联系专业实际进行药用植物学教学

探讨了高职医药院校药用植物学联系专业实际教学的必要性，并时加强药用植物学与中药化学、中药鉴定学、生药学、中药学、药用植物栽培学、药学信息检索等学科的联系进行教学作了阐述。通过联系专业实际，增强了学生学习药用植物学课程的兴趣，提高了教学效果。     

以辩证唯物主义认识论指导药用植物学的教学

药用植物学是中药学、药学等多个专业学生的基础课,为解决药用植物学教学中所存在的难教难学问题,本文从哲学角度对该课程内容结构和教学体系作了具体分析,发现药用植物学课程理论体系中蕴藏着深厚的哲学思想,以辩证唯物主义认识论指导药用植物学的教与学,是帮助学生学好药用植物学的一种有效途径和方法。     

不同层次的参与式教学设计在药用植物学教学中的应用

药用植物学是学习相关中药知识的入门课程,如何在学习阶段培养学生的学习兴趣,夯实基本理论,是教学过程中面临的挑战。随着信息技术和教学理念的不断更新使得学生学习需求及获取信息渠道日益多样化,日益强调学生在教学过程中的主体地位,学生参与教学实施、参与教学评价得到普遍重视。参与式教学设计,对于培养学生自主学习、实践创新能力具有重要作用。本文作者将参与式教学设计应用于药用植物学的教学实践中,以提高综合性大学药学专业药用植物学教学质量。     

虚拟现实技术在《药用植物学》实验教学中的探索应用

虚拟现实是20世纪发展起来的一项新型实用技术,其在教育方面的应用取得了现实实验不可替代的良好效果。本"药用植物学虚拟实验教学平台"系统整合了植物组织解剖、植物分类、生长环境等资源,有机的融合了生药学、中药学、中药鉴定学、中药资源学等与药用植物学相关的专业课内容,形成"药用植物+"的学习模式。该平台中各教学资源既自成一体,又相互交叉融合,既满足不同学生个性化的学习需求,又能使学生更好地形成中药学知识体系。同时,知识扩展模块还可激发学生的学习和科研兴趣。平台从药用植物学实际教学应用出发,概述了本平台的构建思路和功能模块及试用调查结果分析。问卷调查结果表明《药用植物学》虚拟教学平台是一种新型灵活、接受度高、值得推广的教学模式,是《药用植物学》实验教学改革的一个创新实践。     

整体联系教学法在药用植物学教学中的运用

整体联系教学法是一种整体的、联系的、动态的教学方式,可以激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生思考问题、解决问题的能力.从药用植物学本学科知识的前后联系、药用植物学与中药的联系、药用植物学与全息生物学及生态知识的联系等方面阐述运用整体联系教学法在药用植物学教学中的体会.     

多种形式的实验教学在药用植物课程中的应用

药用植物学是药学专业基础课程,实践性很强.是否掌握药用植物学知识将直接影响<生药学>、<中药学>、<天然药物化学>等后续专业课的学习效果.为了提高同学对本课程的学习兴趣,除理论教学之外,形象而直观的实验教学更能使同学们尽快了解、掌握植物的特征和识别要点.     

药用植物学实验教学的改革探索

<药用植物学>是医学类院校中药学专业、药学专业的一门专业基础课,是一门理论性、直观性很强的课程,要求学生掌握扎实的理论和实践基础,才能够为以后学习<生药学>和<中药鉴定学>打下基础.     

中药现代化背景下药用植物学实践教学新体系的建立

药用植物学实践教学是药用植物学教学中的重要环节,结合西南地区药用植物资源优势,优化实践教学内容,改革实践教学方法和手段,改善实践教学基础教学设施和条件,完善药用植物园、标本馆和野外实习基地等实践教学平台,坚持实践教学与科研、课外科技活动相结合,从而构建药用植物学实践教学新体系,有利于创新型人才培养,适应新时期中药现代化建设的需要。     

加强药用植物园建设提高实践教学水平

药用植物园是药学实践教学的重要场所,校内药用植物和中药识别的实训基地,在中药资源与开发本科专业建设及药用植物学、生药学等中药类专业课程的教学和科研中发挥了重要作用。该文介绍中国药科大学药用植物园依托江宁新校区的建设,在培养学生实践能力和创新精神,弘扬中医药文化等方面所做的工作,以期为医药等相关院校全面提高实践教学质量提供借鉴参考。     

来稿摘登

培养跨世纪药学人才对教师素质的要求 谈药用植物学教学中的语言特点     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.