前柱钢板固定结合后柱逆行拉力螺丝钉治疗复杂髋臼骨折16例

[目的]探讨经髂腹股沟入路治疗复杂髋臼骨折的手术技巧。[方法]经髂腹股沟入路以重建钢板固定前柱、逆行拉力螺丝钉固定后柱治疗复杂髋臼骨折16例，其中双柱骨折10例，前柱伴后半横行骨折5例，“T”形骨折1例。[结果]解剖复位（移位〈1mm）11例，复位欠佳（移位3mm）4例，复位不满意（移位〉3mm）1例。随访11～37个月，根据改良的Merle d Aubigne及Postel髋关节得分进行功能评价，优9例、良4例、可3例。[结论]前柱钢板固定结合后柱逆行拉力螺丝钉固定，使经髂腹股沟入路治疗大部分髋臼双柱骨折、前柱伴后半横行骨折、T形骨折成为可能，避免了联合应用后方切口，减少了手术创伤。     

单一髂腹股沟入路重建钢板固定前柱结合空心钉固定后柱治疗髋臼双柱骨折

目的探讨经单一髂腹股沟入路重建钢板结合空心钉固定后柱治疗髋臼双柱骨折的近期临床效果。方法笔者自2010-09—2014-06对31例髋臼双柱骨折采用经单一髂腹股沟入路显露髋臼前柱骨折以及四方体,间接复位髋臼后柱,前柱重建钢板固定,后柱空心钉固定。结果所有患者均获得随访6~34个月,平均12个月。术后2周按Matta影像学评估显示解剖复位16例,满意复位14例,不满意复位1例。末次随访疗效按Merle D'Aubigne and Postel评分评定:平均14.22(6~18)分,优7例,良15例,可5例,差4例。结论经单一髂腹股沟入路重建钢板结合空心钉固定治疗髋臼双柱骨折,单一切口复位并固定了髋臼前后柱骨折,减少了手术创伤,降低了坐骨神经损伤的风险,出现髋关节僵硬、异位骨化的概率低;是一种有效、安全的方法,值得推广应用。     

经髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼双柱骨折

髋臼双柱骨折波及前后两柱,髋臼与中轴骨的连续性完全中断.骨折显露、复位和固定均比较困难,治疗通常采用扩大髂腹股沟人路或前后联合入路,手术创伤大,术后并发症发生率高.我科近年来采用单一的髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼双柱骨折5例,经随访效果良好,报告如下.     

双柱拉力螺钉固定治疗横断髋臼骨折

目的 回顾分析双柱拉力螺钉固定治疗横断髋臼骨折的疗效。方法 13例髋臼横断骨折分别采用Smith-Peterson入路或者后外侧K-L入路结合前侧髂腹股沟入路行切开复位，前后柱拉力螺钉沿其功能轴固定。术后平均随访4年2个月，按照美国矫形外科医师协会(AAOS)标准评估患髋功能。结果 13例中12例获解剖复位，1例复位欠佳。术中、术后无严重并发症。患髋术后功能优良率为85％。结论 双柱拉力螺钉固定技术是一种治疗髋臼横断骨折的有效方法，但技术要求较高，应严格掌握手术适应证。     

双柱拉力螺钉固定治疗横断髋臼骨折

目的　回顾分析双柱拉力螺钉固定治疗横断髋臼骨折的疗效。方法　 1 3例髋臼横断骨折分别采用Smith Peterson入路或者后外侧K -L入路结合前侧髂腹股沟入路行切开复位 ,前后柱拉力螺钉沿其功能轴固定。术后平均随访 4年 2个月 ,按照美国矫形外科医师协会 (AAOS)标准评估患髋功能。结果　 1 3例中 1 2例获解剖复位 ,1例复位欠佳。术中、术后无严重并发症。患髋术后功能优良率为 85 %。结论　双柱拉力螺钉固定技术是一种治疗髋臼横断骨折的有效方法 ,但技术要求较高 ,应严格掌握手术适应证     

单一髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼双柱合并后壁骨折

[目的]评估髋臼双柱合并后壁骨折单一髂腹股沟入路复位内固定,且后壁骨块未予固定的临床结果.[方法]2016年5月—2021年1月对髋臼双柱合并后壁骨折的30例患者行手术治疗,男17例,女13例;平均年龄(41.4±15.5)岁.前柱采用钢板固定,后柱采用后柱拉力螺钉固定,后壁不予固定.评价临床与影像结果.[结果]本组3...     

