血浆瘦素与体重指数和脂肪分布的关系

目的探讨血浆瘦素水平与体重指数和脂肪分布的关系。方法对100例肥胖者(男性52例,女性48例)和71非肥胖者(男性38例,女性33例)用免疫放射法测定血浆瘦素水平,测量身高、体重,计算体重指数(BMI)。对其中19例肥胖者(男12例,女7例),15例非肥胖者(男6例,女9例)经CT扫描测量腹部内脏和皮下脂肪面积,分析瘦素与肥胖程度和脂肪分布的关系。结果血浆瘦素水平性别差异显著(P<0.001),女性是男性的2～3倍;瘦素与体重指数呈正相关(男r=0.6772,P<0.01;女r=0.7191,P<0.01)。经CT扫描测量皮下和内脏脂肪面积,瘦素水平与皮下脂肪面积的正相关(r=0.8238,P<0.01),与腹部内脏脂肪面积无明显相关性(r=0.2118,P>0.05)。结论肥胖者血浆瘦素升高,瘦素水平不仅与肥胖程度有关,还与脂肪分布有关。     

超声测量的内脏脂肪厚度和代谢综合征的关系

目的 探讨由超声测量的内脏脂肪厚度(VFT)评价内脏性肥胖的价值及其和代谢综合征(MS)的关系.方法 收集了2005-03-12在我院体检中心符合入选标准的可用资料210份,测定MS相关的人体指标测量、空腹血生化检查和经超声测量内脏脂肪厚度.根据国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)MS标准,分成MS组及非MS组.结果 VFT和腰围(WC)呈正相关(男r=0.61,P=0.01;女r=0.60,P=0.01),MS组VFT明显大于非MS组,男性MS组为(49.4±14.6)mm与非MS组(37.1±14.9)mm比较,女性MS组(34.5±9.4)mm与非MS组(24.6±8.7)mm比较,两者差异均有非常显著性(P=0.01).VFT与收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与胰岛素敏感性指数(INSI)呈负相关(男性r=-0.309,女性r=-0.433,P＜0.01),男性VFT与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关(r=-0.249,P＜0.01),女性VFT与胆固醇(TC)呈正相关(r=0.255,P=0.065).逐步法多元线性回归分析显示,男性VFT和WC、SBP、载脂蛋白B(apoB)呈正相关,和HDL-C呈负相关,相关系数分别为(r=6.746,2.75,2.86,-2.03,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);女性VFT和体重指数(BMI)和HOMA-IR呈正相关,相关系数分别为(r=3.60,2.98,P＜0.01);而无论男女,WC和皮下脂肪仅仅和BMI呈正相关.MS发病率随着VFT的增加而增加(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).经超声测量的VFT诊断MS的ROC曲线下面积男性0.74,女性0.79,最佳切点值男性43.5 mm,女性23.8 mm.结论 经超声测量的VFT是一项简便、可靠和实用的评价内脏性肥胖的指标.并认为VFT大于此切点,即可推断存在有MS.     

孕妇腹围及宫高增长值的探讨

我们测量了400例足月单胎初产妇腹围及宫底高度,现就腹围增加及宫高与新生儿体重的关系分析如下。 一、资料与方法 1.测量对象:年龄21～35岁,孕龄38～42周,单胎、初孕妇。 2.测量时间:孕前测量腹围,临产测量腹围及宫高,分娩后测新生儿体重。 3.方法:①孕前测量腹围:排空膀胱,用软尺沿脐平测量1周。②临产测腹围及宫高:排空膀胱,平卧检查床上,两下肢伸直,在无宫缩时测量。宫高测量点为耻骨联合上缘中点和子宫底的最高点,用塑料软尺沿腹壁呈弧形测量。③腹围测量:用软尺平脐测     

2型糖尿病与良性前列腺增生症的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)与良性前列腺增生症(BPH)发生与进展的相关性.方法 随机选择男性T2DM患者177例和男性正常对照组225例.测量血压、身高、体重,计算体重指数(BMI).并检测空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)水平.采用经腹部超声测量前列腺体积.结果 ①与正常对照组相比,T2DM组的BMI、收缩压、FPG、TG、TC、LDL-C、前列腺体积和PSA水平显著升高,但HDL-C水平较低(P<0.01).②T2DM组前列腺体积增大的发生率明显高于正常对照组,有极显著性差异(P＜0.001).③前列腺体积与FPG(r=0.189,P<0.05)和血清PSA水平呈正相关(r=0.270,P<0.001),与舒张压(r=-0.151,P<0.05)、TC(r=-0.186,P<0.05)、LDL-C(r=-0.208,P<0.01)呈负相关.结论 T2DM是BPH发生与进展的危险因素.     

