感染性心内膜炎伴瓣膜病变的外科治疗

感染性心内膜炎伴瓣膜病变的外科治疗威海市立医院（２６４２００）张勇郭志勇滕和志訾捷林乐文万连壮１９９５年１月至１９９６年４月，我们对４例感染性心内膜炎伴瓣膜病变患者施行瓣膜置换术，取得满意疗效。现报告如下。１临床资料本组男１例，女３例；年龄１８～５６...     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）极易引起瓣膜毁损,合并充血性心力衰竭时,如单纯行内科保守治疗,其病死率高达７９％～８９％。１９９４～１９９８年,我院对１５例ＩＥ患者及时行手术治疗,取得了良好效果。现报告如下。资料与方法：本组男９例,女６例;年龄７～４２岁,平均...     

急性感染性心内膜炎早期瓣膜置换术

<正> 感染性心内膜炎的死亡率很高,但从以往研究证实,这种情况的并发症可用早期手术纠正。1977年至1985年蒙特利尔心脏研究所共治疗75例感染性心内膜炎。42例未手术治疗,余33例在六周抗菌素治疗完成前即行瓣膜替换术。21例为原自体瓣的内膜炎,10例为瓣膜置换术后感染心内膜炎及2例自体心内膜炎及术后感染双瓣联合置换。另6例在抗菌素稳定心内膜炎后行择期瓣膜置换术。     

人工生物瓣膜替换手术死因及并发症分析

目的：分析并了解人工生物瓣膜替换手术围术期主要的死亡原因及并发症。方法：收集７４５例人工生物瓣膜替换手术患者的原始临床病历资料，采用回顾性的分析方法进行总结。结果：围术期死亡率为１３．２％（９８／７４５）。围术期主要死因依次为：低心输出量综合征、心力衰竭（４７例），脑部并发症（１４例），严重室性心律失常（９例），肾功能衰竭（８例），人工瓣膜心内膜炎（５例），左心室破裂（３例）．围术期主要并发症依次为：低心输出量综合征、心力衰竭（５８例），二次开胸止血（２５例），脑部并发症（２１例），严重室性心律失常（１３例），肾功能衰竭（１０例），人工瓣膜心内膜炎（１０例），心包填塞（８例）。结论：低心输出量综合征、心力衰竭，脑部并发症，严重室性心律失常，肾功能衰竭和人工瓣膜心内膜炎是围术期人工生物瓣膜替换手术主要的并发症和死因。     

感染性心内膜炎合并动脉栓塞的临床研究（附16例报告）

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）合并动脉栓塞的临床特点及其诊治。方法对１６例该病进行临床资料分析。结果ＩＥ合并动脉栓塞发生率为３０．１９％,经治疗后,近期好转３例（１８．７５％）、无效出院３例（１８．７５％）、死亡１０例（６２．５％）。结论ＩＥ合并动脉栓塞除有一般ＩＥ的临床表现外,还存在不同部位栓塞的临床特点。ＩＥ合并动脉栓塞死亡率很高,积极的内科治疗或手术治疗是预防其发生的有效方法。     

感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的：报告感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法：７６例感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎患者，男５８例，女１８例，平均年龄３７．８±１１．３（１２～６０）岁。其中动脉血培养阳性４１例，阴性３５例。２７例（急性活动期）因急性心力衰竭或严重败血症等并发症而急症手术，４９例（慢性静止期）在抗生素治疗６周后择期手术。本组７６例患者行主动脉瓣替换术７４例；应用带瓣管道行主动脉根部、主动脉瓣替换和冠状动脉移植术２例。同期处理动脉导管未闭３例、佛氏窦瘤破裂＋心室间隔缺损６例、心室间隔缺损３例、二尖瓣关闭不全１１例和三尖瓣关闭不全５例。结果：７６例患者术后早期死亡５例（６．６％）：急性活动期２例，慢性静止期３例。术后平均随访４．１５年（１０个月～１０年），晚期死亡４例，其中２例死于人工瓣膜性心内膜炎。结论：感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎手术时机的掌握对治疗效果至关重要，急症手术并不增加手术死亡率。     

瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎诊疗现况

瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎是瓣膜置换术后危及患者生命的严重的并发症,与自然瓣膜心内膜炎比较,在致病菌、诊断治疗和预后等方面都具有其特殊性.本文对瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎诊疗现况作一综述.     

瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎诊疗现况

瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎是瓣膜置换术后危及患者生命的严重的并发症，与自然瓣膜心内膜炎比较，在致病菌、诊断治疗和预后等方面都具有其特殊性。本文对瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎诊疗现况作一综述。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的：探讨感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）的诊断及外科治疗。方法：我院从１９８６年１１月至１９９６年５月，外科治疗感染心内膜炎患者１６例，其中男性１２例，女性４例。手术方法：全麻低温体外循环急诊换瓣手术７例（主动脉瓣替换５例，主动脉瓣＋二尖瓣替换１例，主动脉瓣替换＋膜部心室间隔缺损涤沦补片修补１例）；择期换瓣手术９例（主动脉瓣替换７例，二尖瓣替换２例）。切除瓣周感染组织，对散在于心室间隔和腱索上难以切除的微小赘生物电灼，术毕抗生素溶液冲洗心腔。结果：全组１６例。急诊手术７例，其中术后死亡１例（死亡率１４．３％），死亡原因为多器官衰竭；择期手术９例，无手术死亡。结论：反复多次血培养结合超声心动图检查，可使ＩＥ诊断阳性率大大提高。尽早手术是对部分ＩＥ患者治疗的基本原则，无法控制的感染和心力衰竭是尽早手术治疗的最佳适应证。     

静脉药瘾者继发金黄色葡萄球菌性心内膜炎三例

静脉药瘾者继发金黄色葡萄球菌性心内膜炎三例罗雅玲刘久山贲立恒静脉药瘾者（ＩＶＤＡ），易发生血源性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎、败血症，甚至感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）。我院近几年收治ＩＶＤＡ患ＩＥ３例，报告如下。例１男，２２岁。因畏寒、发热、咳嗽、咳痰半个月入院。患...     

Mitral valve repair in patients with infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: The goal of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of mitral valvle repair in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one patients who had undergone mitral valve surgery for IE were reviewed. Valve repair was performed in 8 patients with active and in 6 patients with healed endocarditis: 6 of these 14 patients were New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV preoperatively. Valve replacement was performed in 5 patients with active endocarditis and in 2 with healed endocarditis: 6 of these 7 patients were NYHA functional class III or IV preoperatively. Repair techniques included annuloplasty (n=13), resection-suture (n=13), chordal transfer (n=2), and closure of the perforation (n=3). In the valve replacement group, 6 patients required concomitant aortic valve replacement. In the valve repair group, 1 patient died and 1 patient required reoperation for recurrent mitral regurgitation. Postoperative echocardiography demonstrated no (n=8) or mild (n=4) mitral regurgitation at the last follow-up examination. In the valve replacement group, 1 patient died and 1 patient required reoperation because of a paravalvular leak. No cases of recurrent infection occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair in patients with IE is feasible and has low morbidity.     

Valve replacement in patients with active infective endocarditis

Eleven of 138 patients with infective endocarditis (IE) who underwent cardiac valve replacement for IE during a 12 1/2-year period had active IE. Eight of the 11 (all with aortic IE) had positive blood cultures within 48 hours preoperatively; six of the eight had positive Gram stains and cultures of the excised cardiac tissue. All 11 patients had Class IV cardiac functional disability (New York Heart Association classification) at the time of surgery. Staphylococci (three patients with Staphylococcus aureus and one with S. epidermidis) were the most frequent isolates. Three patients died; two of these three deaths occurred in patients who had a sudden onset preoperatively of severe aortic regurgitation and heart failure. In one patient (S. epidermidis infection) prosthetic valve endocarditis developed. Cardiac valve replacement may be performed successfully in patients with active IE even when blood cultures are positive in the immediate perioperative period. The hemodynamic status of patients with IE should be the determining factor in the timing of cardiac valve replacement, rather than the activity of the infection or the length of preoperative antimicrobial therapy. A radical surgical procedure may be necessary in patients with myocardial or aortic abscesses in whom conventional aortic valve replacement is not possible.     

Infective endocarditis in opiate addicts: analysis of 80 cases studied at necropsy