前后联合入路治疗移位的复杂髋臼骨折

目的研究经髂腹股沟入路和Kocher-Langenbeck（K-L）联合切口手术内固定治疗移位的累及髋臼双柱的复杂髋臼骨折的临床疗效。方法分析我院自2003年1月至2008年12月通过前后联合切口手术内固定治疗的38例移位的累及髋臼双柱的复杂髋臼骨折患者。本组患者均获得随访,随访时间6～48个月,平均30个月。术后骨折复位质量、X线表现按Matta标准评估,远期髋关节功能和异位骨化率按D′Aubigne和Brooker标准评估。结果解剖复位29例,满意复位6例,不满意复位3例。髋关节功能优32例,良4例,可2例,优良率94.7%。髂腹股沟入路无一例异位骨化;K-L入路～度异位骨化4例,度异位骨化1例,无一例感染。结论前后联合入路手术内固定治疗移位的累及髋臼双柱的复杂髋臼骨折术中能更好的显露,便于骨折复位,固定稳定,临床效果好,并发症少。     

髋臼四方区复杂型骨折手术入路的选择

目的：根据复杂型髋臼四方区骨折的不同类型,探讨不同手术入路,以获得更好的手术暴露和更可靠的复住内固定。方法：自2006年1月至2011年1月共收治58例髋臼四方区骨折,男36例,女22例;年龄23～61岁,平均36．9岁。术前摄骨盆片及双斜位片,辅以CT扫描重建髋臼,按Letournel分型其中前柱15例,横形12例,T形7例,前柱伴后半横形9例,双柱骨折15例。分别采用单纯Kocher—Langenbeck（K—L）入路、髂腹股沟入路、改良的Stoppa入路手术、组合式联合手术入路,或者经改良Stoppa入路结合经皮髋臼前柱拉力螺钉固定。结果：49例患者获随访,时间2～6年,平均32个月,术后其中1例发生深部感染,经创口引流,配合有效抗生素后治愈,2例出现坐骨神经损伤,2例出现股骨头坏死。手术结果复位按Matta标准评定：解剖复位（移位〈1mm）36例,满意复位（移位1～3mm）8例,不满意复位（移位〉3ram）5例。关节功能按Merle d＇Aubigne和Postel标准评定：优32例,良12例,可4例,差1倒,总分（15．3±2．5）。结论：采用单一的手术入路只能解决一部分类型的髋臼复杂型四方区骨折,更多的需要采用联合入路,改良的Stoppa入路结合髂腹股沟前入路或者结合前柱髋臼螺钉通常是解决复杂型四方区骨折移位有效的手术入路,临床疗效满意。     

髂腹股沟入路手术治疗髋臼骨折

目的 探讨应用髂腹股沟入路手术治疗髂臼骨折的实用性。方法 应用该切口手术治疗髋臼前方骨折18例，采用髋臼钢板或钢丝张力带固定，结果 12例达解剖复位，5例满意复位，平均随访3年，髋关节功能优良率77.8%。结论 髂腹股沟入路是手术治疗髋臼前柱骨折的较理想的入路。     

经髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折18例初步体会

[目的]探讨经髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折的临床效果。[方法]自1998~2005年,切开复位内固定治疗有移位的髋臼骨折50例,其中18例经髂腹股沟入路。术后早期行CPM训练。[结果]本组2例伤口有渗出、换药2周后愈合;2例复位不满意,1年后出现骨性关节炎的X线表现,目前对日常生活无大影响,未做处理;1例螺钉误入髋臼;术中未发生血管神经损伤;骨折复位的效果采用Matta影像学评估标准,优15例,良2例,一般1例。[结论]髂腹股沟入路适合于髋臼前壁、前柱骨折及部分双柱、T形和横行骨折的切开复位。只要仔细操作,可以避免可能发生的并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.