氢氯吡格雷联合拜阿司匹林治疗脑梗死的疗效及安全性评价

目的探讨氯吡格雷联合拜阿司匹林治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效及不良反应情况。方法选取2012-03—2014-05我院收治的急性脑梗死患者168例,随机分为对照组和观察组各84例,对照组在常规治疗的基础上给予拜阿司匹林治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用氯吡格雷联合治疗。2组患者治疗后进行神经功能缺损评定,对比疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果对照组总有效率71.43%%,观察组为90.48%,观察组治疗效果显著优于对照组(P0.05)。2组患者治疗前神经功能缺损评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后神经功能缺损评分均较治疗前改善,观察组改善情况优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗期间2组均未出现严重并发症及不良反应。结论急性脑梗死的临床治疗过程中给予氯吡格雷联合拜阿司匹林治疗能显著提高疗效,且不良反应少,患者预后情况好,值得临床推广和应用。     

阿加曲班联合氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察阿加曲班联合氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效及安全性。方法将80例急性脑梗死患者按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组各40例;治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用阿加曲班联合氯吡格雷,对照组在常规治疗的基础上加用氯吡格雷;2组在治疗前和治疗后14 d进行神经功能缺损评定和疗效评定,并监测凝血功能等指标变化及治疗期间不良反应。结果治疗后14 d 2组患者神经功能缺损评分较治疗前均有改善(P均0.01),治疗组神经功能缺损评分明显低于对照组(P0.01);治疗组患者神经功能缺损评分减少值明显高于对照组(P0.01)。2组均无明显不良反应。结论阿加曲班联合氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死的疗效较好,安全性较高。     

氯吡格雷、阿司匹林及低分子肝素钙联合治疗急性脑梗死疗效观察

目的探讨氯吡格雷、阿司匹林及低分子肝素钙联合治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性。方法 60例急性脑梗死患者随机分为氯吡格雷、阿司匹林及低分子肝素钙治疗组(联合治疗组A组)30例和阿司匹林及低分子肝素钙治疗组(常规治疗组B组)30例,观察用药前后的疗效、安全性,血小板活化状态及测定神经功能缺损评分。结果治疗组于治疗后14d,神经功能缺损评分较治疗前明显下降(P0.01),与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗组显效率明显优于对照组(P0.01),血小板活化指标(CD63、CD62P)治疗后14d联合治疗组血小板活化指标明显下降,2组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在阿司匹林及低分子肝素钙基础上加用氯吡格雷有助于神经功能恢复,疗效好,未见出血增加,值得推广应用。     

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林在急性脑梗死治疗中的疗效评定

目的探讨氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林在急性脑梗死治疗中的临床疗效。方法将80例急性脑梗死患者按照随机数字表法分为2组,对照组40例给予阿司匹林治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用氯吡格雷治疗,治疗2周后比较2组临床疗效、神经功能缺损评分、血小板抑制率及溶酶体颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD63)、α颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD62P)表达水平。结果观察组临床疗效显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.159,P0.05);治疗第1、2周时,观察组神经功能缺损评分及CD63、CD62P表达水平均低于对照组,AA、ADP均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯吡格雷与阿司匹林联合应用提高了急性脑梗死患者临床疗效和神经功能,抑制了血小板聚集和血小板活化,值得临床重视。     

不同剂量氯吡格雷和阿司匹林在急性脑梗死防治中的作用对比

目的比较不同剂量氯吡格雷与阿司匹林在治疗和预防脑梗死中的临床疗效。方法选取2013-01—2015-01我院收治的急性脑梗死患者80例,随机分为氯吡格雷100mg组、氯吡格雷50mg组与阿司匹林组。治疗后对3组临床疗效进行比较,并对3组治疗前后神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分情况及不良反应发生情况进行观察。结果与阿司匹林组比较,氯吡格雷100mg组与氯吡格雷50mg组临床总有效率均显著提高(P0.05);其中氯吡格雷100mg组显效率较氯吡格雷50mg组显著提高(P0.05);与治疗前比较,3组治疗后NIHSS评分均明显下降,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);其中NIHSS评分降低最为显著的是氯吡格雷100mg组,与其他2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);3组不良反应发生率比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论氯吡格雷在急性脑梗死治疗和预防中的临床疗效优于阿司匹林,能显著降低神经功能缺损评分,且氯吡格雷100mg临床疗效优于氯吡格雷50mg。     