Eighty opiate addicts were studied at necropsy. Fifty-nine patients had anatomic evidence of active infective endocarditis (IE); 11 had healed IE; and 10 had both. Of the 80 patients, the first episode of IE involved a single right-sided cardiac valve in 24 patients (30%); both a right- and a left-sided valve in 13 patients (16%); a single left-sided valve in 33 patients (41%); and both left-sided valves in 10 patients (13%). Of the 320 cardiac valves in the 80 patients, 103 were sites of vegetations, an average of 1.3 of the 4 valves. Of the 80 patients, the tricuspid valve was infected in 35 (44%), mitral in 34 (43%), aortic in 32 (40%) and pulmonic in 2 (3%). Of the 103 infected cardiac valves, the infection caused sufficient damage to cause dysfunction in 70 (68%): in 28 (88%) of 32 infected aortic valves; in 22 (63%) of 35 infected tricuspid valves; in 19 (56%) of the 34 infected mitral valves; and in 1 of the 2 infected pulmonic valves. Of the 80 patients, 57 (71%) had sufficient valvular damage to cause valvular dysfunction. Of the 80 patients, gross examination of the valves at necropsy indicated that the infected valve almost certainly had been anatomically normal in 65 patients (81%) and abnormal in 15 patients (19%) before the onset of IE. Of the 65 patients with previously anatomically normal valves, 86 (33%) of their 260 cardiac valves were sites of infection (average 1.3 valves/patient); of the 15 patients with infection superimposed on a previously abnormal valve, the infection in each involved previously abnormal valves (21 in the 15 patients) or 17 (28%) of their 60 cardiac valves were sites of infection (average 1.1 valve/patient). Of the 15 patients with abnormal cardiac valves before the infection, 7 had congenitally bicuspid aortic valves and 8 had diffuse fibrous thickening of the mitral valve typical of rheumatic heart disease with (6 patients) or without (2 patients) diffuse fibrous thickening of tricuspid aortic valves. Of the 80 patients, 42 (53%) died during their first episode of active IE, 17 (21%) underwent operative excision with or without valve replacement during the active IE, and in 21 patients (26%) the first episode of active IE healed. In 10 of the latter 21 patients, active IE recurred and was fatal. A total of 19 patients had cardiac valve excision with or without replacement, 17 during active IE and 2 after healing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Making the Cut: Perspectives on the Surgical Management of Infective Endocarditis Among People Who Use Intravenous Drugs

In this article we review the perspectives in the literature around surgical treatment for infective endocarditis (IE) in people who use intravenous drugs (PUID). PUID are at increased risk for IE; however, controversy exists regarding how to best manage these patients. We explore the outcomes for surgical treatment in PUID with IE, contrasting these with patients with IE who do not use drugs. We describe some of the perspectives in the literature around second valve replacement for PUID with IE, arguing that moralistic arguments are not on the basis of evidence and perpetuate the stigma experienced by PUID who seek treatment for IE. Finally, we explore the role of substance use interventions in the treatment of PUID with IE, and advocate for further evidence. PUID with IE are a highly stigmatized patient subgroup for whom best practice management strategies are not always implemented, emphasizing the need for further research and advocacy.     

心脏瓣膜术后Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞的临床分析

目的 探讨心脏瓣膜术后Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（Ⅲ°AVB）的发生原因、影响因素及相关治疗措施.方法 回顾性分析我院2000年1月至2008年12月3674例心脏瓣膜术后9例发生持续性Ⅲ°AVB并行永久性起搏器置入术患者的临床资料.心脏病因：风湿性心脏瓣膜病2例,感染性心内膜炎2例,主动脉瓣二叶畸形2例（其中合并感染性心内膜炎1例）,退行性主动脉瓣病变1例,先天性房室管畸形1例（既往有心脏手术史）,二尖瓣脱垂及非对称性肥厚性心肌病各1例.行主动脉瓣置换4例、二尖瓣置换2例、二尖瓣置换及三尖瓣成形1例、Bentall术1例、左室流出道疏通及二尖瓣置换1例.结果 本组9例患者,术后早期出现Ⅲ°AVB 7例,术后24～48 h出现Ⅲ°AVB 1例,术后4年出现Ⅲ°AVB 1例.出现Ⅲ°AVB持续时间超过2～3周不能恢复者,均行永久性起搏器置入术,其中采用DDD起搏器4例、VVI起搏器5例.无晚期死亡患者.结论 心脏瓣膜术后出现Ⅲ°AVB大多发生于术后早期,与手术部位有一定关系.术中注重心脏瓣膜结构与房室结及传导束的解剖关系,是预防术后出现Ⅲ°AVB的关键.Ⅲ°AVB持续时间超过2～3周者需行永久性起搏器置入术.     

Conservative mitral valve surgery in the treatment of mitral regurgitation due to infective endocarditis. Report of 21 cases

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the feasibility of mitral valve repair in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-seven patients operated for mitral endocarditis between 1995 and 2005; 21 underwent mitral valve repair. The repair was performed for acute endocarditis in seven patients at a median of 14 days after the onset of treatment and 14 patients for healed endocarditis after a median of six months. RESULTS: Mitral valve repair was feasible in 21 patients (45%). This repair involved mitral annuloplasty in 16 patients (76%), shortening or transposition of chordae in 10 patients (48%), a pericardial patch in five patients (24%), and suture of perforation in two patients (9%). Associated procedures were aortic valve replacement in seven patients and tricuspid annuloplasty in two. There were no operative deaths. The mean follow up was five years (one to 11). One patient was reoperated for severe mitral regurgitation and another had a stroke due to cerebrovascular embolism in the first postoperative years. No recurrence of infectious endocarditis occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair in IE gives satisfactory results in terms of survival and symptomatic improvement with a low operative risk. With antibiotic therapy, it provides a cure of mitral lesions even when carried out in the acute phase of endocarditis. Finally, it feasible in several cases with excellent results.     

