全脑全脊髓照射技术的改进

目的:介绍全脑全脊髓放射治疗的一种新技术。方法:患者采用仰卧位,在整体定位板上做颈肩和体膜固定,行CT扫描定位,将图像传输治疗计划系统,进行三维重建。按照全脑全脊髓照射的要求勾画靶区,设计治疗计划,调整剂量分布。治疗前行CBCT扫描,进行在线的体位验证。结果:通过计划系统进行剂量计算,可以直观显示靶区的剂量分布并加以调整,计划照射野衔接处没有明显的剂量冷点和热点出现体位验证结果符合临床要求;通过CBCT在线验证,保证位置准确。结论:全脑全脊髓放射治疗采用了仰卧位热塑膜固定,较传统的俯卧位使患者更舒适,治疗过程中体位容易保持,确保治疗的准确;CT模拟定位方法,较传统的模拟机定位简单易行,且定位精确;用计划系统计算剂量分布并进行调整,使靶区剂量分布均匀,避免照射野衔接处剂量分布出现冷、热点。     

全脑全脊髓转床半野照射技术的临床应用

目的：介绍一种通过转床、半野进行全脑全脊髓照射的技术。方法：模拟定位时首先设颈胸脊髓野：机架角O°,小机头0°,床角0°,SSD=100cm,野长40cm,野宽4cm～5cm,同时在体膜上标记射野上界（B点）和下界（C点）,然后设全脑野：使用半束左右两野对穿照射,机架角90°或270°,小机头11.3°或348．7°,床角0°,SAD=100cm,Y1=0,X和Y2取包括颅骨外1cm,使射野X方向中心线在透视下与B点重合,最后设腰骶脊髓野：以C点为中心使用半束照射,机架角11.3°,小机头O°,床角90°,SSD=100cm,X2=0,Y和X1取包括腰骶直至S4。同时使用Kodak-Ec-film胶片、固体水模体以及MatriXX系统在加速器治疗机上模拟射野进行射野衔接点的几何和剂量验证,并观察12例使用该技术投照期间患者的放疗反应。结果：颈胸段脊髓野与全脑野衔接点以及颈胸段脊髓野与下位脊髓野衔接点处射野边界清晰锐利,未见射野间分离和重合现象,等剂量线基本平滑,未见明显的凹陷和凸出现象,12例患者都完成全脑全脊髓的照射计划,未见明显严重的放疗反应。结论：全脑全脊髓转床半野照射技术做到了射野间的无缝衔接,方法简便,值得临床推广应用。     

半野技术结合非共面照射技术在乳腺癌胸锁联合照射中的应用

目的：介绍一种乳腺癌适形放疗中新的射野衔接技术,以保证乳腺癌患者放疗时锁骨上区域与胸壁区域靶区剂量均匀衔接,并降低治疗计划设计与实施中的操作复杂度。方法：选取一例乳腺癌胸锁联合照射病人,锁骨上靶区采用半野照射技术,胸壁靶区采用非共面切线野照射技术,使上下两组照射野在射野衔接处相切。使用直线加速器6MV-X射线照射靶区,处方剂量设置为50Gy包绕95％靶区体积,使用治疗计划系统计算三维剂量分布。结果：半野照射技术结合非共面照射技术应用于乳腺癌胸锁联合照射时,在治疗计划系统上显示处方剂量在射野衔接处均匀衔接,50Gy处方剂量等剂量线平滑,剂量线未见明显的凹陷和突出现象,无剂量冷热点出现。结论：半野照射技术联合非共面照射技术用于乳腺癌胸锁联合照射。在TPS上演示显示使用该方法能够使相邻射野剂量均匀衔接,适用于胸壁部分靶区头脚方向长度大于20cm的患者放射治疗需求,且使用方法较传统方法更加简单易行,值得推广,临床实际使用中建议使用验证手段来保障该技术的可靠性。     

