Accuracy and measures of association of anthropometric indexes of obesity to identify the presence of hypertension in adults: a population-based study in Southern Brazil

Purpose

This study proposes to examine the accuracy of four anthropometric indexes of obesity to identify the presence of hypertension and assess differences in the estimation and strength of effect measures of the association between each anthropometric measure and hypertension in Brazilian adults.

Methods

A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 1,720 adults from Florianópolis, Brazil. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the best cutoff values for anthropometric indexes (body mass index—BMI, waist circumference—WC, waist-to height ratio—WHtR and conicity index—C-index) for prediction of hypertension. The associations between anthropometric indexes and hypertension were analyzed by Poisson regression expressed as Prevalence Ratios (95% CI) adjusted for socio-demographic variables, health behavior, height, and anthropometric indexes.

Results

Of the four anthropometric indexes studied, BMI, WC, and WHtR were found to have the largest areas under the ROC curve relative to hypertension in both sexes. The cutoff values in women and men associated with presence of hypertension were BMI of 24.9 and 24.6 kg/m², WC of 86.2 and 89.5 cm, WHtR of 0.49 and 0.50, and C-index of 1.15 and 1.18, respectively. WC and BMI had greater magnitude of association with presence of hypertension, adjusting for socio-demographic variables, health behavior, height, and anthropometric indexes in women and men, respectively.

Conclusions

Anthropometric indexes provide an effective, simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive means for a first-level screening for hypertension.     

Body mass index and health-related quality of life in apparently healthy individuals

Purpose

Obesity is known to be associated with a range of chronic medical comorbidities, but little is known about the impact of overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in persons without chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess HRQoL, body mass index (BMI) and health behavior patterns in a community sample of subjects who had no long-lasting medical comorbidities

Methods

We assessed HRQoL in 1,187 apparently healthy individuals (mean age 57 ± 7 years), of whom 24 % were classified as normal weight, 49 % as overweight, 20 % as obese and 7 % as very obese. Two different instruments of HRQoL were used: the generic Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire and the preference-based instrument EuroQol (EQ-5D).

Results

All physical components of the SF-36 decreased linearly according to BMI categories in women. In men, only poorer physical functioning scale showed linearity with rising BMI. Scores on the mental components of the SF-36 did not differ by BMI categories in either gender. The EQ-5D index and EuroQol visual analogue scale scores decreased linearly with rising BMI only in women.

Conclusions

In apparently healthy middle-aged subjects, physical HRQoL decreases with increasing level of BMI and more so in women than in men. Mental components of HRQoL do not differ between the categories of BMI in either gender.     

Waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index as indices of cardiometabolic risk among 36,642 Taiwanese adults

Purpose

We aimed to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with cardiometabolic risk.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 21,038 men and 15,604 women who participated in a health check-up were included.

Results

In both men and women, the area under the curve (AUC) of WHtR was significantly greater than that of BMI or WC in the prediction of diabetes, hypertension, high total cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05 for all). The AUC for WHtR in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MS) was also highest in the women (P < 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for MS for each standard deviation increase in BMI, WHtR, and WC were 1.47 (1.46–1.49), 1.32 (1.31–1.33), and 1.19 (1.18–1.19), respectively. Finally, patients of either sex with a normal BMI or WC level, but with an elevated WHtR, had higher levels of various cardiometabolic risk factors in comparison with their normal BMI or WC, but low WHtR, counterparts (P < 0.05 for all).

Conclusion

Among Taiwanese adults, a WHtR greater than 0.5 is a simple, yet effective indicator of centralized obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk, even among individuals deemed ‘healthy’ according to BMI and WC.     

