新疆南部地区蜱传虫媒病毒分子生物学调查

目的了解新疆南部地区蜱传虫媒病毒的种类和分布情况。方法在新疆南部地区的23个采集地36个采集点,采集蜱标本5045只,分别建立蜱标本cDNA文库,用PCR方法检测标本可能携带的病毒。结果黄病毒属引物、加利福尼亚血清组病毒引物对34份cDNA文库检测结果均为阴性;内罗毕病毒属引物和新疆出血热病毒巢式引物在巴楚县蜱标本中检测到新疆出血热(XHF)病毒核酸序列,对检测到的XHF病毒L和S片段进行系统进化分析。结论对新疆南部地区5045只蜱进行四种六对引物的PCR检测,未检出黄病毒属和加利福尼亚血清组病毒核酸序列,获得新疆出血热病毒L和S片段的核酸序列,研究了其分子流行特征。     

东南亚地区虫媒病毒病流行状况

虫媒病毒(Arbovirus)是指一些通过吸血节肢动物(蚊、蜱、白蛉、蠓等)叮咬敏感脊椎动物而传播疾病的一群病毒.在病毒分类中,虫媒病毒隶属14个病毒科.根据所包括病毒的种类及其与人、畜疾病的关系,虫媒病毒主要集中在披膜病毒科甲病毒属(29种)、黄病毒科黄病毒属(69种)、呼肠孤病毒科(77种)和布尼安病毒科(350种).其中约130种虫媒病毒可引起人类疾病,流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)、登革热、基孔肯雅热、西尼罗热、立夫特山谷热、蜱媒脑炎和克里米亚-刚果出血热为最重要的虫媒病毒病.     

首次在山西省虫媒病毒调查中检测并分离到南定病毒

目的明确山西省五个地区虫媒病毒种类及其分布特征, 对采集的蚊虫样本进行病毒的分离与鉴定。方法于2020年7～9月采集当地的蚊虫标本, 利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测蚊虫标本中的8种虫媒病毒, 通过细胞培养对其进行病毒分离, 使用分子生物学和生物信息学方法对病毒分离物进行鉴定和分析。结果在121批蚊虫样本中, 检测到1批乙型脑炎病毒阳性, 2批库蚊黄病毒阳性以及8批南定病毒阳性。分离到7株病毒分离物, 编号为:SX-YJ-Cxp-4、SX-YJ-Ars-2、SX-YJ-Cxp-1、SX-LY-Cxp-10、SX-GP-Ars-5、SX-GP-Cxp-2、SX-GP-Cxp-4, 鉴定均为南定病毒, 对其中一株进行全基因组测序, 结果显示:山西南定病毒分离株与云南南定病毒分离株属于同一进化分支。结论首次在山西省分离到南定病毒。     

辛德毕斯病毒荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立辛德毕斯病毒核酸的SYBRGREENΙ荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据辛德毕斯病毒基因组核苷酸序列特性设计引物。病毒在BHK21细胞上繁殖扩增后提取RNA和逆转录。以病毒cDNA为模板分别进行SYBRGREENΙ荧光PCR和常规RTPCR扩增,并对SYBRGREENΙPCR法的灵敏性、特异性、重复性等进行分析。结果最适退火温度为55℃,最适引物浓度为0.5μmol/L。用该方法检测2株SIN病毒株YN87448和XJ160结果均为阳性,而对其他虫媒病毒如甲病毒属Geta病毒、乙脑病毒、Batai病毒、Banna病毒、环状病毒及西方马脑炎病毒合成模板检测时结果均为阴性。根据病毒空斑形成实验结果,将YN87448病毒悬液进行连续10倍稀释后分别用常规PCR和SYBRGREENΙ荧光PCR方法进行检测。结果SYBRGREENΙ荧光PCR检测敏感性比常规PCR方法要高近100倍,检出下限可达0.1PFU/ml。对模拟感染的人血清标本检测结果表明人血清中成分对检测体系无明显影响。对151份不明原因发热和病毒性脑炎患者的血清或脑脊液标本进行检测,结果检测到6份标本阳性。结论本实验建立了辛德毕斯病毒特异性核酸的SYBRGREENΙ荧光PCR检测方法,实验结果显示了较好的特异性、广谱性,初步证实可应用于临床标本的检测,为将来用于临床和调查辛德毕斯病毒在我国的流行情况提供了新的技术手段。     

