维持性血液透析患者单次透析充分性影响因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者常规单次血液透析过程中透析充分性的影响因素。方法选取2016年2月至2017年1月在江苏省中医院血液净化中心规律血液透析的130例患者,观察记录患者的一般情况,性别、年龄、原发病、血管通路及单次血液透析中患者的透析前后尿素氮、透析时间、超滤量、血流量、透析后体质量及超滤量/干体质量(%),利用公式计算得出尿素清除指数(Kt/V)作为评估透析充分性指标。根据Kt/V结果分为达标组(Kt/V≥1.2)与未达标组(Kt/V1.2),采用独立样本t检验和多元线性回归分析探讨维持性血液透析患者单次血液透析充分性与临床数据的关系。结果独立样本t检验显示单次透析时间(P=0.00)、透析后体质量(P=0.00)、超滤量/干体质量(%)(P=0.02)与Kt/V相关,多元线性回归显示单次透析时间(β=0.365,P0.05)、透析后体质量(β=-0.47,P0.05)是单次血液透析Kt/V的独立影响因素,且单次透析时间与Kt/V呈正相关,透析后体质量与Kt/V呈负相关。结论维持性血液透析患者单次血液透析的透析充分性与单次透析时间呈正相关、与透析后体质量呈负相关。     

在线尿素清除率监测对血液透析充分性评估的研究

目的探讨在线尿素清除率监测(on-line clearance monitoring,OCM)对血液透析充分性的评估价值。方法选取规律血液透析患者135例,其中男性66例,女性69例,平均年龄(63.3±15.9)岁。利用OCM监测Kt/V值(Kt/Vocm值),同时透析前、后取全血检测尿素氮浓度,根据单室尿素动力模型DaugirdasⅡ公式计算Kt/V值(Kt/VD值),通过线性相关分析了解二者的相关性并通过多元线性回归分析得出影响Kt/Vocm值的相关临床因素。结果本组135例患者OCM法测得的Kt/V值与采血计算法所得的Kt/V值分别为(1.25±0.33)与(1.44±0.30),直线回归分析相关指数r=0.512,P0.001。身高、体质量、透析血流量是Kt/Vocm值的独立影响因素,体质量、身高与之呈负相关[OR=-0.412,P0.001,95%可信区间(-0.015,-0.006);OR=-0.240,P=0.01,95%可信区间(-0.015,-0.002)],透析血流量与之呈正相关[OR=0.349,P0.001,95%可信区间(0.003,0.008)]。比较Kt/Vocm值达标组(Kt/Vocm值≥1.2)和不达标组(Kt/Vocm值1.2)患者各项临床资料的差异,发现2组患者的性别、尿素下降率(urea reduction ratio,URR)、体质量、空腹血糖、体表面积、透析血流量存在显著差异。结论 OCM监测Kt/V值与采血计算Kt/V值有显著相关性,Kt/Vocm值低于Kt/VD值,身高、体质量和透析血流量是其独立影响因素。OCM能够很好的反映患者单次透析的尿素清除,可以作为临床评价透析充分性的简便、可靠指标。     

血液透析充分性的影响因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者单次血液透析充分性的影响因素。方法选取2019年3月在航空总医院血液净化中心行规律血液透析的109例患者,观察记录患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、体质量指数、原发病、血管通路及单次血液透析中患者的透析前后尿素氮、透析时间、超滤量、血流量、干体质量和超滤率等。根据单室尿素清除率(single-pool Kt/V,spKt/V)结果分为达标组(spKt/V≥1.2)与未达标组(spKt/V1.2),分析探讨MHD患者单次血液透析充分性与临床数据的关系。结果单因素分析显示性别、透析相关性凝血、泵控血流量、动静脉内瘘、干体质量共5个因素与spKt/V相关(P0.05),二元Logistic回归分析显示性别(OR=4.345,95%CI 1.240～15.070,P0.05)、透析相关性凝血(OR=5.497,95%CI 1.213～27.125,P0.05)、动静脉内瘘作为血管通路(OR=0.105,95%CI 0.012～0.889,P0.05)和泵控血流量(OR=0.984,95%CI 0.969～0.998,P0.05)是单次血液透析spKt/V的独立影响因素。结论 MHD患者单次血液透析充分性与患者性别、透析相关性凝血、泵控血流量及使用动静脉内瘘作为血管通路密切相关。     