苏州市成年人身体测量指标与糖尿病患病关系的研究

目的 探讨成年人身体测量指标与糖尿病患病的关系.方法 利用“中国慢性病前瞻性研究”(CKB)苏州市项目点53 260名30～79岁常住居民有效基线调查数据,通过logistic多元回归分析研究身体测量指标与糖尿病患病的关系.结果 调查人群糖尿病患病率为5.3%,其中半数为新检测发现患者.糖尿病患病率随年龄增加而升高,年龄每增加10岁,患病风险增加61%(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.54～1.67).无论男女性别,BMI、体脂比、腰围、臀围、腰臀比和腰身比均与糖尿病患病呈显著正相关.中心性肥胖指标与糖尿病患病风险的关系强于全身性肥胖指标,其中腰臀比与糖尿病患病风险的关系最强.腰臀比每增加1个标准差(s),男性(s=0.06)的糖尿病患病风险增加72%(61%～83%),女性(s=0.07)增加93%(83%～102%).在同一分析模型中“腰围”和“臀围”相互调整后,腰围值每增加5 cm,男女性糖尿病患病风险性分别增加65%和57%;但臀围值每增加5 cm,男女性糖尿病患病风险性分别减少38%和34%.结论 BMI、体脂比、腰围、腰臀比和腰身比等肥胖测量指标均与糖尿病患病呈显著正相关;中心性肥胖指标,尤其是“腰臀比”,与糖尿病患病风险的关系强于全身性肥胖指标.控制“腰围”后,“臀围”与糖尿病患病呈显著负相关.     

Anthropometric measures and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: An 18 years follow-up

BackgroundThe contribution of anthropometric measures to predict mortality in normal-weight subjects is unclear. We aimed to study the association of central obesity measures, e.g., waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), with the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.MethodsIn a prospective population-based Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 8287 participants aged ≥30 y, followed for a median of 18 years. The association of WC, WHR and WHtR with the risk for mortality was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models in different BMI groups.ResultsWe documented 821 deaths, of which 251 were related to CVD mortality. Normal weight individuals with central obesity were significantly at increased risk of all-cause (HR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.1) and CVD mortality (HR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.92, 2.9) compared with normal-weight individuals without central obesity; the risk remained significant only in women. Also, normal-weight women (not men) with high WHR were at increased risk of all-cause (HR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.8) and CVD mortality (HR: 5.9; 95% CI: 1.5, 23.2). High WHtR increased the risk of all-cause (HR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.8) and CVD mortality (HR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7) which remained significant in normal-weight men and women. All central obesity indicators were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality in subjects aged under 65.ConclusionEven in normal-weight individuals, WC and WHR in women and WHtR in both sexes are predictors of all-cause and CVD mortality. WHtR shows a stronger association, especially in the population aged under 65.     

Optimal cut-offs of five anthropometric indices and their predictive ability of type 2 diabetes in a nationally representative Kenyan study

BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the top non-communicable diseases in Kenya and prevention strategies are urgently needed. Intervening to reduce obesity is the most common prevention strategy. However, black populations develop T2D at lower obesity levels and it is unclear which anthropometric cut-offs could provide the best predictive ability for T2D risk. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the optimal anthropometric cut-offs and their predictive ability of T2D in Kenya.MethodsThe study included 2159 participants (59% women) aged 35–70 years from the Kenya STEPwise survey conducted in 2014. Five anthropometric indices were used—body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR) and waist divided by height^0.5(WHt.5R). Diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose of ≥7.0 mmol/l or a previous diagnosis by a health worker. Optimal anthropometric cut-offs and their receiver operating characteristics, such as the area under the curve (AUC), were computed.ResultsOverall, the optimal cut-off for BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR and WHt.5R were 24.8 kg.m⁻², 90 cm, 0.88, 0.54 and 6.9. On disaggregation by sex, the optimal cut-off for BMI, WC, WHR WHtR and WHt.5R was 27.1 kg.m⁻², 87 cm, 0.85, 0.55 and 6.9 in women, and 24.8 kg.m⁻², 91 cm, 0.88, 0.54 and 6.9 in men. Overall, WC (AUC 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.65, 0.76)) WHtR (AUC 0.71 (0.66, 0.76)) and WHt.5R (AUC 0.70 (0.65,0.75)) had a better predictive ability for T2D than BMI (AUC 0.68 (0.62, 0.73)).ConclusionsWC, WHtR and WHt.5R were better predictors of T2D than BMI and should be used for risk stratification in Kenya. A WC cut-off of 87cm in women and 91cm in men, a WHtR cut-off of 0.54 or a WHt.5R of 6.9 in both men and women should be used to identify individuals at an elevated risk of T2D.     

