13-酰胺基取代苦参碱衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 合成13-酰胺基取代苦参碱衍生物及研究该类化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性。方法 以槐果碱为原料,通过迈克尔加成（Michael addition）,叠氮还原酰化反应,制得系列13-位酰胺取代的衍生物,所有化合物结构均经¹H NMR等谱确证;选取人肝癌细胞（BEL-7404）和小鼠黑色素瘤细胞（K111）对所合成的目标化合物进行体外抗肿瘤药理活性筛选。结果 设计合成了9个新化合物,大多数化合物对两株肿瘤细胞都具有较强的抑制活性。结论 化合物4b和4e对人肝癌细胞（BEL-7404）有较强的抑制活性。     

双分子γ-咔啉衍生物的合成及其对胆碱酯酶的抑制活性研究

目的 合成双分子γ-咔啉衍生物并研究其抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性。方法 以N-乙酰基-3-溴-4-哌啶酮和苯肼为原料,经Fischer法一步合成关键中间体γ-咔啉,γ-咔啉在NaH作用下与二溴代物发生亲核取代反应生成双分子N₅-γ-咔啉系列衍生物,后者进一步在丙酮中经碘甲烷甲基化得到相应的季铵盐。用改良的Ellman法测定化合物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。结果 合成了7个新的双分子γ-咔啉衍生物,其化学结构经IR、¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR、ESI-MS确证。药理实验研究结果表明,所有目标化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶均具有一定的抑制活性,化合物4g显示出与阳性对照多奈哌齐较为接近的抑制活性。结论 双分子γ-咔啉衍生物对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制活性,连接链的长度对活性有影响,链长为8个碳原子时活性最佳,结构中的叔氮季铵化有利于提高活性。     

苯氧基磷酰氮芥取代的槐定碱衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 设计合成苯氧基磷酰氮芥取代的槐定碱衍生物,并对其进行体外抗肿瘤活性研究。方法 以槐定碱为起始原料,经开环、酯化、磷酰化等反应合成目标化合物2a ～2e ,采用MTT法测定其对S180、H22、K562、MCF-7、SMMC-7721、LoVo肿瘤细胞的抑制活性。结果 设计并合成了5个目标化合物,其结构经¹H-NMR和ESI-MS确证。体外细胞测试结果显示所有化合物对S180和H22细胞株活性较强,且对正常细胞L929毒性小,部分化合物活性高于阳性对照药多柔比星。结论 目标化合物具有较强的抗肿瘤活性,化合物2b 为有潜力的候选化合物。     

1位芳基取代的青藤碱衍生物的合成和抗炎活性研究

目的 进行1位取代芳基的青藤碱衍生物的合成及体外抗炎活性研究。方法 以青藤碱为先导化合物,首先1位溴取代反应,然后通过Suzuki偶联反应对A环1位进行修饰,制得一系列取代芳基的青藤碱衍生物,所有化合物均经¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR、MS结构确认;采用报告基因法研究青藤碱衍生物对NF-κB转录活性的影响。结果 Suzuki偶联反应得到的一系列化合物活性均优于对照药青藤碱。结论 筛选到的4f和4g可作为候选药物进行深入研究,对研发治疗风湿性关节炎药物具有重要意义。     

紫罗兰酮生物碱异噁唑衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤转移活性研究

目的 设计并合成紫罗兰酮生物碱异噁唑类衍生物,结合活性筛选,发现具有活性的新型紫罗兰酮生物碱衍生物。方法 制备（R）-紫罗兰酮,在此基础上经过11步有机合成反应制备紫罗兰酮生物碱异噁唑衍生物。目标衍生物经核磁共振波谱和高分辨质谱表征其化学结构。通过乳腺癌细胞趋化迁移实验筛选衍生物的抗肿瘤转移活性。结果 共制备8个目标衍生物,经抗肿瘤转移活性筛选发现,化合物12c活性同Ion-31a相当,强于阳性对照化合物PI3K抑制剂LY294002。结论 所有目标衍生物均为新化合物,其中苯甲腈取代异噁唑化合物12c具有显著抗肿瘤转移活性。     

没食子酰哌嗪类化合物的合成及抗真菌作用研究

目的 设计合成没食子酰哌嗪衍生物,考察其对耐药真菌的抗菌活性。方法 以三甲氧基没食子酸为原料,在PyBOP/DIEA存在下与哌嗪反应得到中间体,在脱保护后与相应的酸缩合,最后脱甲基得到目标化合物。采用美国国家临床实验室标准委员会（CLSI）推荐方法,将目标化合物对2株临床分离的耐药白色念珠菌株进行体外抗真菌活性试验,进而与氟康唑（8 μg/ml）联用,开展协同抗真菌活性试验。结果 共合成了11个化合物,其中6个化合物表现出优于没食子酸的抗真菌活性。结论 没食子酰哌嗪可以提高没食子酸的抗真菌活性,没食子酸酰结构是重要的药效团,若引入桂皮酸或2,3-二氯苯甲酸可以进一步提高活性。     