全中枢照射技术新探索

目的：阐述一种普遍适合于全中枢放射治疗的方法。方法：使用precise plan三维适形计划系统进行计划设计,在计划设计过程中综合利用了非共面射野衔接技术、相邻两野相切技术和正向子野添加技术,最后利用detla4三维剂量验证模体对射野衔接处进行剂量测量验证。结果：计划显示在射野衔接处没有明显的剂量冷点或者热点出现,衔接位置两侧各条等剂量线实现了无缝衔接,靶区得到了理想的剂量分布;并且在剂量验证的过程中发现,当模拟的移床精度控制在±1 mm时,detla4测量衔接处没有明显的剂量偏差,结果符合临床治疗需要。结论：与以往及常规方法相比,本文提到的这种方法适合于绝大多数全中枢放射治疗病例,并且可以在射野衔接处获得更为理想的剂量分布效果。     

改进全脑全脊髓螺旋断层放射治疗计划的研究

目的:通过比较限制与无限制一定照射区域的两种全脑全脊髓螺旋断层放疗方案的剂量学差异,评估通过限制一定照射区域以减少低剂量照射范围的临床可行性。方法:选择8例全脑全脊髓患者分别按照限制与无限制一定照射区域两种方案设计治疗计划,分别比较两个方案的计划靶区和危及器官的剂量分布、剂量体积直方图(DVH)的指标和治疗时间,观察限制一定照射区域后低剂量照射范围的变化及对危及器官的影响。结果:限制一定的照射区域后,靶区的覆盖度、均匀性和适形度与无限制照射区域的治疗方案比较无统计学差异;危及器官的累积剂量除了甲状腺高4%,胸骨柄高5%及肠道高11%以外,其余的危及器官的累积剂量平均降低约26%(8%~75%)。但平均治疗时间增加了1.23倍。结论:两种计划方案均能得到较好的剂量分布,而限制了一定照射区域后在可接受治疗时间范围内能减少低剂量照射区域,更好的保护危及器官。     

放射治疗计划系统在鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野衔接中的应用

目的：利用放射治疗计划系统（TPS）对鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野进行射野衔接,观察射野衔接处的剂量分布。方法：选择一例鼻咽癌患者,通过CT模拟定位,利用TPS进行鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野间的射野衔接。使得射野衔接处剂量均匀,同时模拟计算鼻咽癌常规定位时相邻射野重叠或留空1 mm,2 mm,3 mm,4 mm,5 mm时衔接处的剂量。均给予第一阶段处方剂量36 Gy/18次,分析射野衔接处感兴趣区域（ROI）的剂量分布情况。结果：相邻射野重叠1 mm～5 mm,ROI接受120%处方剂量的体积≥10%,135%处方剂量的体积≥5%,Dmax为处方剂量的143%～148%。脊髓的最大剂量几乎没有影响,其变化幅度≤0.5%。脊髓的V36增加约3%;相邻射野留空1 mm～5 mm,ROI的D95从36Gy降到24.1 Gy,降幅为33%。结论：利用TPS进行鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野的衔接,可以保证射野衔接处的剂量均匀性,避免出现严重的剂量冷点及热点,确保靶区内剂量,较好地保护部分正常组织。     

基于两种旋转调强全骨髓照射新技术的研究

目的:探讨Rapid Arc(RA)容积旋转调强放射治疗与螺旋断层放射治疗(Helical Tomo Therapy,HT)两种旋转调强技术在全骨髓照射中的可行性及剂量学差异。方法:选取8例行全身扫描的患者,采用Eclipse 10.0计划系统自动勾画模块进行靶区勾画并予以适当修改后外放3 mm生成照射靶区,分别设计RA与HT两种旋转调强计划,处方剂量为12 Gy/10 F。通过剂量体积直方图(DVH)、等剂量曲线等参数评价和比较两种治疗计划靶区及危及器官的剂量分布,并评估机器跳数(MU)和出束时间。剂量验证采用Sun Nuclear Arc CHECK系统,通过分析各部位剂量验证通过率评估各自临床实施的安全性及准确性。结果:靶区剂量分布上两种方法均能达到较好的覆盖度且具有类似的适形度(0.54±0.05vs 0.52±0.07,P=0.45),而靶区剂量均匀性HT具有明显的优势(RA/HT的HI值分别为0.19±0.02 vs 0.13±0.02,P=0.00)。在危及器官的保护上,除全脑、口腔、腮腺以及小肠和直肠外,HT均表现出一定的优势。RA/HT两组计划的平均机器跳数和出束时间分别为2566 MU/12293 MU、568 s/875 s。头颈、胸腹、盆腔三部分的计划验证的通过率分别为98.9%±1.9%/94.3%±1.5%、98.4%±1.8%/96.5±1.2%、97.4%±2.1%/94.1%±1.9%。结论:两种旋转调强技术均能较好地实现全骨髓照射且实现射野间的无缝衔接,且RA具有更高的射线利用率,均可应用于全骨髓的临床照射。     

