急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后早期神经功能恶化的研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者急性期内静脉溶栓后24 h内疗效及早期神经功能恶化(END)的发生率。方法 收集急性脑梗死患者,比较溶栓组(n=118)和非溶栓组(n=51)患者的基线资料、评价指标(包括入院时NIHSS评分、入院后24 h NIHSS评分、入院24 h内早期神经功能恶化的发生率等)。结果(1)非溶栓组24 h后NIHSS评分与入院时NIHSS评分无明显差异(Z=-0.086,P=0.932),溶栓组入院后24 h NIHSS评分小于入院时NIHSS评分(Z=-4.629,P=0.001);(2)溶栓组与非溶栓组比较,无论在END(SymbolcA@²=1.989,P=0.158)还是症状性出血(P=0.699)、脑梗死进展(P=0.176)、脑水肿(P=1.000)均没有明显差异。结论 急性脑梗死静脉溶栓能有效改善早期脑梗死症状,同时不增加早期神经功能恶化的发生率。     

急性脑梗死超早期尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗体会

目的观察中等剂量尿激酶在急性脑梗死超早期静脉溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性。方法选择发病在6h内的急性脑梗死患者47例,随机分为治疗组23例,对照组24例,治疗组一次性应用尿激酶75万～100万U静脉溶栓治疗。观察溶栓后1d、7d、14d2组神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS）变化。以溶栓后出血转化、24h内再梗死及死亡等作为安全指标。结果 2组治疗前后NIHSS评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,治疗组24h内出血转化1例,对照组再梗死1例,死亡1例。结论中等剂量尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗超早期急性期脑梗死临床疗效显著、安全。     

血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及预后的影响

目的探讨降血压对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者脑血流及短期预后的影响。方法选取我科收治合并高血压的急性脑梗死(ACI)患者86例为研究对象,入院后行阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,随机分为观察组及对照组,观察组入院后继续应用降压药物,维持血压120～140/80～90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),对照组血压低于180/100mmHg时不降压,1周后启动降压治疗。观察2组患者静脉溶栓后梗死侧脑血流、梗死体积变化,NIHSS评分变化,出血并发症、90d良好预后(mRS≤2)。结果观察组脑血流较对照组降低,但差异无统计学意义;梗死体积、NIHSS评分变化、出血并发症及90d良好预后的患者和对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓后及时降压治疗,没有明显降低梗死侧脑血流,没有扩大脑梗死体积,对患者的短期预后无明显影响,但控制血压可能降低溶栓后出血转化。     

颈内动脉系统超急性期脑梗死不同时间窗动、静脉溶栓的对比分析

目的 关注颈内动脉系统超急性期脑梗死的溶栓治疗,探讨起病3～6 h动脉溶栓与3 h内静脉溶栓的疗效差异并比较其安全性.方法 选择发病6 h内的颈内动脉系统超急性脑梗死患者66例,其中38例起病3 h内的患者予静脉溶栓治疗(采用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)0.9 mg/kg静脉溶栓),28例起病3～6 h的患者予动脉溶栓治疗(经股动脉穿刺,经微导管对梗死部位接触性给予rt-PA,总量为0.6 mg/kg).对两组患者治疗前和治疗后2 h、24 h、7 d的神经功能缺损程度评分(NIHSS)以及治疗前和治疗后7 d、90 d的Barthel指数(BI)进行比较,并记录两组的不良事件.结果两组治疗后2 h、24 h、7 d的NIHSS评分与治疗后7 d、90 d的BI评分均较治疗前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各时间点NIHSS评分与BI评分在动脉溶栓组与静脉溶栓组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组不良事件发生率相当.结论 对于颈内动脉系统超急性期脑梗死,3 h内予静脉溶栓具有与3～6 h动脉溶栓相当的疗效,且未增加出血、死亡等不良事件的发生率.在具备介入治疗条件的单位,针对3～6 h起病的合并大动脉病变的急性脑梗死患者,动脉溶栓治疗可能是理想的治疗策略.     

阿替普酶与尿激酶治疗急性轻型脑梗死的疗效及安全性分析

目的分析阿替普酶与尿激酶治疗急性轻型脑梗死的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性收集2018-03—2019-06在保定市第一中心医院神经内四科住院的急性轻型脑梗死患者73例,均接受静脉溶栓治疗。根据所用溶栓药物分为阿替普酶组41例,尿激酶组32例。通过分析2组患者静脉溶栓后2 h、24 h、3 d、7 d NIHSS评分及治疗期间的出血、早期神经功能恶化、纤维蛋白原减少、死亡等不良事件,分析两种静脉溶栓方案对于急性轻型脑梗死患者的疗效及安全性。结果阿替普酶组静脉溶栓后2 h、24 h、3 d、7 d NIHSS评分分别为2(1,3)、1(1,4)、1(1,4)、1(0,3.5),均低于其基线NIHSS评分3(1.5,4),差异均有统计学意义(分别为P=0.016、0.039、0.042、0.006);尿激酶组静脉溶栓后7 d NIHSS评分为1(0,3),低于其基线NIHSS评分2(1.3,4),差异有统计学意义(P=0.013)。阿替普酶组与尿激酶组静脉溶栓后2 h、24 h、3 d、7 d NIHSS评分差异均无统计学意义(分别为P=0.734、0.897、0.852、0.864),且2组患者出血并发症及总不良事件的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论尿激酶与阿替普酶治疗急性轻型脑梗死均有效,且疗效及安全性相当。     