青年人心周脂肪体积和体重指数与重度冠状动脉狭窄的关系

目的:采用256层螺旋计算机断层摄影术(CT)定量测量心周脂肪体积,评价心周脂肪体积及体重指数与青年人重度冠状动脉狭窄的关系。方法:选取我院行CT冠状动脉造影(CTA)检查的45岁以下冠状动脉主支存在重度狭窄患者75例为病变组,75例冠状动脉正常者为对照组。分别记录两组患者的身高、体重,计算出体重指数,并将影像数据传至工作站,通过后处理软件测量心外膜脂肪体积、心包膜外脂肪体积及心周脂肪体积,并对心外膜脂肪体积、心包膜外脂肪体积及心周脂肪体积,三者间分别进行相关性分析。结果:病变组的体重指数(28.169±2.203)kg/m~2和心周脂肪体积(178.676±55.313)ml明显高于对照组[(24.960±3.041)kg/m2、(99.061±32.316)ml],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。将病变组及对照组患者分别按照性别进一步分组后无论男性还是女性病变组的心周脂肪体积明显大于对照组(P0.01)。心外膜脂肪体积与心包膜外脂肪体积、心外膜脂肪体积与心周脂肪体积、心包膜外脂肪体积与心周脂肪体积间均存在明显相关性(分别为r=0.837,P0.001;r=0.971,P0.001;r=0.944,P0.001)。结论:青年人心周脂肪体积及体重指数与重度冠状动脉狭窄显著相关。     

基于IDEAL-IQ序列精准定量腹部脂肪体积技术的临床应用

目的研究基于IDEAL-IQ序列脂肪分量图精准定量腹部脂肪体积的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性收集2018年5月至2020年9月深圳市宝安区中心医院行IDEAL-IQ序列检查82例患者的腰围、体重,序列所得脂肪分量像利用AW4.6后处理工作站Reformat功能处理,半自动提取患者L2、L3椎体水平内脏脂肪及皮下脂肪,二者相加得出相应层面腹部脂肪体积。 结果82例患者年龄(40.4±10.9)岁,体重(74.9±9.5)kg,腰围(92.9±8.9)cm。L2椎体水平内脏脂肪体积(555.33±177.38)cm³、皮下脂肪体积(497.59±207.53)cm³、腹部脂肪体积(1052.91±305.81)cm³。L3椎体水平内脏脂肪体积(552.50±184.39)cm³、皮下脂肪体积(564.01±213.65)cm³、腹部脂肪体积(1086.51±330.24)cm³。L2、L3椎体水平腹部脂肪体积与体重中等相关(r＝0.629,0.671,P<0.01)。L2、L3椎体水平腹部脂肪体积与腰围相关性较高(r＝0.771,0.805,P<0.01)。 结论IDEAL-IQ序列快捷、准确、无创、安全,辅以后处理功能,提供了一种半自动精准定量体内脂肪含量的技术,有望替代传统CT扫描成为临床对于体内脂肪含量及分布更佳的观察、随访方式。     

我国中青年男性腹部脂肪分布CT定量测量的研究

目的探讨我国中青年男性腹部脂肪分布特征。方法采用定量CT测量62名男性脐上11cm至脐下8cm共20个层面总脂肪面积(TFA)、腹腔内脂肪面积(VFA)、皮下脂肪面积(SFA),并计算总腹部脂肪体积(TTFV)、总腹腔内脂肪体积(TVFV)、总腹部皮下脂肪体积(TSFV)。以BMI 25kg/m2为界,分为BMI25kg/m2(非超重/肥胖)组和BMI≥25kg/m2(超重/肥胖)组,各31名,并进行统计分析。结果 VFA从下腹部至上腹部逐渐增加。BMI≥25kg/m2组和BMI25kg/m2组最大SFA分别位于脐下4cm和2cm,随上、下层面的增加SFA逐渐减小。所有层面TFA、VFA、SFA均与相应的TTFV(R2=0.87~0.98)、TVFV(R2=0.77~0.97)、TSFV(R2=0.84~0.96)相关。VFA在脐上4cm、5cm层面与TVFV相关性较其他层面更显著(R2=0.98、0.97)。TVFV与WC、WHR、BMI、TSFV、TTFV有相关性,与臀围(HC)无相关性。结论我国中青年男性腹部脂肪分布具有特征性;VFA在脐上4cm、5cm最能代表TVFV;WC、WHR、BMI、TTFV、TSFV与TVFV的相关性均弱于腹部任意层面VFA。     

