内镜下乳头气囊扩张术后并发胰腺损伤的高危因素分析

目的探讨内镜下乳头气囊扩张治疗胆总管结石术后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症发生的危险因素。方法分析128例成功应用内镜下乳头气囊扩张技术治疗胆总管结石的患者临床资料,观察治疗效果及术后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症情况,通过单因素及多因素分析13项潜在危险因素,得出内镜下乳头气囊扩张术后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的高危因素。结果胰腺炎发生率为10.2%(13/128),2例表现为中度型,无重度型,高淀粉酶血症为17.2%(22/128),胆管炎为10.2%(13/128),穿孔1.6%(2/128),无出血等其他并发症。胰腺炎病史(P=0.016)、机械碎石(P=0.007)、40～60岁女性(P=0.010)患者有较高的胰腺炎发生率,困难插管(P=0.000)患者有较高的高淀粉酶血症发生率。结论内镜下乳头气囊扩张治疗胆总管结石术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的发生率偏高,40～60岁女性、胰腺炎病史、需机械碎石及困难插管为术后并发胰腺损伤的高危因素,此类患者行内镜下乳头气囊扩张需慎重,如需要保护乳头肌功能的患者可术后留置胰管引流。     

胰管塑料支架和/或鼻胆管引流在内镜逆行胰胆管造影术选择性胆管插管困难时的应用研究

目的探讨胰管塑料支架和/或鼻胆管引流在胆总管结石患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)选择性胆管插管困难(DSBC)时的应用。方法回顾性分析57例ERCP术中DSBC的胆总管结石患者的临床资料,将患者分为胰管塑料支架组、鼻胆管引流组、胰管塑料支架+鼻胆管引流组,观察其手术成功率、术后并发胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症或其他并发症的发生率,对比分析3组间的差异。结果接受ERCP的57例患者中,胰管塑料支架组13例患者,手术成功2例(15.4%),高淀粉酶血症1例(7.7%),术后胰腺炎2例(15.4%),发热1例(7.7%),出血1例(7.7%);鼻胆管引流组20例患者,手术成功20例(100.0%),无高淀粉酶血症及术后胰腺炎,无出血及发热等并发症的发生;胰管塑料支架+鼻胆管引流组24例患者1次ERCP手术成功19例(79.2%),2次ERCP成功5例(20.8%),4例出现高淀粉酶血症(16.7%),2例出现出血(8.3%),无发热及术后胰腺炎。3组间比较术后胰腺炎的发生和手术成功率差异有统计学意义。结论 ERCP术中DSBC的患者可通过放置胰管支架和/或鼻胆管引流术提高手术的成功率,减少胰腺炎的发生。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后并发胰腺炎的风险因素及预测模型构建

目的：探究经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）后并发胰腺炎的风险因素，并构建预测模型。方法:回顾性收集2019年—2021年于我院行ERCP的404例住院病人的临床资料，根据术后是否并发胰腺炎分为并发胰腺炎组和未并发胰腺炎组。对两组病人的一般临床资料进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析，据此构建风险预测模型，并对其预测效能进行验证。结果:404例病人中，术后并发胰腺炎病人41例，ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率为10.15%。Logistic回归分析显示，胰腺炎病史、胰管显影、行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（EST）、插管困难和导丝多次进入胰管均为ERCP病人术后并发胰腺炎的影响因素（P<0.05）。根据多因素Logistic回归分析中的各因素变量回归系数与常数项构建病人ERCP术后并发胰腺炎的预测模型，受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析结果显示，该模型的灵敏度为75.61%，特异度为84.30%，曲线下面积为0.804[95%CI(0.762,0.841)]；验证结果显示，该模型总体预测准确率为83.17%。结论:胰腺炎病史、胰管显影、行EST、插管困难和导丝多次进入胰管为影响病人E...     

胰管支架预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症分析

目的 探讨内镜下胰管支架置入预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的效果.方法 入选90例ERcP或ERCP+内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术(EST)患者.其中50例术后置入胰管支架引流(支架组),与40例非引流患者(对照组)观察比较,观察术后3 h及24 h血清淀粉酶值、高淀粉酶血症和术后急性胰腺炎发生率.结果 支架组患者术后3 h及24 h血清淀粉酶值分别为(198.33±70.15)U/L、(267.54±76.34)U/L,低于对照组的(357.28±101.37)U/L、(439.72±97.13)U/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高淀粉酶血症发生率分别为8.00%和25.00%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后胰腺炎发生率分别为0与10%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 内镜下胰管支架置入能有效预防ERCP后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术术后引发急性胰腺炎的危险因素分析

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后引发急性胰腺炎(PEP)的危险因素,为PEP的预防和治疗提供参考.方法:对84例行ERCP检查或治疗的胆胰疾病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对PEP发生的相关危险因素进行Logistic回归分析,筛选PEP发生的相关危险因素.结果:ERCP术后并发PEP 5例,发病率为5.95%.单因素分析结果:显示,既往有胰腺炎病、多次插管、胰管多次显影、导丝多次进入、导丝引导插管、全胰管显影、术中腹痛与PEP发生有关(P<0.05),而PEP发病与女性、诊断性ERCP、治疗性ERCP、乳头括约肌切开等无明显相关性(P>0.05);多因素Logistic回归法分析表明多次插管、既往有胰腺炎和胰管多次造影是PEP发生的危险因素.结论:多次插管、既往有胰腺炎和胰管多次造影是PEP发生的危险因素,对这些危险因素加以重点评估和合理控制,可以控制PEP的发生.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术用于老年胆总管结石效果及术后并发症的危险因素分析

