应用FibroTouch技术评价2型糖尿病患者肝脏脂肪变和纤维化程度及二者相关性

目的:应用FibroTouch技术评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者肝脏脂肪变和纤维化程度及二者相关性。方法:将92例T2DM患者按病程分为两组:病程>10年(A组)46例;病程≤10年(B组)46例,正常对照组(C组)46例。应用FibroTouch技术对肝脏脂肪衰减参数和肝脏硬度值进行检测,获得肝脏脂肪衰减参数和肝脏硬度值。结果:A组和B组肝脏脂肪衰减参数和肝脏硬度值均明显大于C组(P均<0.05);A组肝脏脂肪衰减参数小于B组(P<0.05);A组肝脏硬度值大于B组(P<0.05)。A组、B组脂肪衰减的程度较C组增加(P均<0.05);A组脂肪衰减的程度较B组减低(P<0.05);A组、B组肝脏硬度的程度较C组增加(P均<0.05),A组肝脏硬度的程度较B组增加(P<0.05)。T2DM患者肝脏脂肪变和纤维化程度之间呈明显负相关性(r=-0.81,P<0.05)。结论:FibroTouch技术可以无创、方便、客观地评价T2DM患者肝脏脂肪变和纤维化程度,具有重要的临床价值。     

超声评价糖尿病肾病肾内动脉阻力指数异常及与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性研究

目的：运用彩色多普勒超声评价糖尿病肾病（DN）肾内动脉阻力指数（RI）异常及其与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法62例2型糖尿病肾病患者根据肾小球滤过率（GFR）分为三组：GFR≥90 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1为A组,60 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1≤GFR＜90 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1为B组（25例）,GFR＜60 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1为C组,同时选取25名健康志愿者为D组。运用彩色多普勒超声检测患者颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）及肾内动脉血流阻力指数（RI）。同时获得颈动脉血管重构指标：血管重构发生率、重构类型（正重构、负重构、无重构）。结果组间比较 A、B、C、D四组中,RI（F＝3.873,P＜0.05）及IMT（F＝4.329,P＜0.05）差异有统计学意义,其中A、B、C组RI及IMT均高于D组（P均＜0.05）,C组高于B组（P＜0.05）,B组高于A组（P＜0.05）;由Pearson相关分析得出,RI与IMT呈正相关关系（r＝0.48,P＜0.05）,与eGFR呈负相关关系（r＝-0.34,P＜0.05）;A组、B组、C组血管重构发生率均高于D组（P均＜0.05）,B组高于A组,C组高于B组（P均＜0.05）。血管重构类型：A、B、C、D四组中负性重构随GFR降低逐渐递增,但只有C、D组差异有统计学意义（P 均＜0.05）。D 组中血管重构类型以无重构为主,A、B、C 组中血管重构类型均以正性重构为主;根据ROC曲线,RI＞0.73为判定DN患者肾功能严重受损的截断参考值,其敏感性为81%,特异性为88%。在此参考值之上 IMT 明显增厚,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论彩色多普勒超声获取肾内动脉 RI可评价糖尿病患者肾功能进展并反映其动脉粥样硬化情况,对糖尿病肾脏损害的早期诊断和动脉粥样硬化的预防有重要价值。     

氨基末端脑钠肽前体在慢性肾功能衰竭合并心力衰竭的诊断价值

目的通过观察人血清估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)与氨基末端脑钠肽(BNP)前体(NT-pro-BNP)之间的关系,比较慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)合并心力衰竭患者不同eGFR水平NT-pro-BNP的诊断临床界值,研究肾功能对NT-pro-BNP应用于心力衰竭诊断的影响。方法对老年CRF合并心力衰竭未透析患者52例及无心力衰竭29例和老年健康体检者30例(正常对照组)采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清NT-pro-BNP浓度,根据eGFR分组进行对比。结果 eGFR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、30～60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1心力衰竭组NT-pro-BNP水平均高于eGFR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、30～60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1无心力衰竭对照组和eGFR>60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1正常组(P<0.05),eGFR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、30～60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1无心力衰竭对照组NT-pro-BNP水平较eGFR>60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1正常组显著升高(P<0.05)。eGFR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1心力衰竭组与无心力衰竭对照组NT-pro-BNP水平较eGFR30～60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1心力衰竭组与无心力衰竭对照组高(t=2.530,P<0.05;t=2.158,P<0.05)。心力衰竭组和无心力衰竭对照组eGFR与NT-pro-BNP水平呈负相关(心力衰竭组r=-0354,P<0.05,对照组r=-0.520,P<0.01)。eGFR30～60ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1心力衰竭组ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.926,NT-pro-BNP410pmol/L作为临界值的敏感度为75.0%,特异度为92.9%;eGFR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1心力衰竭组AUC为0.950,NT-pro-BNP520pmol/L作为临界值的敏感度为82.1%,特异度为100.0%。结论 NT-pro-BNP水平与肾功能损害严重性微弱相关,在考虑肾功能的前提下可作为判断CRF患者是否合并心力衰竭的诊断指标。     

