天津市20041名3～6岁入托儿童血脂水平分析

目的 了解天津市3～6岁儿童血脂水平和血脂异常检出率.方法 采集天津市48所幼儿园20041名3～6岁儿童末梢血,采用东芝120全自动生化分析仪检测血浆总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平.结果 20041名入托儿童TC和TG分别为(4.17±0.69) mmol/L和(0.86±0.44) mmol/L;血脂异常总检出率为11.4％,其中TC异常检出率为7.1％,TG为4.9％,两项均异常的检出率为0.6％.不同性别儿童TC异常检出率女童高于男童,差异有统计学意义(x²=51.77,P＜0.001).不同年龄组儿童TC和TG异常检出率的差异均有统计学意义(x²=10.29,P=0.016;x²=10.93,P=0.012),但未见明显的年龄变化趋势.不同肥胖程度儿童TC异常检出率的差异无统计学意义,TG异常检出率差异有统计学意义(x²=211.8,P＜0.001),肥胖儿童TG异常检出率明显高于正常和超重儿童.城乡地区儿童TC和TG异常检出率差异均有统计学意义(x²=22.09,P＜0.001;x²=11.26,P=0.001),TC异常检出率城市儿童高于农村,TG异常检出率农村儿童高于城市.结论 天津市3～6岁儿童血脂异常率较高,且存在性别、年龄、肥胖程度、地区差异,应有针对性开展儿童血脂异常筛查与干预.     

天津市成年体检人群血脂动态变化及血脂异常发生率的比较

目的 探讨连续2年健康体检人群血脂水平和血脂异常的动态变化以及血脂异常的发生率.方法 收集2010年和2011年连续2年在天津市某中心医院健康体检中心进行体检的701人的体检结果,包括总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)等数据.对该人群不同组别各年份的血脂水平、血脂异常检出率及发生率进行统计分析.结果 (1)男女血TG和TC含量2年间自身比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);各年份50岁以下TG平均水平以及2年差值的平均水平、各年份30岁以下TC平均水平,均显示男性高于女性,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).各年份50～岁以上男女的TC平均水平以及女性的TG平均水平,均高于各自其他年龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)各年份40岁以下男性的TG、TC异常检出率高于女性,而且50岁以上女子TC异常检出率高于其他各年龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男女各年份TC异常检出率均显示随年龄增长而增高的趋势.(3)男性TG异常发生率(20.2％)高于女性(5.63％),差异有统计学意义(x2=-21.846,P＜0.01),而男女TC异常发生率(分别为7.79％、4.87％)之间差异无统计学意义(x2-1.932,P＞0.05),并且男女50岁及以上组TC异常发生率均高于50岁以下组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 男女健康查体者各年龄组TC和TG 2年间的平均水平和异常检出率无明显变化,40岁以下成年男子TG和TC异常检出率和发生率高于女性,而50岁以上女子TC异常发生率较高.长期进行血脂监测在健康查体人群中非常必要.     

天津市24343例7岁以下儿童肥胖水平调查

目的:了解天津市7岁以下儿童肥胖流行病学特征,探索儿童肥胖的影响因素和干预措施.方法:通过收集天津市幼儿园24 343名7岁以下儿童的身高和体重资料,并对结果进行统计分析.结果:天津市2012年7岁以下儿童肥胖患病率为8.22％,不同年龄段儿童肥胖患病率存在统计学差异(x2=354.9,P＜0.001);不同性别儿童肥胖患病率亦存在统计学差异(x2=161.8,P＜0.001);城市与农村儿童肥胖患病率比较,存在统计学差异(x2=20.07,P＜0.001).结论:儿童肥胖处于一个较高的水平,故应引起社会和家庭的高度重视,通过加强健康教育、促进儿童保健、合理饮食,适当运动等综合措施,降低儿童肥胖患病率,提高全民的健康水平.     

