6-18F-多巴的制备及其大鼠体内分布研究

目的：制备PET显像剂6－^18F-多巴（6－^18F-DOPA)并研究其在大鼠体内的生物分布。方法：使用小型回旋加速器生产^18F离子,经亲核取代、手性相转移催化烷基化等4步反应,合成得到无载体的6-18F-DOPA。24只SD大鼠分为6组,每只经尾静脉注射1．11MBq 6-^18F-DOPA,经5,30,60,90,120和150min后分别处死,解剖,取有关组织、脏器称重并测定放射性计数。结果：6-^18F-DOPA合成的放化产率为3．8％－7．5％（衰变校正后）,合成时间100min,放化纯度大于99％。大鼠体内生物分布显示纹状体内有明显的放射性浓集,而大脑、皮质、小脑中放射性较低;纹状体／小脑放射性比值在60min达5．9;其他组织器官中的放射性快速消除,无明显浓集。结论：建立的6－^18F-DOPA合成方法有效可靠,6－^18F-DOPA主要分布在纹状体内。     

帕金森病动物模型的~(99)Tc~m-TRODAT-1显像研究

目的　研究99Tcm TRODAT 1在正常猴及帕金森病 (PD)模型猴纹状体内的放射性分布 ,以探讨其早期诊断PD的价值。方法　分别对 2只正常猴、2只PD模型猴进行99Tcm TRODAT 1多巴胺转运蛋白 (DAT)显像 ,1只经 1 甲基 4苯基 1,2 ,3 ,6 四氢吡啶 (MPTP)预处理后行 7、11、18d连续显像 ;计算正常猴与PD模型猴纹状体与小脑放射性比值。结果　正常猴 3h纹状体与小脑的放射性比值为 1 5 6;PD模型猴损毁侧纹状体与小脑比值为 0 94 ,健侧为 1 5 2 ;MPTP预处理后 7d与正常猴比值相似 ,11d时下降 ,18d时明显降低 ,比值分别为 1 5 6、1 2 7、0 89。结论　99Tcm TRODAT 1能特异性地与DAT结合 ,可灵敏地反映PD模型猴DAT的摄取减少 ,对PD的早期诊断有一定的临床价值。     

^18F-FECNT的生物分布特性及小动物PET显像研究

目的探讨多巴胺转运蛋白（DAT）显像剂^18F-N-（2-氟乙基）-2β-甲酯基-3β-（4-氯苯基）去甲基托烷（FECNT）的体内生物分布特性,并进行小动物PET显像研究,以评价其临床应用潜力。方法自制^18F-FECNT注射液,进行正常小鼠脑内分布、DAT阻断实验、正常和单侧帕金森病（PD）模型大鼠小动物PET脑显像。结果正常ICR小鼠在给药后5,15,30,60,120,180min的进脑量分别达2．22,1．20,1．02,0．78,0．71,0．67百分注射剂量率（％ID）。给药后5～60min内,药物在纹状体（ST）部位浓聚,纹状体／小脑（ST／CB）比值在5,15,30,60min时分别为2．56,3．47,2．78,1．63。120min后ST的放射性浓度下降至与其他脑组织相近。脑内DAT经β-CFF阻断的小鼠,其ST未见放射性浓聚。正常大鼠小动物PFT显像图中ST显影清晰（ST／CB=2．18±0．16,n=3）,双侧对称;PD模型大鼠未损毁侧ST放射性浓聚（ST未损毁侧／CB=2．01±0．23,n=3）,而损毁侧ST放射性摄取不明显,与小脑相当（ST损毁侧／CB=1．04±0．05）。结论^18F-FECNT能透过无损的血脑屏障浓聚于ST,对DAT具有高亲和性与特异性,是一种有临床应用潜力的DAT显像剂。     

多巴胺转运蛋白显像剂

目的研究多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)显像剂99Tcm-2β-[N,N'-双(2-巯乙基)乙撑二胺基]甲基,3β-(4-氯苯基)托烷(TRODAT-1)用于帕金森病(PD)早期诊断的价值。方法制备99Tcm-TRODAT-1,用2β-羧甲基,3β-(4-碘苯基)托烷(β-CIT)阻断DAT后,观察大鼠脑内分布、兔血药清除动力学、异常毒性实验、正常及PD模型鼠的放射自显影图并对志愿者进行显像。结果制备的99TcmM-TRODAT-1放化纯大于90％,室温下放置6h稳定;用β-CIT阻断后大鼠纹状体的特异性摄取即纹状体与小脑放射性计数差除以小脑放射性计数为0.12(对照组为3.45),表明β-CIT对99Tcm-TRODAT-1有明显的竞争抑制作用。血药清除动力学研究表明它的分布半衰期T1/2(α)=1.2min,消除半衰期T1/2(β)=368min。模型鼠的放射自显影结果表明纹状体的特异摄取随着给药(神经毒素)总量的增加而减少,并有良好的线性关系(r=-0.9792)。正常猴断层显像在3个断面上基底节均有明显高于周围组织的摄取,单侧PD模型猴显像示健侧纹状体与小脑的比值(1.56)明显高于损毁侧比值(O.94)。志愿者脑断层图像清晰,患侧纹状体对99Tcm-TRODAT-1摄取较正常侧减低,其显像结果分析与临床表现相吻合。结论99Tcm-TRODAT-1制备方便,体外稳定,毒性低,用于人非常安全;纹状体与小脑、大脑皮质的比值高,有利于获得清晰的图像。     