二茂铁杂环类化合物的合成及抗三阴性乳腺癌活性研究

目的 设计、合成杂环二茂铁衍生物,并研究其抗三阴性乳腺癌活性。方法 以二茂铁查耳酮为先导化合物,对其进行结构改造,合成了一系列含有杂环的二茂铁衍生物,并通过CCK8试剂盒测试化合物抗乳腺癌活性。结果 合成了28个二茂铁衍生物,其结构均通过¹H-NMR和MS加以确证。初步的生物活性测试结果表明,所合成的二茂铁衍生物对三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞有较强的选择性和抑制活性,其中咪唑杂环化合物抗肿瘤活性强于相应的吡唑类和嘧啶化合物。尤其是28a[IC₅₀=（1.6±0.23）μmol·L^-1]对MDA-MB-231的抑制活性分别是先导化合物3[IC₅₀=（10.7±1.41）μmol·L^-1]和他莫昔芬[IC₅₀=（13.7±1.17）μmol·L^-1]的6和10倍,同时这些二茂铁衍生物对正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A均没有毒性。结论 本研究为开发具有抗三阴性乳腺癌活性的化合物提供了信息和依据。     

吲哚-1,3,4-噁二唑类衍生物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 合成吲哚-1,3,4-噁二唑类衍生物,并进行体外抗肿瘤活性研究。方法 以吲哚-3-甲酰肼为起始原料,通过[4+1]环加成反应、水解反应、缩合反应得到目标化合物。采用MTT法测试目标化合物对HeLa、SCG-7901和MDA-MB-231细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性。采用克隆形成实验考察化合物6f对SCG-7901细胞增殖的影响。采用Annexin V-APC/PI双染法检测化合物6f对SCG-7901细胞凋亡和坏死的影响。采用DAPI染色法检测化合物6f对SCG-7901细胞凋亡核染色质形态学的影响。采用DCFH-DA染色法检测化合物6f对SCG-7901细胞中活性氧含量的影响。结果 合成了15个吲哚-1,3,4-噁二唑类衍生物,其结构经¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR和HR-ESI-MS确证。部分化合物表现出良好的抗肿瘤活性,其中化合物6f对HeLa、SCG-7901和MDA-MB-231 3种肿瘤细胞株均表现出明显的抗增殖作用,且具有一定的选择性。进一步研究表明,化合物6f以浓度相关的方式促进细胞产生活性氧,抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。结论 部分吲哚-1,3,4-噁二唑类衍生物表现出良好的抗肿瘤活性,为该类化合物的进一步抗肿瘤活性研究提供思路。     

灯盏乙素衍生物的合成及其体外抗凝血活性研究

目的 对灯盏乙素葡萄糖醛酸羧基进行结构修饰,合成葡萄糖醛酸羧基酯类衍生物,并测定这些衍生物的体外抗凝血活性。方法 通过将灯盏乙素葡萄糖醛酸羧基先成盐后酯化的方法合成6个灯盏乙素酯类衍生物,其中灯盏乙素乙酯及苄酯为已知化合物,其余4个为新化合物,目标化合物的抗凝血活性采用家兔的贫血小板血浆（PPP）进行凝血酶原时间（PT）、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）及纤维蛋白原（FIB）的测定,以80% EtOH作溶剂,以生理盐水作为阳性对照。结果与结论 合成了6个灯盏乙素酯类衍生物Ⅱa~Ⅱf。药理实验表明,该类衍生物的抗凝血活性没有灯盏乙素强,灯盏乙素羧酸基改造后对凝血活性影响不大。     

五味子酮衍生物的合成与抗氧化活性研究

目的 设计合成五味子酮衍生物,并测试其体内抗氧化活性。方法 采用酰化等方法合成了10个五味子酮衍生物,其中7个为首次报道,同时测试合成的化合物对小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的影响,分析构效关系。结果 化合物2、3、5和8可明显提高SOD的活力,其中化合物2、3、5的作用明显优于五味子酮。结论 五味子酮衍生物具有良好的抗氧化活性。构效关系表明,五味子酮结构中1位的羰基和2位,3位的甲基不影响五味子酮的抗氧化活性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.