Association of surrogate and direct measures of adiposity with risk of metabolic syndrome in rural Chinese women

Background

Most studies linking obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) have used body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) to measure obesity. While BMI is correlated with direct measures of total and central adiposity, it is influenced by lean body and bone mass. We hypothesize that direct measures of adiposity may help develop further insight into the link between obesity and MS, thus more accurately identifying individuals at high risk for MS.

Aim of the study

We examined how surrogate and direct measures of adiposity were associated with MS risk and if direct adiposity measures enhanced BMI and WC identification of MS risk.

Methods

3,734 Chinese female twins aged 20–39 years were studied. Percent body fat (%BF) and proportion of trunk fat to total BF (%TF) were assessed by DEXA. Graphic plots and generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations of adiposity measures with MS and its components. Concordance of adiposity measures and MS abnormalities between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were compared.

Results

The prevalence of MS increased for high BMI (≥23 kg/m²), %BF (≥32), WC (≥80 cm), and (to a lesser degree) %TF (≥50). Below those thresholds, the prevalence of MS was low (0–5.3%). %TF was independently associated with higher risk of MS and its components even after adjusting for BMI and WC. As a result, among women with normal BMI and WC, high %TF was associated with 1.3–2.0-fold elevated risk of MS components. In contrast, women with high BMI but normal WC and %TF neither have significantly increased risk of MS, nor for any component other than high BP. MZ twins showed higher concordance for MS and its components than DZ twins.

Conclusions

In this lean Chinese rural female sample, BMI ≥ 23 and WC ≥ 80 were associated with a markedly increased risk of MS, which was further enhanced by elevated %TF. Even in women with a normal BMI and WC, %TF was independently associated with MS and its components. Twin analysis findings suggest that adiposity measurements and MS risk are influenced by genetics.     

Overweight and obesity in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students in Crete,Greece

Background

Recent data indicate increasing rates of adult obesity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Greece. No data, however, are available on prevalence of overweight and obesity in relation to CVD risk factors among young adults in Greece.

Methods

A total of 989 third-year medical students (527 men, 462 women), aged 22 ± 2 years, were recruited from the University of Crete during the period 1989–2001. Anthropometric measures and blood chemistries were obtained. The relationships between obesity indices (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], waist-to-hip ratio [WHpR], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]) and CVD risk factor variables (blood pressure, glucose, serum lipoproteins) were investigated.

Results

Approximately 40% of men and 23% of women had BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m². Central obesity was found in 33.4% (average percentage corresponding to WC ≥ 90 cm, WHpR ≥ 0.9 and WHtR ≥ 50.0) of male and 21.7% (using WC ≥ 80 cm, WHpR ≥ 0.8, WHtR ≥ 50.0) of female students. Subjects above the obesity indices cut-offs had significantly higher values of CVD risk factor variables. BMI was the strongest predictor of hypertension. WHtR in men and WC in women were the most important indicators of dyslipidaemia.

Conclusion

A substantial proportion of Greek medical students were overweight or obese, obesity status being related to the presence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Simple anthropometric indices can be used to identify these CVD risk factors. Our results underscore the need to implement health promotion programmes and perform large-scale epidemiological studies within the general Greek young adult population.

     

Smoking status and body fatness indicators: a cross-sectional survey among 1948 Chinese male adults

Aim

The relationship between cigarette smoking and obesity has been extensively studied, but the existing evidence is inconclusive. Moreover, few previous studies had examined the relationships of cigarette smoking with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) simultaneously, which could not fully assess the effects of smoking on fat distribution. This study aimed to investigate the associations of cigarette smoking with BMI, WC, HC and WHR in Chinese male adults.

