北京市房山区野生药用植物资源调查

目的 调查北京市房山区的药用资源概况,了解北京市房山区的药用植物资源种类及分布.方法 依据《国家中药资源普查技术规范》和北京市中药资源普查方案,采用3S技术,通过样方、样线调查,采集植物标本、药材标本,结合相关软件与文献资料,对北京市房山区的野生中药资源进行普查.结果 通过普查发现,北京市房山区分布的野生药用植物资源有...     

我国将开展第四次中药资源普查

据中医局新闻发言人王炼透露,为探索中药资源管理机制、建设中药材生产示范基础设施、研究解决中药材质量问题的途径和办法,国家中医药管理局将在全国开展第四次中药资源普查试点工作。历次中药资源普查获得的数据资料为中国中医药事业和中药产业发展提供了重要的依据。从第三次中药资源普查到现在已经近30年,期间中药资源种类、分布、数量、品质和应用等都发生了很大变化,因此,对中药资源再次进行详细的摸底调查十分必要。     

我县野生中药资源分布概况

目的 为推进彝良县中药资源的有效保护和合理开发利用提供科学依据.方法 按照中医药管理局第4次全国中药资源普查＆lt;国家中药资源普查技术规范＆gt;和＆lt;云南省中药资源普查试点工作实施方案＆gt;要求,对彝良县所属15个乡镇代表区域开展调查.结果 初步查明现有药用植物资源112科、297个属、408种,其中重点药用植物资源共有55科87种.结论 自第3次中药资源普查以来的20多年间,彝良县野生中药资源状况发生了明显的变化,少数野生名贵中药资源趋于稀缺状态.开展中药资源保护和合理开发利用中药资源研究,对中药资源可持续发展和利用十分重要.     

中药资源普查药用植物标本采制的经验、问题和建议

采集制作药用植物标本是第四次全国中药资源普查的重要任务之一,笔者介绍了河南省中药资源普查在药用植物标本采集整理制作方面的经验,指出了标本后期整理中发现的问题,并提出了有针对性的建议。     

中药资源的可持续利用现状与建议

目的如何使中药资源和种质得到保护、发展和可持续利用是当前研究的课题。方法对中药资源的可持续利用研究文献、相关法规和取得的成绩进行了综述和探讨。结果与结论食品药品监督管理系统在中药资源的可持续利用方面还有许多工作要做,应增加保护中药资源的法规建设。     

《中国中药资源发展报告》简述

《中国中药资源发展报告》以第四次全国中药资源普查工作为依托,自2015年始每年发布。本文以《中国中药资源发展报告》(2018)为例,介绍《中国中药资源发展报告》的编写情况及我国中药资源发展情况。报告围绕中药资源绿色可持续发展战略,从制度安排支持、信息与技术支持、资金保障支持3个宏观方面,从中药材的质量与安全、价格的稳定与合理、国内贸易的健康有序、国际贸易鼓励与保护、产业的发展与壮大5个微观方面,阐述中药资源的可持续保护、可持续利用和可持续发展问题。《中国中药资源发展报告》(2018)延续以往结构,第一部分以经济学视角,从中药资源普查、质量与安全性、价格、产量、国际贸易、产业发展、药用资源保护7个方面构建了中药资源年度发展现状分析框架;第二部分系统介绍了中药资源与精准扶贫、国家中药材产业技术体系的工作进展及未来工作计划。     

计算机图像处理和识别技术在中药研究中的应用进展

目的：由于计算机硬件及软件技术的飞速发展,近年来基于计算机而开发的图像处理和识别技术在多个领域得到了较为广泛的应用。通过对相关文献进行检索分析,对计算机图像识别所应用的相关技术进行简介,综述了计算机图像识别技术在中药资源的普查、中药饮片鉴别、中药质量控制等中药研究相关领域中的应用,同时对计算机图像处理和识别技术在中药研究中的发展趋势和技术优势以及现阶段该技术在中药研究领域应用的局限和不足进行探讨,以期为该技术的研究提供新的思考和方向。     

福建省福安市畲药资源调查与分析

目的 为掌握福安市畲药资源.方法 以福安市第四次中药资源普查为契机,采用野生资源调查、市场调查、栽培基地调查相结合的方法调查分析福安的畲药资源.结果 本次调查到福安市野生畲药资源53科90属102种,其中,以菊科(Compositae)植物最为多见.本次调查收集了市售常用畲药110种,经鉴定,来源于59科94属植物,入...     

采用数学模型对中药资源可持续利用的量化分析

目的：解决中药资源、特别是可再生的野生中药资源的合理利用及可持续利用的问题。方法：采用数学模型对中药资源的可持续利用进行量化分析。结果：当中药资源存量为生态环境所允许的最大存量的一半时，中药资源的再生量为最大。结论：只要中药资源的利用量等于或小于中药资源的再生量就可以做到中药资源的可持续利用，但只有当现有存量为最大存量的一半时，才可以获得最大的持续利用量。     

四川省射洪县中药资源普查

目的:对射洪县中药资源的现状进行普查,为其中药资源保护、合理开发利用提供依据。方法:以全国中药资源普查技术规范为指导,通过查阅资料、野外实地调查及标本采集,结合3S(RS、GPS、GIS)技术,对射洪县现有中药资源进行普查、统计分析。结果:共完成了38个样地,190个套方,1140个样方的调查。调查的药用植物种类有510种,涉及110个科,285个属。其中,中药资源野外调查重点中药材56种,涉及原植物44种。结论:射洪县海拔高差小,其中药资源主要以平原、浅丘的植物为主。普查结果为地方中医药产业发展规划的制订提供了参考依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.