多巴胺转运蛋白显像剂^99Tc^m—TRODAT—1临床前药理研究

目的 研究多巴胺转运蛋白（DAT）显像剂^99Tc^m－2β-[N,N‘-双（2－巯乙基）乙撑二胺基]甲基,3β-（4-氯苯基）托烷（TRODAT－1）用于帕金森病（PD）早期诊断的价值。方法 制备^99Tc^m－TRODAT－1,用2β－羧甲基,3β-（4-碘苯基）托烷（β－CIT）阻断DAT后,观察大鼠脑内分布、兔血药清除动力学、异常毒性实验、正常及PD模型 的放射自显影图并对志愿者进行显像。结果 制备的^99Tc^m－TRODAT－1放化纯大于90％,室温下h稳定;用β－CIT阻断后大鼠纹状体的特异性摄取即纹状体与离放射性计数差除以小脑放射性计数为0.12（对照组为3.45）,表明β－CIT对^99Tc^m－TRODAT－1有明显的竞争抑制作用。血药清除动力学研究表明它的分布半衰期T1／2（α)=1.2min,消除半衰期T1／2（β）=368min。模型鼠的放射自显影结果表明纹状体的特异摄取随着给药（神经毒素）总量的增加而减少,并有良好的线性关系（r=-0.9792）。正常猴断层显像在3个断面上基底节均有明显高于周围组织的摄取,单侧PD模型猴显像示健侧纹状体与小脑的比值（1.56）明显高于损毁侧比值（0.94）。志愿者脑断层单侧PD模型猴显像示健侧纹状体与小脑的比值（1.56）明显高于损毁侧比值（0.94）。志愿者脑断层图像清晰,患侧纹状体对^99Tc^m－TRODAT－1摄取较正常侧减低,其显像结果分析与临床表现相吻合。结论 ^99Tc^m－TRODAT－1制备方便,体外稳定,毒性低,用于人非常安全;纹状体与小脑、大脑皮质的比值高,有利于获得清晰的图像。     

11C-Raclopride的快速制备及生物学评价

目的 建立快速制备11C-雷氯必利(Raclopride)的方法,并对其进行生物学评价.方法 采用固相萃取法制备11C-Raclopride,即用11C-三氟甲基磺酰基甲烷(CH3-Triflate)与去甲基(Nor)-Raclopride反应得粗产品,用水稀释粗产品,将其转移到Sep-Pak C18反相柱,冲洗反相柱,再用乙醇淋洗得11C-Raclopride.研究正常SD大鼠体内11C-Raclopride分布,并行阻断剂(螺环哌啶酮)阻断后显像.制备食蟹猴帕金森病(PD)模型,行PET显像.结果 11C-Raclopride放化纯＞95%,比活度＞8 GBq/μmol,合成效率为60%,从11CO2到11C-Raclopride的合成时间为16 min.大鼠注射11C-Raclo pride 30 min后纹状体/小脑、纹状体/额叶皮质放射性摄取比值分别为4.67和6.20.Raclopride和螺环哌啶酮明显阻断了纹状体摄取11C-Raclopride,而Nor-Raclopride则不明显.PD模型猴11C-Raclo-pride PET显像示实验侧放射性高于对侧,出现D2受体上调.结论 固相萃取法制备11C-Raclopride速度快,放化纯高.动物显像表明11C-Raclopride能满足临床需求.     

高场强~1H-MRS对帕金森病大鼠模型的应用价值探讨

目的:利用高场强氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)观察帕金森病大鼠模型纹状体区的神经代谢变化,探讨高场强1H-MRS对PD大鼠模型的应用价值。方法:7只正常大鼠经6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)单侧(右侧)损毁制备偏侧帕金森病模型前后应用1.5T磁共振进行波谱分析。分析造模术前后双侧纹状体区N-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸(NAA/Cr)、胆碱/肌酸(Cho/Cr)比值的变化。并对黑质致密部进行黑质酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组织化学染色。结果:6只大鼠造模成功。损毁侧纹状体内NAA/Cr比值明显低于对侧及造模前同侧(P<0.05),而Cho/Cr比值与对侧及造模前同侧相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。损毁侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元较对侧显著减少(P<0.05)。结论:1.5T临床专用型磁共振1H-MRS可以作为帕金森病大鼠模型纹状体区细胞代谢有价值的无创性检测方法。     