Subjects and methods

A total of 1,948 Chinese male adults (including 982 non-smokers, 846 current smokers and 210 former smokers) were selected from a community-based chronic disease screening project in Guangzhou and Zhuhai, China. The selected subjects were surveyed about their smoking status and history, and their body fatness indicators (BMI, WC, HC and WHR) were measured. A series of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed to assess associations between smoking behaviors and the body fatness indicators with adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

Current smokers had lower BMI (23.3 vs. 23.5 kg/m²) and HC (93.5 vs. 94.1 cm) but higher WHR (0.867 vs. 0.859) than non-smokers. Within current smokers, heavy smokers (>15 cigarettes/day) had higher BMI (23.4 vs. 23.0 kg/m²) than light smokers (1–15 cigarettes/day) without controlling for WC, but this association was reversed after adjusting for WC (23.1 vs. 23.3 cm). Heavy smokers had higher WC and WHR but lower HC than non-smokers. Former smokers who had quit for shorter than 1 year had larger BMI than non-smokers and former smokers who quitted for 1 year or longer.

Conclusions

Cigarette smoking is associated with both of the reduced total body mass and the increased waist fat deposit, and the weight gain seems to occur and complete itself in a short time after smoking cessation. These findings may improve the understanding on how cigarette smoking is linked to fat distribution and provide scientific evidence regarding intervention in smoking and obesity.     

简易体脂参数估测腹内型肥胖的可靠性评价

目的：评价体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）估测腹内型肥胖的最佳临界点及敏感度、特异度。方法：应用核磁共振（MRI）对690名受试者（男305人，女385人）进行腹内脂肪（VA）测量，同时测量BMI、WC、WHR。以受试者工作特性（ROC）曲线评价简易体脂参数对腹内型肥胖的诊断价值。结果：①经MRI诊断，超重／肥胖者中61．7％，正常体重者中14．2％呈腹内型肥胖（VA≥100cm^2）；②BMI、WC、WHR与腹内脂肪面积呈显著正相关，尤以WC的相关性最好;③简易体脂参数估测腹内脂肪积聚的最佳切割点为BMI：26kg/m^2,WC:90cm,WHR:0.93;④BMI≥28kg/m^2、WC≥95cm时，95％的男性及90％左右的女性呈腹内型肥胖。结论：BMI、WC及WHR都可估测腹内型肥胖，但以腰围的准确率稍高。     

Diabetes prediction,lipid accumulation product,and adiposity measures; 6-year follow-up: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Background

The body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used marker for evaluating obesity related risks, however, central obesity measures have been proposed to be more informative. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an alternative continuous index of lipid accumulation, which is computed from waist circumference (WC, cm) and triglycerides (TGs, mmol/l): (WC-65) ×TG (men) and (WC-58) ×TG (women). We sought in this study to assess if LAP can outperform BMI, waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR), or waist-to-hip-ratio (WHpR) in identifying prevalent and predicting incident diabetes.

Results

The cross-sectional analyses were performed on a sample included 3,682 men and 4,989 women who were not pregnant, aged ≥ 20 years. According to the age (≥ 50 and <50 years) - and sex-specific analyses, odds ratios (ORs) of LAP for prevalent diabetes were higher than those of BMI, WHpR, or WHtR among women, after adjustment for mean arterial pressure and family history of diabetes. The OR of LAP in old men was lower than those of other adiposity measures; in young men, however, LAP was superior to BMI but identical to WHpR and WHtR in identifying prevalent diabetes. Except in young men, LAP showed highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AROC) for prevalent diabetes (P for trend ≤ 0.005).For longitudinal analyses, a total of 5,018 non-diabetic subjects were followed for ~6 years. The ORs of BMI, WHpR, and WHtR were the same as those of LAP in both sexes and across age groups; except in young men where LAP was superior to the BMI. AROCs of LAP were relatively the same as anthropometric adiposity measures.

Conclusions

LAP was a strong predictor of diabetes and in young individuals had better predictability than did BMI; it was, however, similar to WHpR and WHtR in prediction of incident diabetes.