维持性血液透析患者焦虑、抑郁与透析充分性的相关调查

目的:调查分析维持性血液透析患者焦虑、抑郁与透析充分性的关系。方法:对纳入的208例维持性血液透析患者进行横断面调查,查阅病历并采用一般情况量表收集人口学资料;采用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)进行焦虑、抑郁评分;根据公式计算出患者的Kt/V值和尿素下降率(URR)。分析焦虑、抑郁与透析充分性的关系。结果:维持性血液透析患者焦虑、抑郁的患病率(HADS评分≥8分)分别为41.7%、31.5%,女性的患病率均明显高于男性(P0.05)。与无焦虑、抑郁的维持性血液透析患者相比,焦虑、抑郁患者的Kt/V值和URR的平均值差异无统计学意义。焦虑得分与年龄有关(P=0.007),年龄是预测焦虑水平的唯一因素。Kt/V、URR值与抑郁、焦虑无显著相关性。结论:维持性血液透析患者普遍存在焦虑和抑郁。透析充分性和维持性血液透析患者的焦虑、抑郁之间没有统计学上显著的相关性。     

联机尿素清除率监测和常规采血计算Kt／V的对比研究

联机尿素清除率监测（OCM）是一种新近发展起来的血液透析充分性监测的方法。其在国内的研究与临床应用的经验还比较缺乏，血液透析患者OCM能否替代尿素清除指数（Kt／V）计算还没有肯定的结论。本研究比较了OCM检测的Kt／V值与常规采血计算单次血液透析的单室尿素清除指数（spKt／V）值及平衡尿素清除指数（eKt／V），探讨三者间的相关性及OCM的临床应用价值。     

在线尿素清除率监测中心静脉导管反向使用结果分析

目的通过在线尿素清除率监测(OCM),观察中心静脉导管(下称导管)动-静脉(A-V)端与血路管的A-V端对换连接使用时的尿素清除指数(Kt/V),了解其对透析充分性的影响。方法选择符合条件的透析患者21例,取每例患者导管A-V端正向使用和反向使用各1次进行透析,采用OCM对Kt/V值监测。结果导管A-V端正向使用时Kt/V值为1.14±0.06,反向使用时为0.95±0.05,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论导管A-V端反向使用时Kt/V值下降,增加了通路再循环,降低透析效率,影响透析充分性。     

个性化干预对MHD患者透析充分性的影响

目的：探讨个性化干预措施对维持性血液透析患者透析充分性的影响。方法：选择维持性血液透析患者尿素清除数（Kt/V）小于1.2的患者53例，根据体重、内瘘条件、血液再循环、透析时间、透析器、液体状况等原因，分别进行个性化干预。结果：53例维持性血液透析患者干预后血流量（244.53±24.224）ml/min较干预前（223.40±22.87）ml/min显著增加，透析器膜面积干预后（1.71±0.13）m2较干预前（1.66±0.17）m2也显著增加。患者的Kt/V干预后（1.35±0.19）较干预前（1.07±0.10）显著改善。结论：通过采取个体化干预措施能显著改善维持性血液透析患者的透析充分性。     

在线尿素清除率监测不同透析液流量对血透充分性的相关性研究

血液透析是治疗终末期肾脏病患者最有效的措施之一［1］,充分透析可以提高患者的长期生存率,降低死亡率,改善生活质量。透析充分性是评价透析效果及决定维持性血液透析患者预后的重要指标［2］。临床上用来评价透析充分性的指标［3］很多,但最常用和公认的是尿素清除指数（ Kt／V ）,Kt／V值越高,说明透析越充分。而在线尿素清除率监测器（ on - line clearance monitoring,OCM［4］）是德国Fresenius公司为临床应用而开发的在线血液透析充分性监测方法,该方法具有实时监测、简单可操作并且无创经济等优点。提高透析液流量是通过改变膜两侧溶质的浓度及传递的速度而提高透析的效率。2013年开始我们采用不同透析液流量透析,同时利用费森尤斯4008S的OCM,即实时监测其Kt／V值,以评价其对血透充分性的相关性效果,现将结果报告如下。     

根据干体重调整血流量对血液透析患者60例Kt/V的影响

<正>近二十年来,Kt/V广泛应用于维持性血液透析充分性的评估~([1,2]),除透析时血流量是影响透析充分性的重要指标之外,患者的体重也是影响透析充分性的重要影响因素,目前尚未有研究考虑依据患者的体重进行个体化的血流量调整以提高透析充分性。本研究旨在探讨依据患者的干体重,指导制定个性化的透析治疗剂量,本研究旨在增加患者透析充分性,减少透析相关并发症,提高患者生存率和生存质量,促进其社会回归率。     