全脑全脊髓照射仰卧位CT模拟定位技术

目的：探讨全脑全脊髓照射仰卧位CT模拟定位技术。方法：7名患者分别躺在真空负压袋固定器上，进行CT模拟定位，打印正侧位数字重建射线彩像（DRR）图，放射治疗前拍摄正侧位定位验证片，测量解剖参考点和射野边界之间的距离。结果：患者左右方向及背腹方向误差在2mm以内。人体上下方向误差在4mm以内；放疗后，患者受照射的皮肤部位均出现色素沉着。结论：仰卧位全脑全脊髓照射CT模拟定位技术可用于俯卧位不合作的患者。     

不同放射治疗技术对全脑全脊髓放疗患者血液学毒性的影响

目的:探讨不同放疗技术对全脑全脊髓放疗患者血象的影响。方法:回顾性分析79例行全脑全脊髓放疗患者的血象变化,其中观察组36例行调强放疗,对照组43例行三维适形放疗。两组患者靶区处方剂量为28.8~36.0 Gy,单次剂量为1.6~2.0 Gy,记录两组患者在放疗前、中、后血液学毒性变化和骨髓抑制程度,采用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验比较组间差异。结果:90%的病人在放疗期间以及放疗后出现不同程度的骨髓抑制,观察组在放疗期间血红蛋白以及放疗结束后2周血红蛋白和白细胞的抑制程度较对照组严重（z=-2.272, P=0.023;z=-3.053, P=0.002;z=-3.163, P=0.002）。结论:采用调强技术行全脑全脊髓放疗时,应密切观察患者血象变化并采取相应防治措施,避免调强放疗导致的严重骨髓抑制的发生。     

适形与调强射野衔接技术在儿童全中枢神经系统放疗中的应用价值

目的:探讨适形与调强射野衔接技术在儿童全中枢神经系统放疗(CSI)中的应用价值。方法:选取2012年至2015年在新疆医科大学第一附属医院行CSI的14岁以下患者6例,分别采用三维适形(3DCRT)射野衔接技术、适形与调强(3DCRT+IMRT)射野衔接技术和调强(IMRT)射野衔接技术进行计划设计。通过SPSS 17.0软件对比3种计划的靶体积和正常组织剂量分布的均匀性差异。结果:3DCRT+IMRT射野衔接技术能够很好地应用于儿童CSI中。在靶体积评估方面,3DCRT+IMRT射野衔接技术的适形指数优于3DCRT射野衔接技术,但稍差于IMRT射野衔接技术,而这3种射野衔接技术的不均匀指数没有显著差异;但在正常组织保护方面,3DCRT+IMRT射野衔接技术结合了3DCRT和IMRT的优点。结论:3DCRT+IMRT射野衔接技术的计划设计可以很好地应用于儿童CSI,并在正常组织的保护上有独特的优点。     

图像配准技术在图像引导放疗中的应用

简要介绍图像配准技术及其在图像引导放射治疗中的应用现状和研究进展情况。列举说明了目前常用的三种实现方法,包括自动靶区勾画快速计划以提升靶区剂量及降低正常组织照射剂量、在线校位以找到待治疗肿瘤的等中心位置并计算得到治疗床需要调节的参数、自适应放疗以快速判断放疗过程中解剖部位的变化、退缩和位移情况来调整靶区和优化剂量。在图像引导放疗中,充分了解配准的过程以及相关算法的准确性和局限性,依据常用的实现方法,结合不同的情况实际应用图像配准技术,可大幅提高放射治疗的精确度,因此图像配准技术近年来在图像引导放疗中应用日趋广泛。由于图像配准技术在实际应用中不存在金标准,需要用户根据自己的实际情况对不同病例进行图像配准算法的验证。本文对由此存在的问题进行了具体分析并对技术改进方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

Radiation therapy in colorectal carcinoma

In spite of advances in surgical technique and patient management, there continues to be a high rate of local recurrence for the advanced stages of rectal and colon carcinomas. The addition of radiotherapy to the treatment of colorectal carcinoma, however, has diminished the local recurrence rate; the acute and chronic toxicity is tolerable, and the patients with higher stages benefit from the combined modality. It is recommended that modified Astler-Coller stages B2 or greater receive some form of adjuvant radiotherapy. The ideal sequencing and the benefit of combining radiation with chemotherapy has not yet been determined. The use of intraoperative radiotherapy is very promising and continues to be investigated for initially unresectable lesions and recurrent lesions.     