6种虫媒病毒蛋白芯片检测方法的建立

目的 建立针对6种虫媒病毒的蛋白芯片检测方法,用以检测流行性乙型脑炎病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、登革病毒(1～4型)、西尼罗病毒、西部马脑炎病毒和东部马脑炎病毒的特异性抗体.方法 将病毒特异性抗原作为捕获抗原点样制备蛋白芯片,利用双抗夹心ELISA原理检测血清中的病毒特异性抗体.首先利用免疫兔血清进行特异性诊断抗原的筛选,并对抗体芯片检测条件进行优化,然后采用56份临床疑似的阳性血清标本及阴性对照标本对该方法进行验证,并与常规ELISA方法进行比对.结果 共筛选出11个特异性较好的重组诊断抗原.抗原点样浓度在0.125 ～0.900mg/ml时可获得良好的检测效果,血清检测范围为1:100～1:1000.对26份临床疑似的蜱传脑炎病毒血清标本,22份登革病毒血清标本及8份流行性乙型脑炎病毒临床血清标本的检测结果为:共检测出蜱传脑炎病毒IgG阳性血清标本20份,阳性检出率为76.9％,IgM阳性血清标本17份,阳性检出率65.3％,与ELISA检测符合率分别为96.1％和84.6％.乙型脑炎病毒IgG阳性血清4份,阳性检出率50.0％,IgM阳性血清5份,阳性检测率62.0％,与ELISA检测符合率分别为87.5％和100％.登革病毒IgG阳性血清标本13份,阳性检出率63.6％,IgM阳性血清标本14份,阳性检测率68.1％,与ELISA检测符合率分别为86.3％和90.1％,结果经一致性Kappa检验后,与ELISA检测结果一致性良好.阴性对照血清结果显示检测特异性为100％.结论 本研究建立的虫媒病毒抗体芯片检测方法具有较高的特异性和可靠性,可用于6种虫媒病毒抗体的临床检测.     

日本脑炎病毒基因疫苗的研究进展

日本脑炎 (Ｊａｐａｎｅｓｅｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｉｔｉｓ ,ＪＥ)是一种由蚊虫传播引起的人类和马中枢神经系统感染性疾病。人类每年的发病总例数约 3.5万以上 ,其中约有 1万例患者死亡。日本脑炎病毒 (ＪＥＶ)为黄病毒科黄病毒属的成员之一。其他重要的人类病原性黄病毒包括 :黄热病、登革热 1～ 4型、蜱传脑炎和圣路易脑炎病毒等。疫苗是预防黄病毒感染的有效手段。目前用于预防ＪＥＶ感染的疫苗有 3种 ,两种为灭活疫苗 (分别由感染的鼠脑和原代仓鼠肾细胞培养制备 ) ,一种为减毒活疫苗 (ＳＡ14 14 2株 )。国外采用的为感染鼠脑制备的灭活疫…     

我国分离的两株病毒为重组甲病毒

目的 明确我国分离的XJ－90260和XJ－91006病毒的分类地位、种系发生和遗传型。方法 特异引物逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）扩增两株病毒的NSP4、E1基因区和3′端非编码区,测序,进行核苷酸序列同源性比较和3′端非编码区核苷酸序列分析,并结合同属其他病毒这些基因区的核苷酸序列进行种系进化分析。结果 两株病毒的核苷酸序列同源性为100％,与西方马脑炎病毒的核种酸序列同源性最高,具有西方马脑炎病毒3′端非编码区结构特征,其NSP4基因区与东方马脑炎病毒同源,E1基因区与辛德毕斯病毒同源,两株病毒均位于西方马脑炎病毒B组,与西方马脑炎病毒俄罗斯分离株进化关系最近。结论 我国分离的XJ－90260和91006病毒属于西方马脑炎病毒同一遗传型,均为重组甲病毒。     