维持性腹膜透析患者尿素清除指数达标现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨单中心维持性腹膜透析患者尿素清除指数(Kt/V)达标现状以及影响因素。方法在泰兴市人民医院腹膜透析中心采用横断面调查,选择2014年11月至2015年5月份维持透析3个月以上的完成透析充分性及生化评估结果的腹膜透析患者77例。所有的患者均采用持续性不卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)或日间不卧床腹膜透析(daytime ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,DAPD)透析方式,调查其Kt/V达标现状。按照Kt/V是否达标(Kt/V≥1.7视为达标)分为2组,比较2组人口学资料及临床生化指标,探讨Kt/V的影响因素。结果入选患者的平均Kt/V为1.75±0.57,平均肌酐清除率为(57.44±19.58)L·周~(-1)·(1.73 m~2)~(-1),Kt/V达标率为54.54%。与Kt/V未达标组相比,达标组女性比例较高,糖尿病肾病患者比例较低,身高、体质量、体质量指数较小,24h尿量较多,残余肾功能较好(P0.05);2组患者年龄、腹膜透析治疗方式、腹膜透析月龄及每日腹膜膜透析液治疗剂量无统计学差异(P0.05)。Kt/V与身高(r=-0.444,P=0.001)、体质量(r=-0.457,P=0.001)、体质量指数(r=-0.240,P=0.035)呈负相关,与24h尿量(r=0.357,P=0.001)、残余肾功能(r=0.330,P=0.003)呈正相关,与年龄(r=0.118,P=0.305)、24h腹透液治疗剂量(r=-0.022,P=0.857)不相关。采用二元Logistic回归分析,女性、较小的体格、较好的残余肾功能是Kt/V达标的保护因素。结论单中心腹膜透析Kt/V达标率54.54%,性别、体格大小、残余肾功能是腹膜透析患者Kt/V达标的影响因素。     

The cost of hemodialysis in a large hemodialysis center

To assess the cost of hemodialysis (HD) delivered at our center according to the treatment protocols based on the current Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines, we analyzed our cost data during the period from 1st of January 2007 to 30th of June 2010. The methods were used to determine both direct costs (related to dialysis treatment such as dialysis disposables, dialysis related drugs, medical personnel, out-patient medications, laboratory and other ancillary services) and overhead costs (building, maintenance and engineering costs, housekeeping, and administrative personnel). During the study period, an average of 2,500 HD sessions per month were performed for 200 patients. The mean total cost per HD session was calculated as 297 US dollars (USD) [1,114 Saudi Riyals (SR)], and the mean total cost of dialysis per patient per year was 46,332 USD (173,784 SR). Direct costs contributed to 81.15% of the total cost from which the personnel cost represented 41.11% and dialysis disposables represented 13.64%, while medications (outpatient and intravenous dialysis related medications including albumin, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, iron and vitamin D?) accounted for 12.47% of the total cost. Our total cost level is well below the average cost in the industrialized countries.     

单中心维持性血液透析患者透析现状调查分析

目的对单中心维持性血液透析（MHD）患者进行现状调查分析，为透析质量持续改进提供参考依据。方法选择南京军区福州总医院血液净化科412名MHD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果412例MHD患者中，高磷血症358人（86．99％），钙磷乘积大于55mga／dl。194人（47．15％），iPTH达标率为13．59％。首次透析使用血管通路为临时中心静脉留置导管者345人（83．74％），而以动静脉内瘘作为长期血管通路者395人（95．87％）。412例血红蛋白值为99．35±21．38g／L，其中女性95．50±23．66g／L，男性105．4±11．21g／L，两者均低于正常值（P〈0．05）；其中血红蛋白≥100g／L占46．8％，血红蛋白≥110g／L占26．70；乙型肝炎抗原标志物和丙型肝炎抗体的阳性率分别为14．08％和9．47％；尽管有服用降压药物，本组大于140／90mmHg的高血压患者仍有343人（83．25％），其中使用3种以上降压药物的为315人（76．45％）。全部患者中每周透析三次者仅为214人（51．94％），透析频次与医保种类密切相关，每周透析三次患者的构成比，省医保）市医保）居民医保）自费。结论本中心MHD患者中，仍有部分患者未能很好的控制血磷、PTH水平，贫血、高血压的发生率仍高且达标率低，而医保类型的报销额度一定程度上制约了透析充分性，透析质量有待持续改进。     

