152例新生儿管饲术的护理

目的探讨新生儿管饲术的护理特点及效果.方法总结152例新生儿管饲术的护理体会.结果无1例出现并发症.结论选择高质量的硅胶管及合适的管饲方式、娴熟的插管技术、管饲过程精心护理、细致的病情观察是护理的重要内容.     

食管癌患者术后早期应用空肠内管饲的护理

[目的]总结67例食管癌患者术后早期空肠内管饲的护理经验。[方法]67例食管癌患者在术前插胃管的同时，插入空肠营养管保留，于术后第1天开始从空肠营养管管饲营养液，持续7～10d，术前术后密切护理配合。[结果167例患者均能很好耐受鼻空肠营养管的留置，无切口感染、吻合口瘘等营养相关性并发症以及护理并发症发生。[结论]食管癌患者术后早期应用空肠内管饲操作简便，易为患者及家属接受。     

食管癌术后肠内营养支持332例的护理

为探讨食管癌术后早期肠内营养支持的可行性及护理,2007—06—2009-01笔者通过对332例食管癌手术患者采用术中置入十二指肠营养管,术后早期自营养管输注管饲饮食,取得了良好效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

脑卒中患者经皮胃镜胃造瘘术行管饲的护理

总结17例脑卒中患者经皮胃镜胃造瘘术行管饲的护理。造瘘前对患者进行心理护理及相关知识宣教，造瘘后对出现或潜在的护理问题制定行之有效的护理措施，密切观察病情变化及创口情况并做好护理，正确进行管饲，加强并发症的观察及护理，可提高患者生活质量。     

新生儿先天性双侧后鼻孔成形术2例的护理

总结2例新生儿先天性双侧后鼻孔成形术的护理。护理要点:重视早期识别及诊断,做好口咽通气管的护理,术后妥善固定扩张管,保持扩张管的通畅,保护鼻腔皮肤,加强术后的喂养训练,同时做好出院指导。2例患儿后期成功撤除扩张管,建立经鼻呼吸,恢复良好。     

胃肠喂养新生儿呕吐及误吸的预防护理

利用循证思维,查阅相关文献借鉴新生儿呕吐和误吸的护理方法,对2007年1月—2009年12月收治的300例胃肠喂养新生儿进行呕吐和误吸的预防护理。根据患儿的吸吮及吞咽功能,分别给予经口喂养或管饲喂养,经口喂养者,采取正确的喂哺姿势,采用间歇重力管饲法者,奶液滴注速度15-30 ml/h,奶液温度37-40℃;采用持续输注法者,输液速度1-5 ml/h;同时给予管饲患儿非营养性吸吮,促进胃排空;卧床喂养患儿予抬高床头30°～40°,取头偏向一侧的仰卧位或右侧卧位,喂养后保持床头抬高30～60 min。通过采取有效的预防护理措施,呕吐的发生频率明显降低,无吸入性肺炎发生。     

成人经皮胃造瘘护理研究进展

对经皮胃造瘘病人的围术期护理、管饲护理、并发症的预防及护理等方面进行综述,但其护理过程中对于管饲应用的时机、速度、胃残余量的把控方面仍存在一些争议,为进一步的明确适用于我国胃造瘘病人的护理措施,需要开展多维度、大样本研究,以制定临床方案,规范操作流程。     

螺旋型鼻肠管应用于重症颅脑损伤患者肠内营养的体会

总结62例鼻空肠管在维持重症颅脑损伤患者肠内营养中的临床应用及护理，包括管饲护理和营养、代谢监测，认为对于需要长期营养支持的重症颅脑损伤患者，该方法是一种护理简便、管饲保留时间长、并发症少、有效且经济的方法。     

腹部手术病人术后肠内输注泵的应用及护理

总结28例腹部手术病人术后应用800型肠内输注泵的护理,包括预防误吸、胃肠道护理、严防饲管堵塞、严格执行无菌技术操作、加强基础护理和并发症的观察和护理等措施.     

新生儿PICC置管堵管的危险因素分析及护理对策

目的调查分析新生儿PICC置管堵管的危险因素及护理对策。方法调查病例抽取本院2016年6月-2017年5月接收的98例PICC置管新生儿,对其PICC置管堵管的发生情况及危险因素进行调查分析,并提出预防护理对策。结果调查显示,98例PICC置管新生儿堵管发生率为18.37%;除了性别外,导管松动、滑落或扭曲、置管静脉的选择部位、冲管封管不当、药物发生结晶或沉淀、输液护理不当及血栓因素都是新生儿PICC置管堵管的高危因素,不同组别的PICC置管发生率比较(P0.05)。结论新生儿PICC置管堵管的危险因素是多方面的,需针对性采取预防护理对策,才能最大程度地保障新生儿PICC置管的安全。     

胃造瘘管饲并发症的原因分析及护理对策

目的　寻找胃造瘘管饲并发症有效的预防及护理措施。方法　回顾性分析 35例胃镜下胃造瘘病人管饲情况 ,观察各种原因引起的并发症。结果　以胃肠道症状、机械性并发症、造瘘口并发症为主。结论　采取有效的预防和护理措施 ,可提高治疗效果 ,促进病人康复     

Fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition in the low-birth-weight infant.