糖尿病并急性脑梗死双联抗血小板治疗的临床观察

目的观察氯吡格雷联合肠溶阿司匹林治疗糖尿病并发急性脑梗死急性期神经功能缺损的疗效。方法将符合入选标准的72例患者随机分为联合治疗组(37例)和阿司匹林组(35例)。联合治疗组给予氯吡格雷联合肠溶阿司匹林治疗,阿司匹林组给予肠溶阿司匹林治疗,分别在治疗前后检测血小板参数变化和进行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS),并记录出血不良反应。结果在糖尿病并发急性脑梗死的急性期短期治疗中,2组患者反映血小板凝血功能增强的平均血小板体积(MPV)和大血小板比例(P-LCR)二项指标均明显降低,而联合治疗组更为明显;神经功能缺损评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),联合治疗组在改善患者神经功能方面明显优于对照组;2组均无发生脑出血及严重出血事件。结论氯吡格雷联合肠溶阿司匹林在糖尿病并发急性脑梗死的早期治疗中疗效显著,优于单用肠溶阿司匹林,且不良反应轻,出血发生率低,值得临床推广应用。     

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察急性脑梗死患者联合应用氯吡格雷(波立维)、阿司匹林抗血小板凝聚治疗的临床效果,旨在为急性脑梗死的治疗提供参考。方法选取我院2013-06—2014-06收治的急性脑梗死患者150例为研究对象,随机分为观察组、对照组各75例。2组入院后均行基础治疗,观察组联合应用氯吡格雷、阿司匹林进行抗血小板凝聚治疗;对照组在基础治疗外单独应用阿司匹林抗血小板凝聚治疗,对比2组临床疗效和血小板凝聚率。结果观察组临床疗效和血小板聚集率方面均显著优于对照组(P0.05)。结论氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗急性脑梗死的疗效显著,可改善早期患者的神经功能缺损症状,有效抑制血小板凝聚,值得临床推广应用。     

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗青年期急性非心源性脑梗死临床观察

目的观察氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗青年急性脑梗死的疗效及不良反应。方法选择80例急性非心源性脑梗死的青年患者,随机分为观察组(n=40)和对照组(n=40)。观察组给予阿司匹林和氯吡格雷,对照组给予阿司匹林和安慰剂。根据卒中临床神经功能缺损评定标准(NIHSS)和日常生活能力(ADL)评分标准进行评定,并监测血清hs-CRP水平。结果治疗后21d,观察组NIHSS、ADL评分均明显优于对照组,观察组有效率显著好于对照组,hs-CRP水平明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),且不良反应可耐受。结论氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林能明显改善急性非心源性脑梗死青年患者的预后,且较安全,有进一步研究的价值。     

奥扎格雷钠联合氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死疗效分析

目的观察奥扎格雷钠联合氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法将我院收治的96例急性脑梗死患者随机分为2组,对照组给予奥扎格雷钠治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用氯吡格雷,2组疗程均为14d。观察2组治疗前后临床神经功能缺损程度改善情况及临床疗效。结果治疗组总有效率较对照组有明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;治疗组神经功能缺损评分降低较为明显,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论奥扎格雷钠联合氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死的疗效较好,不良反应少,值得临床借鉴。     