     

Determinants of the transition from a cardiometabolic normal to abnormal overweight/obese phenotype in a Spanish population

Purpose

There is limited prospective evidence at population scale of the impacts of lifestyle and surrogate measures of general and abdominal adiposity on the transition of a metabolically healthy (absence of a metabolic disorder) overweight/obese (MHOO) phenotype to a metabolically abnormal overweight/obese (MAOO) phenotype. Therefore, we determined the relationship between 10-year body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and lifestyle changes and the transition of the MHOO phenotype.

Methods

We conducted a prospective population-based study of 3,052 male and female Spaniards aged 25–74 years who were followed from 2000 through 2009. Diet and leisure-time physical activity were recorded on validated questionnaires. Weight, height, WC, blood lipids, glycemia, and blood pressure were measured. All variables were obtained at baseline (BL) and follow-up (FL). Participants with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² and free from hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, hypertension, and low HDL and high LDL cholesterol levels were characterized as the MHOO phenotype. A composite healthy lifestyle index (HLI) was constructed by including temporary changes in 3 lifestyle variables (diet, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking).

Results

Initially, 20.8 % of subjects had the MHOO phenotype; 49.2 % of these shifted to MAOO phenotype. In multivariate analysis, changes in BMI, WC, WHtR were positively associated (p = 0.004, p = 0.018, and p = 0.016, respectively) with this transition. One unit increase in the HLI was associated with a 33 % lower risk (p = 0.025) to the MAOO phenotype transition after adjusting for age, sex, educational level, and baseline energy intake, BMI, WC, and WHtR.

Conclusions

The presence of metabolic disorders in the MHOO phenotype is predicted by an increase in anthropometric surrogate measures of general and abdominal adiposity. In contrast, a healthy lifestyle protects against a transition to the MAOO phenotype.     

Obesity measures and risk of venous thromboembolism and myocardial infarction

Obesity is a risk factor for arterial and venous thromboembolism. However, it is not known whether obesity mediates risk through shared mechanisms. In a population-based cohort, we aimed to compare the impact of obesity measures on risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and myocardial infarction (MI), and explore how obesity-related atherosclerotic risk factors influenced these relationships. Measures of body composition including body mass index , waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were registered in 6,708 subjects aged 25–84 years, who participated in the Tromsø Study (1994–1995). Incident VTE- and MI-events were registered until January 1, 2011. There were 288 VTEs and 925 MIs during a median of 15.7 years of follow-up. All obesity measures were related to risk of VTE. In linear models, WC showed the highest risk estimates in both genders. In categorized models (highest versus lowest quintile), WC showed highest risk in men (HR 3.59; 95 % CI 1.82–7.06) and HC in women (HR 2.27; 95 % CI 1.54–4.92). Contrary, WHR and WHtR yielded the highest risk estimates for MI. The HR of MI (highest vs. lowest quintile) for WHR was 2.11 (95 % CI 1.59–2.81) in men and 1.62 (95 % CI 1.13–2.31) in women. The risk estimates for MI were substantially attenuated after adjustment for atherosclerotic risk factors, whereas the estimates for VTE remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that the impact of body fat distribution, and the causal pathway, differs for the association between obesity and arterial and venous thrombosis.     

Comparison of the association of predicted fat mass,body mass index,and other obesity indicators with type 2 diabetes risk: two large prospective studies in US men and women

Obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI), is a well-established risk factor of type 2 diabetes, but BMI has been criticized for its inability to discriminate fat mass and lean body mass. We examined the association between predicted fat mass and type 2 diabetes risk in two large US prospective cohorts, and compared the magnitude of the association with BMI and other obesity indicators. Validated anthropometric prediction equations previously developed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to estimate predicted fat mass and percent fat for 97,111 participants from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1987–2012) and the Nurses’ Health Study (1986–2012) who were followed up for type 2 diabetes. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes across quintiles of predicted fat mass were 1.00, 1.96, 2.96, 3.90, and 8.38 for men and 1.00, 2.20, 3.50, 5.73, and 12.1 for women; of BMI were 1.00, 1.69, 2.45, 3.54, and 6.94 for men and 1.00, 1.76, 2.86, 4.88, and 9.88 for women. Predicted FM showed the strongest association with type 2 diabetes in men followed by waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), predicted percent fat, BMI, Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and a body shape index (ABSI). For women, the strongest association was shown for WHtR, followed by WC, predicted percent fat, predicted fat mass, BMI, ABSI, and WHR. Compared to BMI, predicted fat mass demonstrated consistently stronger association with type 2 diabetes risk. However, there was inconclusive evidence to suggest that predicted fat mass is substantially superior to other obesity indicators.     