腹膜透析患者内脏脂肪与代谢综合征的关系

目的：探讨内脏脂肪水平与腹膜透析(PD)患者代谢综合征及大动脉僵硬度的关系。方法：用体成分测量仪测定186例PD患者的身体脂肪分布状况,对内脏脂肪水平的相关因素及其与代谢综合征及大动脉僵硬度的关系进行分析。结果：127例代谢综合征患者的内脏脂肪水平明显高于59例非代谢综合征患者(t=-2.135,P＜0.05),而年龄(t=-0.496,P＞0.05)、性别(k2=3.360,P＞0.05)、透析时间(Z=-1.236,P＞0.05)在两组中无明显差异。PD患者内脏脂肪水平与年龄正相关(r=0.424,P＜0.01),与腰围正相关(r=0.757,P＜0.01),与血HDL-C负相关(r=-0.376,P＜0.01),与高血糖正相关(r=0.225,P＜0.01),未发现其与透析时间、高血压、血三酰甘油水平、总尿素清除指数的相关性。内脏脂肪水平与血超敏C反应蛋正相关(r=0.209,P＜0.01),颈股动脉脉搏波速度与内脏脂肪水平正相关(r=0.314,P＜0.01)。结论：内脏脂肪水平与PD患者的代谢综合征及动脉硬化密切相关;PD患者的炎症状态与其内脏脂肪水平密切相关;内脏脂肪主要与糖脂代谢联系紧密。     

肥胖者胰岛素抵抗与总体脂、局部体脂关系的研究

目的应用扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹技术,研究正常糖耐量中国人中正常体重者及超重/肥胖者胰岛素敏感性的异同,以及体脂含量及分布与胰岛素敏感性的关系.方法对22例居住上海地区中国人,其中正常体重组(BMI＜25kg/m2)9例,超重/肥胖组(BMI≥25kg/m2)13例,进行扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹试验,并应用核磁共振技术(MRI)测定局部体脂.结果(1)超重/肥胖组较之正常体重组胰岛素介导的葡萄糖利用率降低[(3.37±0.15)mg*kg-1*min-1比(5.86±0.65)mg*kg-1*min-1,P＜0.01],以糖原合成障碍为主[(1.51±0.15)mg*kg-1*min-1比(3.17±0.62)mg*kg-1*min-1,P＜0.01].(2)超重/肥胖组胰岛素抑制脂氧化及血游离脂肪酸水平的作用减弱.(3)局部体脂中以腹内脂肪增加对胰岛素敏感性的影响最显著(r=-0.80,P＜0.01).结论中国人正常糖耐量、超重/肥胖个体胰岛素敏感性下降,腹内脂肪增加是胰岛素抵抗的主要原因.     

2型糖尿病和冠心病患者血浆促酰化蛋白水平的研究

目的:测定2型糖尿病和冠心病患者血浆促酰化蛋白(ASP)水平,探讨血浆ASP与体重指数、血脂的相关关系.方法:实验分3组:正常对照组47例、糖尿病组63例、冠心病组62例,记录每例被试对象的年龄、性别、身高、体重、血压,并计算体重指数(BMI).酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)检测血浆ASP浓度,免疫比浊法检测血脂等生化指标.结果:①糖尿病组、冠心病组ASP水平明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.05).②ASP与体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白B100呈显著正相关(分别为r=0.32,P＜0.01;r=0.24,P＜0.01;r=0.19,P＜0.01;r=0.35,P＜0.01;r=0.10,P＜0.05;r=0.29,P＜0.01;r=0.32,P＜0.01).③多元逐步回归分析:载脂蛋白B100、体重指数、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和舒张压最终进入方程,它们是影响血浆ASP水平的重要因素,其中载脂蛋白B100的作用最大.结论:ASP参与了糖尿病和冠心病患者脂质代谢紊乱的发生,血浆ASP水平可能作为估价糖尿病患者发生心血管疾病危险性的新指标.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.