抗血小板药物对急性非心源性脑梗死患者血浆溶血磷脂酸的影响

目的 观察抗血小板药物阿司匹林和氯吡格雷对急性非心源性脑梗死患者血浆溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）水平的影响。方法 选取急性脑梗死患者180例,随机分为阿司匹林组和氯吡格雷组,阿司匹林组在常规治疗的基础上加用拜阿司匹林0.1g,每天一次,氯吡格雷组在常规治疗的基础上加用氯吡格雷75mg,每天一次。两组分别于治疗前和治疗后第12～14天测定血浆LPA。另设正常对照组50名,均为我院健康体检者。结果 脑梗死组LPA水平明显高于对照组（3.80±0.87μmol/L vs 2.85±0.65μmol/L,P <0.01）;与治疗前相比,阿司匹林组和氯吡格雷组治疗后LPA水平均明显降低（3.26±0.50μmol/L vs 3.79±0.83μmol/L,P <0.01;3.06±0.69μmol/L vs 3.82±0.90μmol/L,P <0.01）,但氯吡格雷组降低更明显（P <0.01）。结论 急性脑梗死患者血中LPA水平高于正常人;抗血小板药物阿司匹林、氯吡格雷均能显著降低急性脑梗死患者LPA,其中氯吡格雷较阿司匹林更明显。     

叶酸、普伐他汀对急性脑梗死患者炎症因子的影响

目的 观察急性脑梗死患者应用叶酸和瞢伐他汀对其血C反应蛋白(CRP)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素6(I-一6)的影响.方法 124例急性脑梗死患者随机分为叶酸组、普伐他汀组及叶酸+普伐他汀组.分别在给药前及给药治疗4周后测定血中C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素6的数值,了解其变化情况.结果 三组治疗后血CRP、FIB、TNF-a、IL-6水平均较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.05),叶酸组与叶酸+普伐他汀组及普伐他汀组与叶酸+普伐他汀组CRP、FIB、TNF-α、IL-6水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 叶酸和普伐他汀联合干预对降低血炎症因子CRP、FIB、TNF-α,IL-6水平效果显著,二者具有协同作用,对于延缓和逆转颈动脉粥样硬化疗效优于单一使用叶酸或普伐他汀,对临床预防脑梗死复发具有明显作用,值得推广使用.     

Rho激酶抑制剂法舒地尔对急性脑梗死患者血清NSE、超敏C反应蛋白的影响及疗效观察

目的 研究法舒地尔对急性脑梗死（ACI）患者血清神经特异性烯醇酶（NSE）、超敏C反应蛋白的影响及疗效观察.方法 124例急性脑梗死患者随机分为法舒地尔治疗组64例和常规治疗组60例（予常规抗血小板聚集、改善脑循环、营养脑细胞等治疗）,法舒地尔治疗组在常规治疗的基础上予法舒地尔注射液治疗,于治疗前、治疗后第3,7,14天检测静脉血神经特异性烯醇酶（NSE）和超敏C反应蛋白的水平变化,治疗后第7,14,28天用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分量表（NIHSS）评分,治疗后28d进行疗效评定.结果 两组NSE、hs-CRP水平和NIHSS评分在治疗前差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗组NSE、hs-CRP水平和NIHSS评分在治疗后均明显低于常规治疗组,总有效率优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 法舒地尔可降低急性脑梗死血液中NSE和超敏C反应蛋白水平,治疗后NIHSS评分明显低于常规治疗组,疗效明显优于常规治疗对照组.     

Total saponins of Panax ginseng effects on proliferation and differentiation of human embryonic neural stem cells and in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model