胱抑素C对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床价值探讨

目的探讨胱抑素C(Cystatin C,CysC)对于早期诊断糖尿病肾病的临床意义。方法检测81例2型糖尿病患者的CysC、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿蛋白、微量白蛋白和随意尿尿白蛋白/肌酐(ACR),根据估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR,MDRD公式计算)分为四组:A组eGFR≥90ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、B组eGFR60～89ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1、C组eGFR30～59ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1和D组eG-FR<30ml.min-1.(1.73m2)-1,比较各组上述指标的差异。计算eGFR与CysC、尿微量白蛋白和随意尿ACR的相关系数,绘制CysC、尿微量白蛋白和随意尿ACR的ROC曲线,比较AUC。结果与A组相比,Cy-sC从B组开始显著升高(P<0.01),而其他指标从C组才有明显变化;eGFR与CysC呈负相关,且相关性最大(相关系数-0.808);在糖尿病肾病的早中晚期,CysC的AUC都接近于1,在糖尿病肾病早期,CysC的AUC显著大于尿微量白蛋白及随意尿ACR(P<0.01)。结论在糖尿病肾病的早期,CysC的变化早于Scr、BUN、尿微量白蛋白和随意尿ACR,能更为准确地反映eGFR的变化,有较高的诊断效能,可能成为对糖尿病肾病早期诊断有价值的临床指标。     

彩色多普勒超声评价糖尿病肾病患者肾内动脉阻力指数与腹主动脉内中膜厚度相关关系

目的：应用彩色多普勒超声技术评价糖尿病肾病患者肾内动脉阻力指数（RI）与腹主动脉内-中膜厚度(A-IMT）的相关关系。方法：选取93例2型糖尿病肾病患者，根据肾小球滤过率（GFR）将其分为三组：GFR≥90 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1为B组(33例)，60 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1≤GFR＜90 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1为C组（31例），GFR＜60 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1为D组(29例)，同时选取35名健康自愿者为A组。应用彩色多普勒超声技术获得肾内动脉阻力指数和腹主动脉内-中膜厚度。结果：各组RI及A-IMT比较：B、C、D组高于A组(P均<0.05)，C、D组高于B组(P均<0.05)，D组高于C组(P均<0.05)。RI与A-IMT（r =0.90，P=0.00）、HbA1C（r=0.58，P=0.00）、Glu（r=0.66，P=0.00）、TC（r=0.42，P=0.00）、LDL（r=0.03，P=0.01）、Cr（r =0.64，P=0.00）、UA（r=0.54，P=0.00）呈正相关关系，与e GFR（r=－0.84，P=0.00）呈负相关关系。通过ROC曲线得出，RI=0.70为判定DN患者肾功能轻度受损（GFR<90(ml·min-1(1.73 m2)-1)）的截断参考值，其敏感性为84.1%，特异性为92.9%，在此参考值上A-IMT明显增厚，具有显著差异(P<0.05)。A-IMT及e GFR是肾动脉RI值的独立影响因素(P均<0.05)。结论：应用彩色超声多普勒技术可无创地获得DN患者肾内动脉RI值和腹主动脉内-中膜厚度，能够客观、便捷地评价DN患者微血管和大血管的受损情况，具有重要的临床意义。     