年龄和性别影响DAT水平的实验研究

目的 研究年龄、性别对^125I－2β-甲酯基－3β-(4-碘苯基）托烷（β-CIT)与多巴胺转运蛋白（DAT）结合的影响。方法 6周龄与6月龄昆明小鼠年龄影响因素实验,大鼠年龄、性别影响因素实验。结果 6周龄小鼠的纹状体、额叶皮质、顶叶皮质、颞叶皮质、枕叶皮质、海马、脑干、小脑对^125I-β-CIT摄取的％ID／g值及全脑摄取量（％ID）均大于6月龄小鼠。3月龄雄性SD大鼠纹状体、额叶皮质、顶叶皮质、颞叶皮质、枕叶皮质、海马、脑干、小脑对^125I-β-CIT摄取的％ID／g值及全脑％ID均大于12月龄雄性SD大鼠相应组织的％ID／g或％ID值,而且亦大于12月龄雌性大鼠相应组织的％ID／g值（除颞叶皮质、全脑外）。同龄（12月）SD雌性大鼠纹状体、额叶皮质、顶叶皮质、颞叶皮质、枕叶皮质、海马、脑干、小脑对^125I-β-CIT摄取的％ID/g值及全脑％ID均大于同龄雄性SD大鼠相应值。结论 低龄小鼠、大鼠纹状体摄取^125I-β-CIT均高于高龄小鼠、大鼠;雌性大鼠纹状体摄取^125I-β-CIT高于同龄雄性大鼠。提示小鼠、大鼠脑纹状体内DAT水平随年龄的增长可能减低。     

帕金森病模型猴11C-Raclopride多巴胺D2受体PET脑显像

目的探讨亚临床期和临床期帕金森病(PD)脑多巴胺D2受体(D2R)功能变化特征.方法建立亚临床期和临床期PD猴模型,合成多巴胺D2R PET显像剂11C-Raclopfide.对4只健康猴、4只亚临床期和2只临床期PD模型猴分别进行11C-Raclopride D2R PET脑显像.利用感兴趣区(ROI)技术半定量分析纹状体D2R功能.结果健康猴11C-Raclopride PET脑显像放射性浓聚于双侧纹状体,左右对称,双侧纹状体/小脑放射性比值无明显差异(5.06±0.79,5.03±0.78,t=0.704,P＞0.05).亚临床期PD猴11C-Raclopride PET脑显像双侧纹状体/小脑放射性比值无明显差异(5.03±O.83,4.98±0.77,t=0.926,P＞0.05).与健康猴比较,纹状体/小脑放射性比值差异无显著性(5.00±0.74,5.04±0.72,t=1.016,P＞0.05).临床期PD猴11C-Raclopride PET脑显像双侧纹状体放射性分布不对称,2只临床期PD猴右侧比左侧纹状体/小脑放射性比值分别增高19.69%和22.68%.毁损侧(右侧)纹状体D2R功能发生上调.结论PD亚临床期脑内纹状体D2R功能无明显变化,临床期毁损侧D2R功能出现上调.     

99m Tc-TRODAT-1动物体内生物学分布特性的实验研究

目的:探讨国内研制的“一步法”药盒标记的多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)显像剂99mTc-TRODAT-1在动物体内的生物学特性和显像效果。方法:①“一步法”药盒生产标记物;②正常大鼠体内生物分布特性的实验;③正常猴和偏侧PD模型猴给药后3h脑SPECT显像。结果:①TRODAT-1药盒标记简便。经TLC检测,标记率为79.9%,室温下放置2.5h稳定;②正常大鼠体内放射性清除迅速,主要由肝脏代谢后经肠道排出体外;③99mTc-TRODAT-1脑内浓聚较低,但纹状体(ST)区放射性摄取快速且保留较好,小脑(CB)清除较快,ST/CB值于2h达峰值(ST/CB=3.21),持续4h;④纹状体对99mTc-TRODAT-1的特异性摄取不受预先注射的氟哌啶醇的影响;⑤99mTc-TRODAT-1在大鼠体内分布无性别差异;⑥猴脑DATSPECT显像能基本清晰显示双侧ST正常影像及其病理改变。ST/CB值可以作为反映ST特异性摄取的参数指标。结论:“一步法”药盒制备的99mTc-TRODAT-1可用于脑SPECT显像研究,显像时间取给药后2~3h时间段为宜。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

人体中的镭-226、镭-228、钋-210、铅-210

本文报道了广东阳江高本底地区6名、对照地区8名人尸体的骨²²⁶Ra、²²⁶Ra的浓度以及部分居民内脏器官中。²¹⁰Po、²¹⁰Pb的浓度。结果轰明阳江高本底地区和对照地区居民骨镭-226、镭-228的浓度分别为29.9pCi/kg, 26.9pCi/kgl 8.7pCi/kg, 8.2pCi/kg.由此估算出阳江高本底地区屠民骨中²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra的负薄璧及对骨衬、骨髓所产生的剂量当量分别为对照地区民民的3.4倍, 3.3倍。两地区居民内脏器官中^{210Po、210Pb的测定分析铡数较少但仍看出, 高本底地区均明显高于对照地区.}     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).