BACKGROUND： Total saponins of Panax ginseng （TSPG） exhibits neuroprotection against Parkinson＇s disease in the substantia nigra. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of TSPG on human embryonic neural stem cells （NSCs） proliferation and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons using in vitro studies, and to observe NSC differentiation in a mouse model of Parkinson＇s disease, as well as behavioral changes before and after transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vitro neural cell biology trial and in vivo randomized, controlled animal trial were performed at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University between September 2004 and December 2007. MATERIALS： TSPG （purity 〉 95%） was isolated, extracted, and identified by Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica. Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） and recombinant human epidermal growth factor （EGF） were purchased from PeproTech, USA. A total of 25 C57/BL6J mice, aged 18-20 weeks were included. Twenty were used to establish a Parkinson＇s disease model with i.p. injection of MPTP （1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine） and TSPG alone or combined with interleukin-1 （IL-1）-treated NSCs prior to transplantation into the corpus striatum. The remaining five mice were pretreated for 3 days with TSPG prior to MPTP injection, serving as the TSPG prevention group. METHODS： Primary NSCs were isolated, cultured and purified from embryonic cerebral cortex. Immunocytochemistry was employed to detect specific antigen expression in the NSCs. In vitro experiment： （1） to induce proliferation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, EGF＋bFGF, or TSPG＋EGF＋bFGF, respectively; （2） to induce dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, IL-1, or TSPG＋IL-1, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： In vitro experiment： the effects of TSPG on NSCs proliferation were evaluated with flow cytometry and MTT assay. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was determined by immunocytochemistry assay to observe effects of TSPG on dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. In vivo experiment： differentiation of grafted NSCs in the mouse brain was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Behavioral changes were evaluated by spontaneous activity frequency, memory function, and score of paralysis agitans. RESULTS： （1） NSCs were cultured and passaged for more than three passages. Immunocytochemistry revealed positive nestin staining, as well as neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. （2） TSPG significantly increased NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with EGF and bFGF, which was twice as effective as FGF or bFGF alone. TSPG also induced dopaminergic differentiation in NSCs, in particular when TSPG was added together with IL-1, resulting in an effect five times greater than that of IL-1 alone. （3） At day 30 following transplantation, most NSCs in the TSPG prevention group differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, and the scores of paralysis agitans, spontaneous activity, and memory function were significantly increased compared with TSPG alone or TSPG＋IL-1 groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： TSPG stimulated NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with FGF and bFGF. TSPG significantly induced dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of NSCs, and the effect was greater when combined with IL-1. In addition, TSPG greatly improved behavior in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model following NSC transplantation. Following NSC transplantation, TSPG pretreatment exhibited superior efficacy over either TSPG alone or TSPG in combination with IL-1, in terms of behavioral improvements in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model.     

马来酸桂哌齐特联合奥扎格雷钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 观察马来酸桂哌齐特联合奥扎格雷纳注射液治疗急性脑梗死（ACI）的疗效.方法 将116例ACI患者随机分为治疗组（马来酸桂哌齐特联合奥扎格雷钠）60例和对照组（单用奥扎格雷钠）56例,分别于入院时、治疗后7,14,28 d进行临床神经功能缺损程度（NDS）评分和治疗后28 d疗效评定,治疗90 d时的Barthel指数;分别在治疗前后测血液流变学、经颅多普勒（TCD）检查;两组进行比较.结果 2组治疗后14 d及21 d神经功能缺损评分均有明显改善,但治疗组与对照组的NDS、Barthel指数、血液流变学、TCD变化等比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 马来酸桂哌齐特联合奥扎格雷钠可增加急性脑梗死的脑血流,改善微循环,并有助于ACI患者的神经功能恢复.     

56例急性脑出血患者术后神经功能恢复的临床研究

目的探讨依达拉奉对急性脑出血患者的术后神经恢复效果。方法采用两种不同的治疗方案进行术后神经功能恢复。结果治疗组的术后神经恢复效果明显优于对照组。结论在常规疗法基础上加用依达拉奉，对急性脑出血术后神经功能恢复具有良好的疗效，且副作用较小。     

Correlation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and erythropoietin protein and mRNA to cerebral ischemic tolerance in a focal ischemia/reperfusion model using the twice suture method