瞬时弹性成像评估不同程度脂肪肝的临床价值

目的 探讨瞬时弹性成像（FibroTouch）对不同程度脂肪肝的评估价值。方法 选取120例不同程度脂肪肝患者（轻、中、重度组分别为59、45、16例）,均行FibroTouch检测获得受控衰减参数和肝脏硬度;收集各组体质量指数、脂肪变性程度、甘油三酯、气球样变等一般资料;比较各组上述参数的差异。应用多元线性回归分析受控衰减参数的影响因素。结果 轻、中、重度组受控衰减参数分别为（245.56±17.62）dB/m、（286.97±23.49）dB/m和（342.82±20.55）dB/m,肝脏硬度分别为（4.6±0.9）kPa、（5.2±0.9）kPa、（9.0±1.3）kPa,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;轻、中、重度组受控衰减参数及肝脏硬度均依次增大,两两比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。各组体质量指数、脂肪变性程度、甘油三酯、气球样变比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。多元线性回归分析显示,体质量指数、脂肪变性程度、甘油三酯、气球样变、肝脏硬度均为受控衰减参数的影响因素（均P<0.05）。结论 FibroTouch可以准确评估不同程度...     

老年人肾功能与肺部感染的临床研究

目的 研究老年人肾功能损害与罹患肺部感染的关系.方法 选择年龄＞ 65岁老年患者224例,根据慢性肾脏病分期及估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)分为5组:≥90 ml/(min·1.73 m2)为对照组(A组)65例、60～89 ml/(min·1.73 m2)组(B组)55例、30 ～ 59 ml/(min·173 m2)组(C组)27例、15～29 ml/(min·1.73 m2)组(D组)28例和＜15 ml/(min·1.73 m2)组(E组)49例.采用Logistic回归分析肾功能与肺部感染之间的关系.结果 与A组比较10.8％ (7/65),C组63.0％ (17/27)(x2=26.95,P＜0.05),D组85.7％ (24/28) (x2 =49.46,P ＜0.05)及E组100％(49/49)(x2=89.00,P＜0.01)患者肺部感染发生率均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义.吸烟(Waldx2=17.66,P＜0.01),呼吸道基础疾病(Waldx2=14.38,P＜0.01),侵袭性操作史(Waldx2=4.50,P＜0.05),糖尿病(Waldx2=3.86,P＜0.05),住院满2周(Waldx2=18.18,P＜0.001),性别(Waldx2=4.12,P＜0.05),eGFR(Waldx2=13.57,P＜0.01)是老年人患呼吸道感染的危险因素.Logistic回归分析显示,调整影响肺部感染危险因素后,eGFR水平≥90 ml/(min·1.73m2)(Waldx2=0.053,P＞0.05),60 ～89 ml/(min·1.73 m2)(Waldx2=0.046,P＞0.05),30 ～ 59 ml/(minl·1.73 m2)(Waldx2=7.61,P＜0.05),15～29 ml/(min·1.73 m2)(Waldx2=4.38,P＜0.05),＜15 ml/(min·1.73 m2)(Waldx2=13.57,P＜0.01),罹患肺部感染风险随eGFR的降低而增加.结论 年龄＞65岁老年患者肾功能损害是其患肺部感染的一个独立危险因素.     

血清胱抑素 C、尿微量白蛋白联合检测在 2 型糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的价 值

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C、尿微量白蛋白联合检测在2型糖尿病肾病（DN）早期诊断中的价值.方法 将91例2型糖尿病患者,按内生肌酐清除率（CCr）分为DM1组（CCr≥85 mL·min-1· 1.73 m-2,45例）和DM2组（50 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2≤CCr＜85 mL·min-1· 1.73 m-2,46例）.另选健康体检者45例（健康组）.分别采用胶乳增强免疫比浊法、免疫比浊法及Jaffe’S动力学方法测定3组血清胱抑素C、尿微量白蛋白及血、尿肌酐,收集8h尿量测定肌酐清除率.结果 DM1组血清胱抑素C、尿微量白蛋白与健康组比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;DM2组血清胱抑素C及尿微量白蛋白值均明显高于健康组及DM1组（均P＜0.01）.3组肌酐及肌酐清除率比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.结论 血清胱抑素C、尿微量白蛋白联合检测有助于提高DN的早期诊断和检出率,对DN的预防和治疗有重要的价值.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者外周血 microRNA-155水平与肾小球滤过率的相关性研究