2010年新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族成年人血脂异常的流行特点

目的 分析2010年新疆地区维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族成年居民血脂异常的患病现状及分布特点.方法 2010年采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取年龄≥18岁的维吾尔族居民3625名,男性1773名,女性1852名,年龄为(42.89±15.95)岁;哈萨克族居民4148名,男性1649名,女性2499名,年龄为(44.14±13.27)岁;汉族居民3733名,男性1563名,女性2170名,年龄(49.66±12.24)岁,共调查了11 506名.进行问卷调查和身体检查,抽取空腹静脉血检测TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C.结果 维吾尔族调查对象TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平分别为(1.31±1.03)、(4.44±1.20)、(1.41±0.62)和(2.44±0.81) mmol/L;哈萨克族分别为(1.24 ±0.99)、(4.55±1.31)、(1.41±0.62)和(2.40±0.87) mmol/L;汉族分别为(1.62±1.34)、(4.60±1.10)、(1.16±0.68)和(2.23±0.93) mmol/L.维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族血脂异常患病率分别为:42.4％(1537/3625)、31.6％(1311/4148)、30.2％(1127/3733),标化患病率分别为:42.4％、31.8％、28.2％,维吾尔族血脂异常患病率高于哈萨克族和汉族,差异有统计学意义(x2=179.87,P＜0.01).维吾尔族、哈萨克族和汉族男性血脂异常的标化患病率分别为52.6％、35.4％、33.2％,维吾尔族男性高于哈萨克族和汉族男性,差异有统计学意义(x2=159.19,P＜0.01).汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族高TG血症标化患病率分别为:9.3％,9.3％,17.3％,汉族高TG血症患病率高于维吾尔族及哈萨克族(x2=172.55,P＜0.01).哈萨克族的TC异常标化率(6.9％)高于维吾尔族(5.2％),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.20,P＜0.01).维吾尔族、哈萨克族、汉族的低HDL-C血症标化患病率分别为:33.6％,20.8％,11.1％,维吾尔族高于哈萨克族和汉族(x2 =552.82,P＜0.01),哈萨克族高于汉族(x2=138.01,P＜0.01).3个民族间的高LDL-C血症差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 新疆地区3个民族血脂异常患病率均高于全国患病率,且存在民族、年龄及性别间差异.     

2013年新疆汉族成人城乡居民血脂异常患病率及相关因素研究

目的 了解新疆汉族成人城乡居民血脂异常患病率及相关因素.方法 样本为多阶段分层整群抽取的新疆5个市县3 095名20～80岁的汉族居民,其中城市居民1 970人(63.65％).本文比较了城乡居民血脂总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC),甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)异常患病率及相关因素.结果 血脂异常总患病率为28.11％,城市居民总患病率高于农村居民(30.00％ vs 24.80％,x2=9.58,P=0.002);高TC血症患病率为7.69％,城市高于农村(8.83％ vs 5.69％,x2=9.97,P=0.002);高TG血症患病率为19.97％,城市高于农村(21.47％ vs 17.35％,x2 =7.61,P=0.006);高LDL-C血症患病率为4.52％,城市高于农村(5.33％ vs 3.11％,x2=8.16,P=0.004);低HDL-C血症患病率为7.40％,城市与农村差异无统计学意义(7.56％ vs7.11％,X2=0.21,P=0.644).多因素Logistic回归显示,超重和肥胖是血脂TG、HDL-C异常共同的独立相关因素(均有P＜0.05).结论 新疆五市县汉族成人血脂水平高于全国.城市居民血脂异常水平高于农村.控制超重和肥胖是预防新疆汉族城乡居民血脂异常的重要手段.     

天津市红桥区60岁以上社区居民血糖和血脂筛查结果

目的了解天津市红桥区60岁以上社区居民血糖、血脂异常情况和不同年龄段的变化特点。方法对4 745例60岁以上不同年龄段社区居民的空腹血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)的检测结果进行报告和比较分析。结果 GLU异常检出率32.1%,TC异常检出率28.0%,TG异常检出率36.6%。结论 GLU异常检出率在不同年龄和不同性别间差异无统计学意义;TG和TC女性异常检出率和水平明显高于男性,差异有统计学意义;TG和TC异常检出率和水平随着年龄的增长有逐渐下降趋势。     

胜利油田某单位职工血脂变化趋势分析

目的 了解近年来胜利油田某单位职工血脂异常情况及其变化趋势,为采取有效预防措施提供依据.方法 利用胜利油田某单位2006～2008年体检资料,引入重复测量资料分析方法分析血脂异常的变化情况.结果 每年血脂异常检出率性别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而重复测量资料分析结果显示,不同性别间血脂异常差异有统计学意义(x2=4.79,P=0.0287),不同年份血脂异常差异有统计学意义(x2=44.30,P＜0.0001),而性别与年份间交互作用无统计学意义(x2=1.72,P=0.4231).结论 ①血脂正常与否与性别有关,男性检出率高于女性;②血脂正常与否与时间存在正相关关系,随时间递增检出率递增;③血脂异常检出率与年龄存在线性趋势.     