BACKGROUND： Numerous studies have shown that transient ischemic preconditioning induces cerebral ischemic tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms of endogenous protection following ischemic preconditioning remain unclear. OBJECTIVE： To dynamically measure erythropoietin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） mRNA and protein expression at various times following preconditioning, and to investigate effects of erythropoietin and HIF-1α on cerebral ischemic tolerance in a model of focal ischemia/reperfusion established using the twice suture method. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized, controlled study was performed at the Institute of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University, China from March 2006 to March 2007. MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-rat HIF-1α monoclonal antibody and biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG （Boster, China）, rabbit anti-rat erythropoietin monoclonal antibody （Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA）, and one-step RT-PCR kit （Qiagen, Germany） were used in this study. METHODS： A total of 99 healthy, male, Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups： sham surgery （n = 9）, non-ischemic preconditioning （n = 45）, and ischemic preconditioning （n = 45）. In the ischemic preconditioning group, rat models of pre-ischemia-reperfusion-ischemia-reperfusion were established by occluding the left middle cerebral artery using the twice suture method. In the non-ischemic preconditioning group, pre-ischemia was replaced by sham surgery. Subsequently, the ischemic preconditioning and non-ischemic preconditioning groups were equally divided into five subgroups according to time of first reperfusion, including 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day subgroups. The sham surgery group received the sham surgery twice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： HIF-la and erythropoietin protein expression was measured in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, and hippocampus of the ischemic hemisphere. HIF-1α and erythropoietin mRNA expression were determined in the frontal and parietal cortex of the ischemic hemisphere. RESULTS： （1） Intergroup comparison： compared with the non-ischemic preconditioning group, HIF-1α protein expression significantly increased in the rat cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, and hippocampus in the ischemic hemisphere at 1,3, and 7 days following reperfusion in the ischemic preconditioning group （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）. Erythropoietin protein expression significantly increased in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, and hippocampus, as well as HIF-1α and erythropoietin mRNA expression in the frontal and parietal cortex in the ischemic hemisphere, at 3 and 7 days following reperfusion in the ischemic preconditioning group （P 〈 0.05）. （2） Temporal expression： HIF-1α protein expression in the rat cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, and hippocampus, as well as HIF-la mRNA expression in the frontal and parietal cortex, in the ischemic hemisphere increased at 3 days, and gradually decreased from 7 days following reperfusion in the ischemic preconditioning group. Temporal erythropoietin protein and mRNA expression was consistent with HIF-1α protein expression. （3） Correlation： erythropoietin mRNA expression positively correlated with HIF-1α mRNA expression （r= 0.737, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Ischemic preconditioning induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. Pre-ischemiainduced increase in endogenous HIF-1αexpression, as well as its target gene erythropoietin, participated in the formation of cerebral ischemic tolerance.     

Edema and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex of elderly rats following transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND： Previous studies of cerebral ischemia have used young animals, with an ischemic time greater than 5 minutes （safe time limit）. Despite an increased understanding of neuronal apoptosis, it remains uncertain whether brief cerebral ischemic events of 5 minutes or less damage brain tissue in elderly rodents. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of transient cerebral ischemia （5 minutes）/reperfusion injury on brain cortical and hippocampal edema, aquaporin-4 （AQP-4） expression, and neuronal apoptosis in aged rats, and to compare ischemic sensitivity between cortex and hippocampus. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Qingdao University Medical School from April 2008 to March 2009. MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-AQP-4 polyclonal antibody, TUNEL kit, and SABC immunohistochemistry kit were purchased from Wuhan Boster Bioengineering, China. METHODS： A total of 160 healthy, male, aged 19-21 months, Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups： sham-surgery, and ischemia 1-, 3-, and 5-minute groups, with 40 rats in each group. The global cerebral ischemia model was established using the Pusinelli four-vessel occlusion, and the three cerebral ischemia groups were subdivided into reperfusion 12-hour, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 7-day subgroups, with 8 rats in each subgroup. The sham-surgery group was subjected to exposure of the first cervical bilateral alar foramina and bilateral common carotid arteries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The dry-wet weight assay was used to measure brain water content and histopathology of the cortex and hippocampus was observed following hematoxylin-eosin staining. In addition, cortical and hippocampal AQP-4 expression was detected by streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry, and neuronal apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL method. RESULTS： There was no significant difference in brain water content or AQP-4 expression in the cortex and hippocampus between ischemia 1- and 3-minute groups and the sham-surgery group or brain water content or AQP-4 expression in the cortex between ischemia 5-minute group and sham-surgery group （P 〉 0.05）. However, brain water content and AQP-4 expression in the hippocampus after 5 minutes of cerebral ischemia were significantly increased compared with the sham-surgery group （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）. Several TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the cortex and hippocampus of the sham-surgery group and ischemia 1-minute group, as well as in the cortex of the ischemia 3-minute group. In addition, the number of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus of ischemia 3-minute group and in the cortex and hippocampus of ischemia 5-minute group was significantly increased （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01 ）. Neuronal apoptosis was increased after 12 hours of ischemia/reperfusion, and it reached a peak by 2 days （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Transient cerebral ischemia （5 minutes） resulted in increased hippocampal edema, AQP-4 expression, and neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, cerebral ischemia had a greater effect on neuronal apoptosis than brain edema or AQP-4 expression, and the hippocampus was more sensitive than the cortex.     