伴癫痫发作急性脑梗死静脉溶栓治疗的初步探讨

目的：探讨急性脑梗死合并癫痫发作患者静脉溶栓治疗的方法。方法收集23例伴癫痫发作及同期23例不伴有癫痫发作脑梗死患者的临床资料,均予静脉溶栓治疗。比较合并癫痫组和对照组患者溶栓前、溶栓后24 h和溶栓后2周的美国国立卫生院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分。结果23例伴癫痫发作患者中,21例溶栓后无明显出血,2例出现梗死区少量渗血,对症处理后出血吸收。合并癫痫组和对照组患者比较,溶栓前、溶栓后24 h和溶栓后2周NIHSS评分的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论急性脑梗死患者发病时合并癫痫发作不是溶栓的绝对禁忌证,可结合发病时间、NIHSS评分及磁共振（M RI）谨慎进行。     

多模式MRI指导的急性期脑梗死rt-PA静脉溶栓后的出血转化及相关因素分析

目的探讨多模式MRI指导的颈内动脉系统急性期脑梗死患者接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓后发生出血转化的相关危险因素。方法对103例急性期颈内动脉系统脑梗死患者在标准时间窗(4.5h内)进行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗。观察患者性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、高血压病、糖尿病、房颤、血脂、NIHSS评分及ASPECT评分与溶栓后出血的相关性。结果溶栓后发生出血转化的患者共17例,其中症状性脑出血患者有5例,占所有溶栓患者的4.85%、所有出血患者的29.41%。溶栓后脑出血与房颤、NIHSS评分及ASPECT评分均有相关性(P<0.05)。结论有房颤、NIHSS评分高及ASPECT评分低者行rt-PA静脉溶栓容易发生出血转化。     

超早期超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效

目的探讨超早期超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床效果,以期提高临床诊治水平。方法选取2010-01—2015-01 82例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,分成2组,均经超早期选择性动脉溶栓治疗,观察组41例,超早期(6h)治疗,对照组41例,在6~24h治疗,观察治疗后在相关指标变化。结果对照组显效率34.15%,总有效率78.05%,血管再通率51.22%,出血转化率29.27%;观察组显效率51.22%,总有效率90.24%,血管再通率82.93%,出血转化率9.76%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组治疗后较治疗前在血液流变学高切、低切和Fib、ADL均有改善,治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),治疗后2组间以上指标差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。2组治疗前NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后2h、24h、1周、2周较治疗前有改善,治疗后2h、24h、1周、2周比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论超早期超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床效果显著,能提高血管再通,降低出血转化。     

体外溶栓试验确定急性脑梗死治疗中rt-PA用量的研究

目的应用体外溶栓试验确定急性脑梗死重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓剂量,了解个体化rt-PA治疗的有效性及安全性。方法对发病6h内的急性脑梗死(ACI)患者,根据体外溶栓试验中处于溶栓状态的rt-PA剂量作为个体化溶栓治疗剂量,进行溶栓治疗,监测患者溶栓前及溶栓后24h自然状态体外血栓长度、湿质量,并于溶栓前和溶栓后2h、24h、10d进行临床神经功能缺损评分,监测并发症,并与非溶栓组比较。结果不同患者应用rt-PA溶栓治疗剂量不同,介于0.6~0.8mg;不同浓度rt-PA状态下体外血栓长度不同,随浓度增加呈逐渐缩短趋势(P0.05);溶栓后24h体外血栓长度、湿质量与溶栓前相比均降低(P0.05);2组患者治疗前NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后NIHSS评分均呈下降趋势,溶栓组溶栓后各时间点NIHSS评分均低于非溶栓组(P0.05);全部病例均无出血并发症发生。结论应用体外溶栓试验确定rt-PA用量行急性脑梗死个体化溶栓治疗安全有效。     

阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中后出血性转化的影响因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)经阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗后出血性转化(HT)的影响因素。方法选取2015-01—2017-07作者医院收治的经阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗的AIS患者348例,根据阿替普酶静脉溶栓后是否发生HT将患者分为出血组和未出血组。回顾性收集所有研究对象的临床资料(人口统计学、血管危险因素和实验室检查指标等),采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨ALS经阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗后发生HT的独立危险因素。结果出血组32例,未出血组316例。两组患者间基线血糖、基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、发病至静脉溶栓治疗时间、心房颤动史、溶栓24h后收缩压以及抗血小板药物服用史差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基线血糖(OR=3.781,95%CI:1.851~11.765)、基线NIHSS评分(OR=2.678,95%CI:1.384~10.441)、发病至静脉溶栓治疗时间(OR=2.436,95%CI:1.324~4.488)、心房颤动史(OR=4.538,95%CI:2.036~14.132)和溶栓24h后收缩压(OR=1.581,95%CI:1.071~6.415)是发生HT的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论基线血糖、基线NIHSS评分、发病至静脉溶栓治疗时间、心房颤动史和溶栓24h后收缩压是脑梗死患者静脉溶栓后发生HT的危险因素。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]