目的]观察套管针在重症监护室(ICU)病人输液中的应用效果。[方法]将84例ICU病人随机分为头皮针组(38例)、套管针组(46例),观察两组重复穿刺率及液体渗漏情况。[结果]套管针组重复穿刺率为4.3%～21.7%,液体渗漏发生率为17.3%,远低于头皮针组(P<0.05)。[结论]套管针输液安全、简便、易于操作,应用于ICU病人输液时可建立有效的静脉通道,为病人提供多用途保障,可减少血管穿刺次数,减少液体渗漏,保护血管。因此采用套管针输液是提高ICU病人输液护理效率的良好方法。     

浅表静脉留置针在急诊抢救中的应用

目的：探讨静脉留置针输液法在急救中的应用。方法：对2006-01～2006—12在急救中心抢救260例患者随机分为静脉留置针输液组130例和头皮针输液组130例，观察两组穿刺成功次数和液体外渗情况。结果：静脉留置针输液组1次穿刺成功87．7％，需穿刺2次10％，需穿刺3次2．3％，液体外渗10％；头皮针输液组1次穿刺成功只有63％，需穿刺2次27．7％，需穿刺3次9．3％，而液体外渗38％。结论：静脉留置针输液法在急救中使用安全简便，易于操作，能减少血管穿刺的次数，有效防止药物渗漏，保证各种药物通畅输入，减少对表浅静脉的破坏，从而减轻患者的痛苦，同时也提高了护理技能和护士的工作效率，抢救成功率也有显著提高，值得在临床各种抢救中广泛应用。     

静脉留置针在产妇第二产程中的应用

【】目的 静脉留置针与普通头皮针在产妇第二产程中的应用比较。方法 选取我院2011年6月一2012年6月在第二产程中遵医嘱需要输液的产妇156例为研究对象,分为实验组和对照组,其中试验组72例,对照组84例。实验组使用静脉留置针,对照组使用普通头皮针。观察对两组穿刺部位针头阻塞、针头固定失败、脱管情况进行分析比较。结果 实验组针头阻塞、针头脱管、固定失败情况明显低于对照组,P<0．05,差异有显著性意义。结论 在第二产程中应用静脉留置针输液在一定程度上解决了产妇反复静脉穿刺引起的痛苦,保护血管,持续保持静脉通道,便于抢救和用药,收到良好的护理效果。     

翻转针柄法在小儿头皮骨缝静脉穿刺中的临床应用

目的 探讨翻转针柄法在小儿头皮骨缝静脉穿刺的应用效果.方法 将200例需进行头皮静脉穿刺输液的患儿随机分为对照组和观察组各100例,对照组采用常规固定法,观察组采用翻转针柄固定法,两组穿刺部位、方法和操作人员固定,观察两组小儿穿刺处局部有无肿胀.结果 观察组液体渗漏率和输液不畅率明显低于对照组(x2=5.11、5.18,均P＜0.05).结论 翻转针柄固定法是减轻小儿头皮骨缝静脉穿刺液体渗漏的有效方法,值得临床推广使用.     

弹力绷带在小儿头皮静脉输液中的固定作用

婴幼患儿静脉用药多选用穿刺头皮静脉,在以往的头皮静脉输液中,头皮针的固定是个难点,由于患儿哭闹、出汗,头皮针固定不牢固,常需要再次穿刺。因此,患儿的头皮静脉输液能否达到治疗目的和抢救的顺利进行,头皮针的固定是个关键因素。在临床工作中,我们采用弹力绷带固定小儿头皮针,效果满意。操作方法如下:常规行小儿头皮静脉穿刺术成功后用2～3块较短的胶布固定头皮针(以不粘到头发为宜),再用4～5cm长的弹力绷带套头固定头皮针,以起固定作用。注意事项:在头皮静脉穿刺成功后用一节棉棒在头皮针柄下垫起,再用胶布固定针柄,这样针头与血管是纵…     

骨髓输液在危重症手足口病患儿急救中的应用及护理

目的探讨骨髓输液在抢救危重症手足口病患儿中的应用效果及护理方法。方法对5例合并神经源性肺水肿的手足口病患儿,采取胫骨骨髓穿刺输液,对输入的药物、输液速度和穿刺时间进行分析,并给予全面细致的护理。结果5例危重症手足口病患儿在循环衰竭的情况下在2min内建立起骨髓输液通道,缩短了静脉建立的时间,提高了抢救成功率。结论骨髓腔输液是一种操作简单、快速、高效、安全的方法,结合全面、细致的护理,应用于儿童的急救可大大提高抢救的成功率。     

影响静脉留置针穿刺成功的相关因素分析

静脉留置针(头皮式套管针)是近年来在我国发展起来的一项新的护理技术操作,早在60年代,静脉留置针就被欧美国家作为头皮针的替代物而普及使用,成为临床输液的主要工具.它具有减少血管穿刺次数、减少液体外渗、对血管的刺激小,利于临床用药和紧急抢救;减轻护士工作量;提高护理服务质量和病人满意度等优点[1].针对留置针穿刺时选择不同部位、手法、固定方法,对临床80例患者进行对比研究,现报告如下.     

Ⅱ型静脉留置针在基层医院手术室的应用

目的：探讨Ⅱ型静脉留置针在基层医院手术室护理中的应用。方法选取本院70例手术患者,按自愿原则分为留置针组30例和头皮针组40例,头皮针组在手术中应用普通头皮针输液,留置针组给予静脉留置针输液,比较2组患者的穿刺成功率及液体外渗率。结果留置针组30例手术患者一次穿刺成功率和头皮针组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;留置针组手术过程中液体外渗发生率显著低于头皮针组,2组差异比较有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论Ⅱ型静脉留置针对手术患者血管刺激小且不易脱出,有利于术中用药、快速补液及抢救,值得推广。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.