云南省布朗族成年居民血脂异常现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解云南省布朗山区布朗族成年居民血脂异常患病现状及其影响因素,为血脂异常的防治提供依据。方法 2019年11月采用随机整群抽样方法选取布朗山乡967名18岁及以上成年居民,采用问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测的方法获取相关资料。结果 布朗族成年居民血脂异常检出率为50.36%,混合型高脂血症检出率为8.39%,高胆固醇（TC）、高甘油三酯（TG）、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）检出率依次为13.99%、35.13%、7.77%和28.19%。不同性别（x2=5.044,P=0.025）、年龄段（x2=30.212,P<0.001）之间血脂异常检出率差异有统计学意义;患糖尿病（x2=15.230,P<0.001）、患高尿酸血症（x2=24.191,P<0.001）血脂异常高于正常人群;饮酒（x2=6.417,P=0.011）、红肉摄入过量（x2=7.003,P=0.008）人群高TG检出率也较高。多因素logistic回归分析显示,≥30岁、红肉摄入过量、患糖尿病、患高尿酸血症是血脂异常的危险因素。结论 布朗族成年居民血脂异常患病率较高,应尽早采取干预措施。     

某学院40岁以上教职工的血压、血脂、血糖检测及结果分析

[目的]了解40岁以上教职工高血压的患病和血脂、血糖的异常情况,以指导教职工进行日常的自我保健,提高教职工健康水平.[方法]检测血压、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和血糖(FPG),分析不同性别人群各项指标的差异.[结果]高血压患病率男性和女性分别为54.63%和33.82%,二者间差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.630,P＜0.001)TG异常检出率男性与女性分别为33.34%和14.71%,二者间差异有统计学意义.TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和FPG的异常检出率,男性与女性比较差异无统计学意义.TC异常检出率高血压与非高血压人群分别为30.48%和15.11%;TG异常检出率高血压与非高血压人群分别为34.29%和20.86%,二者间差异有统计学意义.[结论]男性教职工的高血压患病率、TG异常检出率高于女性教职工;TC和TG异常检出率高血压人群高于非高血压人群;TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和FPG的异常检出率,男性与女性教职工无明显差异.     

银川吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢异常现状

了解宁夏银川、吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢相关指标的异常情况,为预防儿童相关慢性疾病的发生提供基础数据.方法 在银川市兴庆区、金凤区、西夏区和吴忠市分层随机整群抽取小学、初中和高中在校学生1 786名,对抽取的中小学生进行身高、体重的测量,采集空腹静脉血,测定总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C).结果 银川、吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢相关指标TC,TG,LDL-C,HDL-C的异常检出率分别为1.5%,14.5%,0.4%,33.7%,男生LDL-C异常检出率(0.8%)高于女生(0.1%),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.825,P=0.028).脂代谢相关指标年龄分布,TC,LDL-C异常集中在9~11岁,而TG,HDL-C异常检出率随年龄增长呈上升趋势;脂代谢水平比较,TC,LDL-C水平女生高于男生(t值分别为-2.602,-2.607,P值均<0.05),TC,LDL-C,HDL-C随年龄的增长呈下降的趋势,TG则随年龄的增长呈上升趋势,4项指标在年龄间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为13.541,13.813,18.738,20.327,P值均<0.01).回、汉族中小学生脂代谢异常检出率差异均无统计学意义;汉族学生TC水平高于回族学生,差异有统计学意义(t=2.990,P=0.003).TC,TG,LDL-C异常检出率在不同体型学生间差异均有统计学意义,肥胖组和超重组学生的TC,TG,LDL-C水平均高于正常组学生(P值均<0.05),且均随BMI增加而逐渐升高.结论 银川、吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢相关指标的异常检出率不容乐观,超重和肥胖是中小学生脂代谢异常的影响因素之一.需重视中小学生肥胖的预防,对肥胖超重的学生进行脂代谢的相关检查和必要干预.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.