云南省澜沧江下游地区虫媒病毒的调查研究

目的 了解云南澜沧江下游地区自然界虫媒病毒流行情况。方法 从云南澜沧江下游地区(澜沧县和思茅市)所属乡村采集蚊虫,分类后保存于液氮。经消毒、研磨、离心等处理后接种组织培养细胞分离病毒,并进行初步鉴定。结果从233份标本中,分离到22株致C6/36细胞病变的病毒,表现为细胞圆化、聚集、脱落。分离阳性率为9.4％(22/233)。经鉴定10株对乙醚和5’-磺脱氧尿苷抵抗,为无包膜双链RNA病毒,核酸电泳为12节段RNA病毒。9株对乙醚敏感,对5’-碘脱氧尿苷抵抗,为有膜RNA病毒,核酸电泳为10条带。Colti病毒95-75单克隆抗体与新分离的12节段RNA病毒的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和免疫荧光试验呈阳性反应,而与10节段病毒呈阴性反应。3株病毒为对乙醚敏感,其中1株被乙型脑炎病毒A2株免疫腹水中和,并与A2免疫腹水荧光试验呈阳性反应;1株(云南92-4)与布尼亚病毒组特异免疫腹水的荧光试验和ELISA试验均为强阳性,而与甲病毒组特异性免疫腹水及黄病毒组的乙型脑炎病毒免疫腹水均呈阴性反应;经负染在电镜下观察毒粒呈圆形,直径约为(87.00±0.05)nm。外层可见表面突起。结论 从云南澜沧江下游地区采集的蚊标本分离到10株Colti病毒,9株环状病毒,1株为乙脑病毒,1株为布尼亚病毒,1株尚在研究中。     

黄病毒载体技术应用的研究进展

黄病毒,一般指黄病毒科（Flaviviridae）黄病毒属（Flavi virus）病毒.黄病毒属包括60多种病毒,按照血清学的特征,黄病毒可分为9组,包括登革病毒（Dengue Virus,DENV）、黄热病毒（Yellow fever virus,YFV）、乙脑病毒（Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV）、昆津病毒（KUNjin virus,KUNV）、西尼罗病毒（West Nile virus,WNV）、蜱传脑炎病毒（Tick-borne encephalitis virus,TBEV）、和墨累河谷脑炎病毒（Murray Valley encephalitis virus,MVEV）等[1].半数以上的黄病毒能够感染人和动物,患病率高而治愈率低,易留下一些严重的后遗症,给人类健康带来很大威胁,且大多数黄病毒引发的病毒病尚无有效疫苗应用于预防,也没有特效的临床药物治疗.随着人们对黄病毒生活周期、分子生物学及其与疾病发生发展关系的深入认识,黄病毒载体技术逐渐成为黄病毒研究的焦点和热点.黄病毒载体作为一种基因导入系统,在载体疫苗研发和基因治疗等领域中发挥着极其重要的作用,本文拟对黄病毒载体技术应用的研究进展作一综述.     

4株蚊媒病毒多重RT-PCR快速检测方法的建立

目的建立登革1、2型病毒、黄热病毒及流行性乙型脑炎病毒的多重RT-PCR快速检测方法。方法参照病毒核酸序列设计多重RT-PCR引物,并检索GenBank国际基因序列数据库初步验证其特异性,随后对Mg2＋、dNTP及引物浓度,RT-PCR反应条件进行优化,建立稳定、特异的多重RT-PCR快速检测4株病毒方法 ,并以同属于黄病毒科的登革3型病毒、登革4型病毒及甲病毒属基孔肯亚病毒、辛德毕斯病毒为对照,验证其特异性。结果应用多重RT-PCR反应体系,对引物的相关性实验结果表明引物之间不会因相互干扰而出现假阳性结果 ;采用多重RT-PCR引物对登革1、2型病毒、黄热病毒及流行性乙型脑炎病毒进行扩增,分别获得574、251、879、422 bp片段,与设计相符,而对照病毒组均无非特异性扩增条带。结论实验证明,所建立的多重RT-PCR方法能够快速地检测登革1、2型病毒、黄热病毒及流行性乙型脑炎病毒,为其检测提供了一种方便易行的方法 。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.