手助腹腔镜巨脾和胆囊联合切除术

目的 :总结手助的腹腔镜巨脾切除手术技术。方法 :用手助技术完成腹腔镜巨脾和胆囊联合切除术治疗 1例脾肿大、脾功能亢进伴胆囊结石患者。结果 :4 5h完成手术 ,术中出血较少。患者术后恢复良好。结论 :手助的腹腔镜巨脾和胆囊联合切除术操作安全 ,手术时间短 ,技术上完全可行     

手助的腹腔镜脾切除术

目的 探讨手助的腹腔镜脾切除术手术技术。方法用手助技术完成5例腹腔镜脾切除术，其中原发性血小板减少性紫癜3例，血吸虫性肝硬化、脾肿大及脾功能亢进伴胆囊结石2例。3例行手助的腹腔镜脾切除术，2例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 手助腹腔镜巨脾切除。结果 2～5h完成手术，术中出血少。病人术后恢复顺利。结论 手助腹腔镜脾切除术操作安全、手术时间缩短，并使腹腔镜切除较大脾脏成为可能。     

内镜联合腹腔镜治疗门静脉高压症

目的 探讨经内镜食管曲张静脉套扎联合手助腹腔镜脾切除术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效及其安全性.方法 回顾性分析我们于2001年6月～2006年10月采用内镜下食管曲张静脉套扎术及手助腹腔镜脾切除术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症38例的临床资料.结果 每例平均套扎治疗2～5次.套扎后食管静脉曲张完全消失27例,静脉曲张由重度降为轻度11例.手助腹腔镜脾切除术无严重并发症发生,无中转开腹及死亡病例.术后1.5周复查,血小板由术前的(35～70)×109/L升至(86～320)×109/L.平均随访18个月,无上消化道出血病例.结论 对于门静脉高压脾功能亢进者行内镜食管曲张静脉套扎术联合手助腹腔镜脾切除术具有微创的优点,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

腹腔镜巨脾切除术

目的: 探讨腹腔镜脾切除术治疗乙肝后肝硬化门静脉高压脾功能亢进的方法和疗效.方法: 对8例乙肝后肝硬化门静脉高压脾功能亢进患者采用腹腔镜脾切除术.在腹部放置3个套管,脾周韧带及脾门用超声刀解剖,脾门血管用Endo GIA夹闭离断.结果:8例病人均顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术,无中转开腹,无术后并发症发生.术后血小板明显上升,从平均36×109/L[(17~56)×109/L]升至437×109/L[(316~624)×109/L],随访7~24个月血小板均大于100×109/L.结论: 超声刀、Endo GIA等先进技术的应用已使腹腔镜脾切除术成为治疗乙肝后肝硬化门静脉高压脾亢有效的手术方法.     

腹腔镜脾切除术55例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜脾切除术在各类脾脏疾病中的安全性及疗效.方法 回顾分析2007年5月至2009年12月完成的55例腹腔镜脾切除术资料.其中特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)11例,自身免疫性溶血性贫血6例,球形红细胞增生症1例,脾淋巴瘤1例,脾囊肿10例,脾血管瘤5例,脾脉管瘤2例,肝硬化门脉高压脾功能亢进(脾亢)患者9例,肝硬化脾亢患者9例,不明原因脾肿大脾亢1例.结果 55例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术,无中转手助或中转开腹,平均手术时间(119.7±33.0)min.术中出血量平均(83.8±65.2)ml.术后平均住院时间(5.7±1.1)d.术后腹水1例,腹腔引流液淀粉酶升高7例,无手术死亡.结论 腹腔镜脾切除术能安全有效地适用于多种脾脏疾病的手术治疗.     

手助腹腔镜脾切除术

目的　探讨手助腹腔镜脾切除术手术技术。　方法　用手助腹腔镜技术完成 5例腹腔镜脾切除术 ,其中原发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP) 3例 ,血吸虫性肝硬变、脾肿大及脾功能亢进伴胆囊结石2例。 3例行手助腹腔镜脾切除术 ;2例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除与手助腹腔镜巨脾切除。　结果　 2h～ 5h完成手术 ,术中出血少。患者术后恢复顺利。　结论　手助腹腔镜脾切除术操作安全、手术时间短 ,并使腹腔镜切除较大脾脏成为可能。     

手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术

巨脾往往合并脾功能亢进,周围血管增粗、数量增多,传统腹腔镜脾切除术手术风险明显增加,多进行手助腹腔镜脾切除术.自2002年7月至2006年11月笔者对29例巨脾病人成功施行手助腹腔镜巨脾切除术,报告如下.     

干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗丙型肝炎合并癫痫一例

慢性丙型肝炎当前唯一有效的治疗方法是干扰素联合利巴韦林（RBV）的治疗,聚乙二醇化干扰素（pegylated interferon,PegIFN）的开发进一步提高了治疗的应答率,Ⅲ期临床试验结果显示其持久病毒学应答（sustained virological response,SVR）高达66%。PegIFN联合RBV的治疗被视为慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的标准方案[1]。本文回顾性分析1例慢性丙型肝炎合并癫痫患者应用干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗经过,现报道如下。     

解读2011年美国肝脏病学会关于基因1型慢性丙型肝炎治疗指南的更新

慢性丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染的标准抗病毒治疗方案是聚乙二醇化干扰素-α（Peg-IFN-α）2a或Peg-IFN-α2b联合利巴韦林（RBV）治疗。基因1型慢性丙型肝炎初治患者48周的SVR为40%～54%,复发率大约为15%～25%[1]。随着直接作用（direct-acting antiviral,DAA）抗病毒药物的研发,     

丙肝抗病毒治疗前脾切除纠正血小板减少症

目的应用脾脏切除术纠正血小板减少症，为慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗提供条件。方法回顾性总结了我们收治的7例慢性丙型肝炎患者的临床资料。结果7例慢性丙型肝炎或肝硬化患者，肝功能均为Child A级，行开腹病理性脾脏切除术，术中出血量为150—400ml左右，未输血，术后所有患者血小板均在1周内升至正常水平，无手术死亡或术后门静脉血栓形成。术后10至14天后均给予干扰素加利巴韦林抗病毒治疗24—48周。结论丙型肝炎肝硬化患者施行脾脏切除术是安全有效的，术后1周患者外周血血小板就显著上升，即可开始干扰素抗病毒治疗。该方法适用于慢性丙型肝炎准备行抗病毒治疗，因外周血白细胞、血小板减少而无法进行的患者。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.