Short daily hemodialysis rapidly improves nutritional status in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a common problem in maintenance hemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Interventions such as oral or intravenous nutritional supplements have often failed to improve nutritional status. We studied the effect of a daily dialysis program on nutritional parameters. METHODS: Eight patients treated with standard hemodialysis (SHD) 4 to 5 hours three times per week were converted to daily hemodialysis (DHD) 2 to 2.5 hours six times per week. Serum albumin, prealbumin, and total cholesterol were evaluated every three months. Anthropometry and dietary evaluation were performed every six months. RESULTS: Serum albumin rose from 39.0 +/- 2.6 to 42.0 +/- 3.1 and 43.0 +/- 2.6 g/L, prealbumin from 0.36 +/- 0.04 to 0.41 +/- 0.05 and 0.42 +/- 0.1 g/L, total cholesterol from 1.7 +/- 0.4 to 1.9 +/- 0.4 and 1.8 +/-0.3 g/L at baseline and at 6 and 12 months, respectively, after switching patients to DHD. Daily protein intake increased from 1.29 +/- 0.20 g/kg/day to 1.48 +/- 0.60 and 1.90 +/- 0.70 (P < 0.05). These changes were accompanied by a dry body weight increase of 2.4 +/- 1.6 kg (P < 0.005) at month 6 and 4.2 +/- 2.8 kg at one year (P < 0.05). Lean body mass increased from 47.7 +/- 4.9 kg to 49.1 +/- 5.9 (P < 0.05) and 50.5 +/- 6.2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Daily hemodialysis appears to be a suitable method to improve nutritional status in maintenance dialysis patients.     

Nutritional status in short daily hemodialysis versus conventional hemodialysis patients in China

Purpose

Malnutrition is the main determinant of mortality and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis patients. In many countries except for China, it has been reported that short daily hemodialysis (SDHD) could improve nutritional status. We will report here the nutritional results obtained in the SDHD therapy period compared with conventional hemodialysis (cHD) therapy period in Chinese patients.

Methods

This study compared 29 SDHD patients (SDHD group), each patient served as his own control, with 30 cHD patients (cHD group) serving as the parallel controls. The hematologic parameters, anthropometric measurements, modified quantitative subjective global assessment (MQSGA) score, weekly standard Kt/V (std Kt/V) and average daily intake of protein were measured at baseline (SDHD₀ or cHD₀ period), at 3 months (SDHD₁ or cHD₁ period) and at 6 months (SDHD₂ or cHD₂ period).

Results

The average daily intake of protein, dry weight, body mass index, mid-arm circumference, mid-arm muscle circumference, serum albumin, prealbumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin, weekly std Kt/V values at SDHD₂ were higher than the corresponding values at SDHD₀ (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Meanwhile, the average daily intake of protein, serum albumin, prealbumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin, weekly std Kt/V values at SDHD₂ were higher than the corresponding values at cHD₂ (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the MQSGA score at SDHD₂ was lower than the score at SDHD₀ and cHD₀ (p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

SDHD may improve the nutritional status compared with cHD in Chinese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

     

Malnutrition in hemodialysis patients

Twenty-nine hemodialysis patients were studied to evaluate different laboratory measures in assessing muscle protein stores and detecting protein malnutrition. Arm muscle circumference (AMC) was used as a reference for somatic protein stores. AMC correlated with serum complement C3, plasma histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and threonine concentrations as well as with body mass index. The lowest quartile of AMC was found most reliably by measuring plasma methionine, histidine, leucine and isoleucine concentrations. Protein malnutrition was detected in five patients (17%). They had significantly lower serum prealbumin and plasma leucine concentrations than the others. In the follow-up of 3 years every malnourished patient died, three from septic infection. Of the others only seven died, none from infection. The analysis of plasma essential amino acid and serum prealbumin concentrations had an important role in assessing muscle protein stores as well as the protein nutrition status in hemodialysis patients. Patients with malnutrition should be detected in view of their unfavourable prognosis.     

Posterior-reversible encephalopathy in hemodialysis

Posterior-reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a recently clinicoradiologic entity caused by numerous medical conditions and characterized by acute-neurologic disorders, such as headaches, confusion, seizures associated with arterial hypertension. MRI characteristics are typical. The rapid diagnosis is of capital importance due to a potential reversibility.     

Infectious spondylodiscitis in hemodialysis

Infectious spondylodiscitis is an infection seen with increasing frequency in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Often accompanied by bacteremia, it is associated with the use of central venous catheters for hemodialysis access. Initial symptoms can be relatively insidious and nonspecific. Therefore, the clinician must have a low threshold for diagnostic testing that goes beyond blood cultures. This, in addition to early empiric antibiotic therapy, may improve the outcome of this potentially catastrophic infection.