Environmental factors in the development and progression of late-onset Alzheimer＇s disease

Late-onset Alzheimer＇s disease （LOAD） is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual loss of synapses and neurons, but its pathogenesis remains to be clarified. Neurons live in an environment constituted by neurons themselves and glial cells. In this review, we propose that the neuronal degeneration in the AD brain is partially caused by diverse environmental factors. We first discuss various environmental stresses and the corresponding responses at different levels. Then we propose some mechanisms underlying the specific pathological changes, in particular, hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction at the systemic level; cerebrovascular dysfunction, metal toxicity, glial activation, and Aβ toxicity at the intercellular level; and kinase-phosphatase imbalance and epigenetic modification at the intracellular level. Finally, we discuss the possibility of developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of LOAD from the perspective of environmental stress. We conclude that environmental factors play a significant role in the development of LOAD through multiple pathological mechanisms.     

醒脑开窍针刺超早期急性脑梗死患者血浆神经肽Y水平：随机对照

BACKGROUND： It is known that acupuncture therapy can decrease plasma neuropeptide Y （NPY） levels in patients with cerebral infarction, but different types of acupuncture therapy used in various stages of cerebral infarction have not been evaluated.
OBJECTIVE： To explore the effect of acupuncture therapy on resuscitation （Xingnao Kaiqiao） and plasma NPY levels in patients with very early stage acute cerebral infarction. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This case-controlled study was
performed at the Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of the Chinese People＇s Armed Police Force between September 2004 and October 2005.
PARTICIPANTS： Sixty patients with acute cerebral infarction of ≤ 6 hours were used in this study. Patients were randomly divided into an acupuncture therapy group （n = 30） and a routine treatment group （n = 30）. Another 30 healthy subjects were used as the control group.
METHODS： The acupuncture therapy of Xingnao Kaiqiao used in the acupuncture therapy group was based on routine western medical treatment and was performed at bilateral Neiguan （PCG） using the twirling, reinforcing-reducing method, Renzhong （DU26） using heavy bird-pecking needling, Sanyinjiao （SPG） using reinforcing and reducing by lifting and thrusting the needle, Jiquan （HT1）, Weizhong （BL40） and Chize （LU5） using reinforcing and reducing by lifting and thrusting the needle. The acupuncture lasted for 14 days. Patients in the routine treatment group underwent routine medical treatment and no intervention was given to subjects in the control group.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： A 4 mL venous blood sample was obtained at different time points, i.e., immediately after hospitalization, the next morning, 7 and 14 days after treatment, to measure plasma NPY levels pre- and post-treatment using the radio-immunity method.
RESULTS： The plasma NPY levels were significantly higher in both the routine treatment group and the acupuncture therapy group than in the control group pre- and post-treatment （P 〈 0.01）. In particular, the plasma NPY levels in both the acupuncture therapy group and the routine treatment group were increased 7 days post-treatment but decreased from 7-14 days post-treatment. In addition, the plasma NPY levels were significantly lower in the acupuncture therapy group than in the routine treatment group on day 7 and 14 post-treatment （P 〈 0.01）.
CONCLUSION： Acupuncture therapy of Xingnao Kaiqiao can decrease plasma NPY levels in patients with very early stage acute cerebral infarction. In addition, the therapeutic effect of acupuncture with a prolonged therapy time is superior to routine treatment.