Radiation medicine innovations for the new millenium

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To review technological advances in the field of radiation oncology in the management of benign and malignant diseases. BASIC PROCEDURES: We reviewed major advances in the field of radiation oncology in the past decade with special emphasis on reduction of treatment related toxicities, and technological improvements in planning and delivery of radiation. Modalities reviewed include computerized three-dimensional conformal treatment planning, stereotactic radiosurgery, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, ultrasound-guided transperineal permanent brachytherapy of the prostate, and high-dose rate brachytherapy. MAIN FINDINGS: There have been major technological advances as evidenced by a decrease in treatment-related toxicities and better target definition resulting in higher local control rates. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in technique and equipment have firmly positioned radiotherapy as major artillery in the fight against both benign and malignant diseases.     

Radiation characteristics of helical tomotherapy

Helical tomotherapy is a dedicated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) system with on-board imaging capability (MVCT) and therefore differs from conventional treatment units. Different design goals resulted in some distinctive radiation field characteristics. The most significant differences in the design are the lack of flattening filter, increased shielding of the collimators, treatment and imaging operation modes and narrow fan beam delivery. Radiation characteristics of the helical tomotherapy system, sensitivity studies of various incident electron beam parameters and radiation safety analyses are presented here. It was determined that the photon beam energy spectrum of helical tomotherapy is similar to that of more conventional radiation treatment units. The two operational modes of the system result in different nominal energies of the incident electron beam with approximately 6 MeV and 3.5 MeV in the treatment and imaging modes, respectively. The off-axis mean energy dependence is much lower than in conventional radiotherapy units with less than 5% variation across the field, which is the consequence of the absent flattening filter. For the same reason the transverse profile exhibits the characteristic conical shape resulting in a 2-fold increase of the beam intensity in the center. The radiation leakage outside the field was found to be negligible at less than 0.05% because of the increased shielding of the collimators. At this level the in-field scattering is a dominant source of the radiation outside the field and thus a narrow field treatment does not result in the increased leakage. The sensitivity studies showed increased sensitivity on the incident electron position because of the narrow fan beam delivery and high sensitivity on the incident electron energy, as common to other treatment systems. All in all, it was determined that helical tomotherapy is a system with some unique radiation characteristics, which have been to a large extent optimized for intensity modulated delivery.     

Radiation therapy alone versus radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the management of Hodgkin's disease

Forty-four patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease underwent initial treatment with extended-field radiation therapy. Nineteen of these patients also received combination chemotherapy. For analysis, patients were assigned to three treatment groups: group 1 received radiation therapy only (25 patients); group 2 received combination chemotherapy followed by consolidative (low-dose extended-field) radiation therapy; and group 3 was treated with alternate chemotherapy and radiation therapy using the sandwich technique. The actuarial 5-year disease-free survival rates were 83% (group 1), 83% (group 2), and 100% (group 3). The overall actuarial survival rates were 96% (group 1), 92% (group 2), and 100% (group 3). No factor was identified as being of prognostic value in predicting relapse. We conclude that extended-field radiation therapy delivered in this manner is a safe and effective approach to the initial management of Hodgkin's disease.     

Radiation sterilization

The sterilization by radiation of disposable medical items has been investigated. Various vegetative and spore-bearing bacteria have been irradiated and results indicate that 2·5 Mrad can be recommended to give a high degree of sterility. Spores of B. pumilus (E.601) showed such resistance that it might be a suitable test organism for determining the efficiency of a radiation treatment. A high standard of packaging must be demanded for pre-sterilized products.     