The management of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition in the low-birth-weight and premature infant is an essential component of nursing care. The discussion of this crucial aspect of care includes the implications of physiologic immaturity and current recommendations for intervention as infants progress from intravenous fluids and electrolytes to parenteral nutrition, gavage feeding, and bottle feeding. It is hoped that breastfeeding is achieved.     

集束化中医护理措施对脓毒症胃肠功能障碍的改善作用

目的观察集束化中医护理措施对脓毒症继发胃肠功能障碍的临床效果。方法脓毒症继发胃肠功能障碍患者120例,根据纳入、排除和脱落标准共入组95例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(46例)与观察组(49例)。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上加用集束化中医护理措施,包括辨证施治的中药灌胃和灌肠、芒硝敷脐、新斯的明足三里穴位注射、耳穴压豆,比较两组的胃肠功能障碍的改善情况及临床预后。结果干预后第7天,观察组胃肠功能障碍评分(GIF)、腹内压、腹围、急性生理与慢性健康状况I评分(APACHEI)比对照组降低、肠呜音增加(均P<0.05)。且观察组首次排便时间和住ICU时间短于对照组、28 d病死率降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论集束化中医护理措施能促进脓毒症患者胃肠功能障碍的恢复,改善临床预后。     

皮肤溃疡的护理方法及研究

目的：探讨临床常见皮肤溃疡的最佳护理方法。方法：将55例病人计67处溃疡按基本条件相当原则随机分成A、B、C三组，A组18例22处伤口采用清创冲洗后，给予自制油纱敷料封闭外敷，同时口服或鼻饲维生素C片，1．5dd；B组18例21处．伤口采用口服或鼻饲维生素C片，0．3g/d．其它同A组；C组19例24处，伤口采用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子外喷溃疡面处，其它方法同A组。结果：C组愈合率最高，且平均显效时间和愈合时间均较A、B两组明显缩短；C组伤口愈合所需费用与A组相近，但明显少于B组。结论：采用清创冲洗后用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子加自制油纱敷料封闭，糖尿病足外用胰岛素，加用大剂量维生素C有助于各种皮肤溃疡愈合的最佳方法。     

Assisting mother with preterm infant breastfeeding

It is necessary to gain nutrition for infants, especially premature. The digestive systems of premature infants are immature, so they find it hard to absorb nutrients. Mother's milk is easy for preterm infants to digest and absorb, so it is the best food for them. In reality, however, mothers always face many problems when breastfeeding preterm infants. They need support systems to establish their confidence in breastfeeding in order to improve their success rates and thus facilitate their continuation of the practice. Nurses can teach mothers how to breastfeed preterm infants. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe the characteristics of the gastrointestinal systems of premature babies, the benefits of breastfeeding for premature babies, the factors influencing premature breastfeeding, the transition from gavage to oral feeding and how to assist the mothers of premature babies with breastfeeding. It also provides information on premature breastfeeding to enable nurses to provide early assistance to mothers in nursing their premature infants and in maintaining the practice of breastfeeding.     

Voluntary ingestion of antiparasitic drugs emulsified in honey represents an alternative to gavage in mice

The oral route is the most frequently used method of drug intake in humans. Oral administration of drugs to laboratory animals such as mice typically is achieved through gavage, in which a feeding needle is introduced into the esophagus and the drug is delivered directly into the stomach. This method requires technical skill, is stressful for animals, and introduces risk of injury, pain and morbidity. Here we investigated another method of drug administration. The benzimidazole derivative albendazole was emulsified in commercially available honey and administered to mice by voluntary feeding or gavage. Mice that received albendazole by either gavage or honey ingestion had virtually identical levels of serum albendazole sulfoxide, indicating that uptake and metabolism of albendazole was similar for both administration techniques. In addition, dosing mice with the albendazole-honey mixture for 8 wk had antiparasitic activity comparable to earlier studies using gavage for drug administration. Compared with gavage, voluntary ingestion of a drug in honey is more rapid, less stressful to the animal, and less technically demanding for the administrator. Because of its low cost and ready availability, honey presents a viable vehicle for drug delivery.     