Contribution of echocardiography and immediate surgery to the management of severe aortic regurgitation from active infective endocarditis

The timing of surgery in patients with severe aortic regurgitation and left ventricular (LV) failure, particularly when associated with active infective endocarditis (IE), is of the utmost importance. From July 1982 to May 1984, 34 patients, aged 15 to 60 years, with severe aortic regurgitation underwent immediate (within 24 hours of diagnosis) aortic valve surgery. All patients were in New York Heart Association class IV for LV failure. Eighteen patients had right-sided heart failure. Decision for immediate surgery was based on the echocardiographic demonstration of diastolic closure of the mitral valve or of vegetations on the aortic valve. Premature closure of the mitral valve was demonstrated echocardiographically in 17 patients, 13 of whom had diastolic crossover of LV and left atrial pressure tracings recorded at surgery. IE of the aortic valve was confirmed at surgery in 29 patients, 27 of whom had vegetations on echocardiography. Seven patients required replacement of both aortic and mitral valves. Antibiotic therapy for IE was started immediately after blood cultures were taken and continued for 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively. The mortality rate within 30 days of surgery was 6% for the group as a whole and 7% for those with IE. Mean follow-up period for the 32 survivors was 10.6 months. There were 2 late deaths. No patient had periprosthetic regurgitation or persistence of endocarditis. Procrastination in referral for surgery of these extremely ill patients is not justified and is likely to be associated with higher risks of morbidity and mortality.     

Infective endocarditis following transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has recently emerged as a less invasive alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in high risk patients. Although several procedures have been performed worldwide, infective endocarditis (IE) has been reported to be a rare TAVI complication, nevertheless if IE occurs it represents a life-threatening condition and treatment is challenging. TAVI-IE are thus normally treated conservatively by targeted antibiotic therapy with a high reported mortality (40%). Surgical explant represent the definitive strategy but, the intervention is at a high risk (risk of complication 87%, with an in hospital mortality of about 47%). In the present paper, we report the case of a 71-year-old patient affected by an early endocarditis after TAVI (TAVI-IE) treated at our Institution by surgical explant. The case highlights a paradox: if TAVI procedures are indicated over traditional surgical valve replacement in treatment of high surgical risk patients, what should be the best management when TAVI-IE occurs in these same population of patients?     

Infective endocarditis following percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement: Diagnostic challenges and application of intra-cardiac echocardiography

Background

Infective endocarditis (IE) following percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement (PPVR) with the Melody valve is rarely reported. Furthermore, there are challenges in this diagnosis; especially echocardiographic evidence of vegetation within the prosthesis may be difficult.

Method and result

This study is a retrospective review of all patients with Melody valve implantation in a tertiary centre. Between November 2006 and November 2012, 43 procedures were performed in 42 patients (mean age 25 years, 6–67 years). At a median follow-up of 27 months (2–66 months), six patients were suspected for IE. However, repeated transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed no evidence of IE and the patients were diagnosed as possible cases according to the modified Duke's criteria. Two patients did not respond to antibiotic treatment and underwent intra-cardiac echocardiography (ICE), which clearly demonstrated vegetations. These two cases required surgical explantation, while the other four patients were treated medically without complications.

Conclusion

IE after Melody valve implantation is uncommon, but difficult to verify since TTE and TEE often cannot demonstrate vegetations inside the stent. ICE should be considered in suspected cases of IE following PPVR with negative TTE and TEE examinations in order to early tailor the best treatment for the individual patient suspected for IE.     

Subacute infectious endocarditis due to the agent of cat scratch fever: Bartonella henselae

The diagnosis of severe mitral stenosis with left atrial thrombus was rectified at valvular replacement in a 48-year old immuno-competent man who was a cat owner. The mass in the left atrium was, in fact, a large endocarditic vegetation. Pre- and postoperative blood cultures were negative as was culture of the excised mitral valve. The diagnosis of infectious endocarditis (IE) due to Bartonella Henselae was made from a positive serological test (1600) and identification of the germ by genetic amplification. Antibiotic therapy was continued for 6 months and the patient was cured with a follow-up of 4 years. Bartonella Henselae IE is very rare (14 reported cases) and affects mainly the aortic valve, often giving rise to very large vegetations which, in half the cases, are complicated by systemic emboli. Germs like Batonella are sensitive to most antibiotics, especially the aminosides and macrolides. In Bartonella Henselae IE, valve replacement is the rule (13 out of 14 cases) and the prognosis is usually good. Sero-diagnosis of Bartonellosis should be part of the systematic investigation of all blood culture negative IE.