目的评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)用于老年胆总管结石效果及并发胰腺和胆道感染的危险因素。方法收集2019年3月-2020年5月入院行ERCP的300例老年胆总管结石患者的基本情况、临床资料和既往病史等,观察其治疗效果,并分析探讨术后并发症的危险因素。结果 300例老年胆总管结石患者经ERCP治疗后,取石成功率为97.33%,37例(12.33%)患者术后并发胰腺和胆道感染,其中术后胰腺炎(PEP) 20例,胆道感染17例。经Logistic回归分析,肥胖[体重指数(BMI) 28 kg/m~2]、Oddi括约肌功能障碍(SOD)病史、多次插管、插管时间 60 min以及胰管显影为老年胆总管结石患者ERCP术后并发胰腺炎的危险因素;胆管结石病史、胆管治疗史以及胆管中高位梗阻为术后并发胆道感染的危险因素。结论ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石疗效显著,需加强危险因素识别与评估,以减少并发症的发生。     

间苯三酚预防胆总管结石ERCP术后继发胰腺炎的效果研究

目的探讨间苯三酚对胆总管结石患者经内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)术后继发胰腺炎的预防效果。方法将2011年3月至2015年3月于该院接受ERCP治疗的胆总管结石患者108例随机均分为对照组和观察组。两组均采用常规手术方案,对照组术前应用地西泮、哌替啶、山莨菪碱,观察组术前应用地西泮、哌替啶、间苯三酚。比较术中不良反应、胃蠕动次数、血清淀粉酶及术后高淀粉酶血症、急性胰腺炎发生率。结果观察组术中恶心呕吐、高血压发生率及胃蠕动次数低于对照组(P0.05)。术后6h、术后24h,观察组血清淀粉酶水平低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论间苯三酚可安全、有效地预防胆总管结石ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎风险预测模型的构建及验证

目的 探讨患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）后,发生术后胰腺炎的危险因素,建立定量风险预测模型,并进行外部验证。方法 回顾性分析该院行ERCP的患者的临床资料。其中,603例于2017年1月-2021年1月行ERCP的患者为建模组,205例于2021年3月-2022年3月行ERCP的患者为验证组,根据亚特兰大标准,建模组45例ERCP后发生胰腺炎,验证组23例ERCP后发生胰腺炎。比较建模组胰腺炎患者与无胰腺炎患者的临床资料和生化指标,采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析ERCP后发生胰腺炎的危险因素,建立风险预测模型,并进行外部验证。结果 单因素分析发现,两组患者年龄、胃切除术史、胆总管结石、乳头孔类型、胰腺导丝通道、括约肌切开术、血清总胆红素和白蛋白比较,差异均有统计学意义（P <0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,胃切除术史（■=6.417,95%CI:1.900～21.675,P=0.000）、胆总管结石（■=3.442, 95%CI:1.496～7.917, P=0.000）、结节型乳头孔（■=2.447, 95%CI:1.072～5.585,P=0...     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后并发胰腺炎的相关因素分析与对策探讨

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）后并发胰腺炎（PEP）的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年2月－2021年2月该院343例行ERCP患者的临床资料,根据是否发生胰腺炎分为PEP组（n = 51）和非PEP组（n = 292）。采用Logistic回归法分析发生PEP的相关危险因素,并提出预防对策。结果 两组患者在性别、年龄 < 60岁、胆总管结石、胰腺炎病史、Oddi括约肌功能障碍、胰腺显影、行胰管括约肌切开术、行Oddi括约肌测压术、ERCP手术结局、插管困难和导丝多次进胰管等方面比较,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,胆总管结石、胰腺炎病史、Oddi括约肌功能障碍、胰腺显影、行胰管括约肌切开术、行Oddi括约肌测压术、ERCP手术失败、插管困难及导丝多次进胰管是PEP的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。结论 胆总管结石、胰腺炎病史、Oddi括约肌功能障碍、胰腺显影、行胰管括约肌切开术、行Oddi括约肌测压术、ERCP手术失败、插管困难及导丝多次进胰管是PEP的独立危险因素。     

胰管支架在困难内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术中的临床应用

目的 探讨胰管支架在困难内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)的临床应用价值.方法 选择该院2004年1月～2009年12月EKCP困难行胰管支架植入术的患者55例(支架组)作为研究对象,与同期行ERCP困难而未放置胰管支架的58例患者(对照组)进行比较,术后两组使用相同药物治疗,支架组病情平稳后取出胰管支架(平均10d),比较两组术后发生高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎情况.结果 支架组EKCP术后的高淀粉酶血症发生率12.73%(7/55)和ERCP术后胰腺炎(PEP)发生率3.64%(2/55)均分别低于对照组的29.31%(17/58)、15.52%(9/88),而且支架组ERCP术后胰腺炎严重程度亦较对照组低(P<0.05).结论 在困难ERCP中使用胰管支架是安全的,能降低患者术后高淀粉酶血症、胰腺炎的发生率,并能减轻ERCP术后胰腺炎的严重程度,可能是预防ERCP术后胰腺炎尤其是中、重胰腺炎的一种有效方法,具有一定的临床应用价值,然而还需大样本进一步证实.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.