Radiation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Abstract population are ubiquitous background radiation and medical exposure of patients. From the early 1980s to 2006, the average dose per individual in the United States for all sources of radiation increased by a factor of 1.7-6.2?mSv, with this increase due to the growth of medical imaging procedures. Radiation can place individuals at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Excess risk of cardiovascular disease occurs a long time after exposure to lower doses of radiation as demonstrated in Japanese atomic bomb survivors. This review examines sources of radiation (atomic bombs, radiation accidents, radiological terrorism, cancer treatment, space exploration, radiosurgery for cardiac arrhythmia, and computed tomography) and the risk for developing cardiovascular disease. The evidence presented suggests an association between cardiovascular disease and exposure to low-to-moderate levels of radiation, as well as the well-known association at high doses. Studies are needed to define the extent that diagnostic and therapeutic radiation results in increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease, to understand the mechanisms involved, and to develop strategies to mitigate or treat radiation-induced cardiovascular disease.     

高能X射线肿瘤照射靶区的生物剂量验证的可行性研究

目的:研究MM50加速器高能X射线放疗患者时光核反应产生的正电子发射核在PET/CT的显象技术及显象信息,探讨用该信息对照射的肿瘤靶区准确度和剂量分布进行活体的生物学验证。材料与方法:当用高能光子线照射肿瘤时,其与人体的主要组成元素碳C、氧O、氮N等进行光核反应,在照射区会产生可发射正电子的11C,15O,13N等核素,用正电子发射断层扫描仪PET/CT立即扫描照射后的病人,11C,15O,13N等发射的正电子即可在功能影像或分子生物学影像设备PET/CT上显像。根据显像的位置和强度便可分析推断和验证肿瘤照射的生物学位置和生物学剂量,从而真正意义上实现精确的生物适形放疗和验证。用与人体组成类似的有机玻璃头模实验,按常规放射治疗程序,先在PET/CT进行肿瘤的CT定位,之后用治疗计划系统TPS设计三野照射计划,按计划在MM50加速器上用三组不同能量(10MV,25MV,50MV)和剂量为1Gy～10Gy的X射线进行照射。由于碳C、氧O是人体最主要的组成元素,所以我们只研究11C,15O等核素的显像。对11C和15O,PET/CT上分别扫描20min或2min～5min获取正电子核素显像及显像位置、强度分布等信息。MM50是IBA公司医用跑道式电子回旋加速器,束流能量范围10MeV～50MeV,三维治疗计划设计系统是核通公司的3D治疗计划系统TPP3.2,美国GE公司的Discovery LSⅡ PET/CT,用于肿瘤定位和核医学图像扫描及数据处理。结果:10MV X射线,放疗后不能产生光核反应;25MV X射线可产生光核反应,但需要较大的照射剂量,方能获得有意义的信息。对50MV X射线,2Gy～4Gy的常规放疗剂量即可获得11C,15O的正电子显像图及强度分布等信息,10Gy的剂量即可清楚获得15O和11C的正电子显像图及强度分布等信息。结论:MM50加速器50MV X射线放疗病人时光核反应产生正电子发射核可在PET/CT上显像,显像的位置和强度分布可用来对射线照射肿瘤靶区的准确度和照射剂量进行生物学验证,但要获得定量关系还需做大量工作。     

高能X射线肿瘤照射靶区的生物学位置的实验模拟研究

目的:研究50MV高能X射线照射患者时光核反应产生的正电子发射核<'11>C、<'15>O在PET的显象技术及信息,探讨用该信息定量研究照射的肿瘤生物靶区准确度和剂量分布情况.方法:50 MV的X射线照射圆柱体模后快速置于PET上扫描显像和数据处理,确定射野轨迹和照射区大小并与物理射野大小比较,确定<'11>C活度分布...     

Radiation enteropathy

Radiation enteritis is a functional disorder of the intestine that occurs during or after a course of radiotherapy to the abdomen, pelvis or rectum. It presents in both an acute and chronic form and has sequelae that can be life threatening. As radiotherapy is now being used more than ever before in the treatment of solid organ malignancies in the abdomen and pelvis, the incidence of radiation enteropathy is likely to increase in the future. We present two patients with severe forms of this condition in order to clarify the salient issues regarding its diagnosis and, in particular, its distinction from mechanical bowel obstruction. We also review its pathophysiology, management and current preventative strategies.