Oral gavage in rats: animal welfare evaluation

The effect of chronic daily orogastric gavage with water (5 mL/kg) on behavior and physiology was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment groups included: unmanipulated control, restraint control, dry gavage, and gavage, with all rats singly housed (n = 9 or 10 per group). In addition, a group of pair-housed rats (n = 18) was included to determine whether social housing affected response to gavage. Weekly body weights and food consumption were recorded as well as use of a nylon chew toy for enrichment. Feces were collected biweekly at the end of the light and dark phases for fecal corticoid metabolite determinations. After 28 d of treatment, animals underwent conditioned place preference testing to evaluate sensitivity to motivational properties of the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide (5.6 mg/kg SC). Brain and paired adrenal gland weights were collected at necropsy. Week 2 total fecal corticosterone levels were elevated in all groups and attributed to a fire alarm accidentally tripped during building renovations. No differences occurred in body weight or food consumption between any groups. All groups used a nylon chew toy given for enrichment and demonstrated mild preference for the drug-associated chamber. Fecal weights and corticoid metabolite levels were similar between all groups at week 4 and showed normal diurnal variation. No biologically significant variations were noted in brain or paired adrenal gland to body weight ratios. We conclude that orogastric gavage of aqueous solutions at 5 mL/kg does not negatively affect the welfare of laboratory rats acclimated to handling.     

Effectiveness of clarithromycin and minocycline alone and in combination against experimental Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice.

As determined by the proportional bactericide method, clarithromycin had strong bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium leprae. Clarithromycin was administered to mice by gavage as 20 daily doses at dosages of 12.5 to 50 mg/kg of body weight. At a dosage of 25 mg/kg, minocycline was more active than clarithromycin at a dosage of 50 mg/kg. Additive effects were displayed with the combination of clarithromycin (50 mg/kg) and minocycline (25 mg/kg), both of which were administered daily by gavage, and of clarithromycin and minocycline, both of which were administered daily by gavage at dosages of 25 mg/kg each, with rifampin at a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg.     

Effect of daily ethanol ingestion on intestinal permeability to macromolecules

The effects of regular ethyl alcohol ingestion on morphological and permeability characteristics of the small intestine were assessed in mature rats using the tracer protein, horseradish peroxidase. Thirty adult rats were divided into two groups and provided a standard commercial diet in pellet form. Each morning, after an overnight fast, every animal in the experimental group was administered by gavage an aliquot of 20% ethanol; animals in the control group were provided aliquots of 20% sucrose in water by the same method. After 4 and 8 weeks on the gavage routine (and 10 days and 4 weeks after gavage cessation), jejunal permeability to horseradish peroxidase was examined in animals from each group. Using a routine ligated-loop procedure and light and electron microscopy, ethanol-exposed rats demonstrated increased intestinal permeability to horseradish peroxidase by 4 weeks; sucrose-exposed animals revealed little alteration in mucosal integrity. It is proposed that regular ingestion of sizable amounts of alcohol alters morphological characteristics of the gut and increase the permeability of the mucosa to "undigested" macromolecules.     

Gut gavage with antiendotoxin antibodies reduces the liberation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha after hemorrhage/resuscitation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of gut gavage both alone and with enteral administration of monoclonal antibodies to endotoxin on the liberation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and subsequent hemodynamics after hemorrhage/resuscitation. DESIGN: Dose response intervention, sham-controlled animal study. SETTING: Research laboratory at a university medical center. ANIMALS: Instrumented rats (250-325 g body weight) underwent standardized hemorrhage/resuscitation. INTERVENTIONS: Animal groups received 4 hrs before hemorrhage/resuscitation: gastric gavage with Colyte alone (group 1), combined with E5 antiendotoxin at either 0.2 mg/100 g (group 2) or 2 mg/100 g body weight (group 3), or sham controls (group 4). There were six animals studied in each of the four groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: For animals receiving gut gavage and high-dose E5 antiendotoxin, plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha (pg/mL) at 120 mins after hemorrhage/resuscitation were significantly lower compared with sham controls (16+/-4 group 3; 65+/-36 group 4; mean +/- SD, p < .05). At 300 mins, this same treatment group had a significantly higher mean blood pressure (mm Hg) (110+/-6 group 3; 86+/-7 group 4: p < .05). Also at 300 mins after hemorrhage/resuscitation, plasma lactate concentrations (mmol/L) were significantly lower for all gut gavage treatment groups compared with sham control animals (1.9+/-0.2 group 1; 2.0+/-0.2 group 2; 1.8+/-0.2 group 3; 4.8+/-2.8 group 4, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Prior treatment with gut gavage and enterally administered antiendotoxin antibodies reduces TNF-alpha liberation after hemorrhage/resuscitation and confers a subsequent improvement in hemodynamics and decreased plasma lactate concentrations. Such therapy may be efficacious in patients undergoing elective procedures where major hemorrhage is likely or in severely injured patients with continued or recurrent hemorrhage.