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病肾病（ type 2 diabetic nephropathy, T2DN）外周血微小 RNA（micro RNA,miRNA）-155水平与肾小球滤过率（ estimated Glomerular .ltration rate,eGFR）的相关性分析。方法　选取 2016年 4月～ 2019年 12月上海市市东医院收治的 132例 2型糖尿病肾病患者为研究对象,根据其 eGFR水平分为 A组（eGFR>90ml/ min/1.73m2）56例、B组（60ml/min/1.732 ≤ eGFR >90ml/min/1.73m2）48例、C组（eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2）28例,另选择同期健康体检者 40例作为对照组。检测所有研究对象血压、糖化血红蛋白 (glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、总胆固醇 (total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油 (triacylglycerol,TG)及血清肌酐、尿酸、清蛋白、尿素氮,以及细胞核因子 -κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）、可溶性细胞间黏附分子 -1（soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, sICAM-1）水平;分别采用 Pearson相关性分析和多元线性回归分析 miRNA-155与 eGFR之间相关性。结果　各组患者年龄、收缩压、 HbA1c, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALB, BUN, SCr以及 SUA差异均有统计学意义（ F/χ2=4.578～ 1 591.01,均 P<0.001）;糖尿病肾病 B, C组 miRNA-155, NF-κB以及 sICAM-1水平均高于对照组和 A组,eGFR低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（ F=9.56～ 628.83, 均 P<0.001）;与 B组比较, C组 miRNA-155, NF-κB以及 sICAM-1升高, eGFR下降,差异均有统计学意义（ t=5.202, 2.321, 5.698, 4.784, 均 P<0.001）。Pearson相关性分析显示 miRNA-155, NF-κB,sICAM-1均与 eGFR呈负相关 (r=-0.498, -0.514, -0.398, 均 P＜ 0.05);miRNA-155分别与 NF-κB, sICAM-1,HbA1c呈正相关（ r=0.489, 0.423, 0.212, 均 P＜ 0.05）。多元线性回归分析结果显示 miRNA-155, NF-κB和 sICAM-1是影响 eGFR独立影响因素（ t=2.626, 2.120, 1.569, 均 P<0.001）。结论　糖尿病肾病患者血清 miRNA-155, NF-κB,sICAM-1表达水平升高,且 miRNA-155表达水平与 eGFR存在显著负相关性。     

终末期肾脏病患者腹膜透析治疗时机与其生存率关系的初步探讨

目的 探讨终末期肾脏病腹膜透析治疗时机与患者生存率的关系.方法 选取上海交通大学附属上海第一人民医院肾内科自2004年1月1日～2011年12月31日间,以腹膜透析作为肾脏替代治疗方式的终末期肾脏病患者.通过MDRD公式估计患者透析起始eGFR值,并根据eGFR值将纳入实验的患者分为早透析组[eGFR＞6.5 ml/（min·1.73 m^2）]和晚透析组[eGFR＞6.5 ml/（min· 1.73 m^2）],分析2组患者透析起始时基线数据的差异,以及2组间生存率的关系. 结果 资料完整的177例患者平均年龄（59.02±13.21）岁,平均随访（46±24.77）月,透析起始eGFR中位数水平是6.5 ml/（min· 1.73 m^2）,68.22％患者于5～7.5 ml/（min·1.73 m^2）时才开始透析治疗.早透析组患者85例,透析起始时eGFR值（8.77±3.44） ml/（min·1.73 m^2）;晚透析组患者92例,透析起始时eGFR值（5.54±1.35）ml/min· （1.73 m^2）.对包括性别（χ^2=12.400,P=0.120）、年龄（t=-0.580,P=0.060）、BMI（t=0.450,P=0.55）、血红蛋白（t=0.740,P=0.590）、血白蛋白（t=-1.700,P=0.180）等基本资料统计分析发现,2组透析治疗起始时血肌酐（t=-10.270,P＜0.01）、BUN（t=-2.910,P＜0.01）、eGFR（t=10.050,P＜0.01）、糖尿病肾病（χ^2=7.540,P＜0.05）及并发糖尿病的比例（χ^2=2.600,P＜0.01）有统计学差异,余基线数据均未见明显差异.运用Ka-plan-Meier生存分析比较早、晚透析组患者的生存率,发现2组间的差异仍无统计学意义（χ^2=0.360,P=0.191）.结论 糖尿病肾病患者较其他患者更易接受早期透析治疗,然而终末期肾脏病患者腹膜透析治疗时机与患者生存率之间无明显相关关系.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.