Cut-off values of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio to identify excess abdominal fat: population-based screening of Japanese school children

Background

School-based screening and prevention programs for adiposity generally target school children in grades 4 and 6 (age 9–11 years). The aims of this study were to evaluate the validity of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in identifying abdominal adiposity in fifth-grade Japanese school children and to determine optimal cut-off values for anthropometric measures.

Methods

The target population was fifth-grade school children enrolled in 2 schools in Shizuoka, Japan between 2008 and 2010; 422 of the 466 children participated in the present study. Abdominal adiposity was defined as percent trunk fat in the 95th percentile or higher, as determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We analyzed the validity of BMI, WC, and WHtR using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The Youden index was used to determine cut-off values of BMI, WC, and WHtR that identify excess abdominal fat.

Results

Optimal cut-off values to identify abdominal adiposity were 20.8 kg/m² (BMI), 76.5 cm (WC), and 0.519 (WHtR) for boys, and 19.6 kg/m² (BMI), 73.0 cm (WC), and 0.499 (WHtR) for girls. Areas under the ROC curve were 0.983 (BMI), 0.987 (WC), and 0.981 (WHtR) for boys, and 0.981 (BMI), 0986 (WC), and 0.992 (WHtR) for girls.

Conclusions

BMI, WC, and WHtR successfully identified a high proportion of children with excess abdominal fat as measured by DXA, demonstrating that these measures are useful indices for school screening.Key words: child, screening, obesity, statistics as topic, reference values     

不同肥胖指标对中国台湾35～74岁人群高血压的预测价值

目的评价体质指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）及腰围身高比（WHtR）对中国台湾35～74岁人群高血压的预测价值。方法摘选台湾某健康体检中心2006年35～74岁人群48753人的健检资料,作各肥胖指标及各肥胖指标不同组合对高血压的受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）,通过比较各个ROC曲线下面积（AUC）评价各肥胖指标对高血压的预测价值。结果不论男女,各肥胖指标及其不同组合对高血压的AUC均大于0.5。与BMI、WC及WHR相比,WHtR对高血压的AUC最大（男性0.686,95%CI：0.679～0.694;女性0.759,95%CI：0.751～0.767）,且差异有统计学意义（均有P〈0.001）。男女相比时,女性WHtR对高血压的AUC大于男性。不同肥胖指标相互组合时,BMI、WC、WHR与WHtR组合对高血压的AUC最大（男性0.693,95%CI：0.686～0.701;女性0.770,95%CI：0.762～0.778）。结论 WHtR能较好反映肥胖对中国台湾35～74岁人群尤其是女性人群高血压的影响,可能是预测高血压的理想肥胖指标。     

Associations of Alcoholic Beverage Consumption with Dietary Intake,Waist Circumference,and Body Mass Index in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012

Background

Findings from studies of alcohol and obesity measures (eg, waist circumference [WC] and body mass index [BMI; calculated as kg/m²]) are conflicting. Residual confounding by dietary intake, inconsistent definitions of alcohol consumption across studies, and the inclusion of former drinkers in the nondrinking comparison group can contribute to the mixed literature.

Predictive performances of lipid accumulation product vs. adiposity measures for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality, 8.6-year follow-up: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Background  

The body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used marker for evaluating obesity related risks, however, central obesity measures have been proposed to be more informative. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an alternative continuous index of lipid accumulation, which is computed from waist circumference (WC, cm) and triglycerides (TGs, mmol/l): (WC-65) ×TG (men) and (WC-58) ×TG (women). We sought in this study to assess if LAP can outperform BMI, waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR), or waist-to-hip-ratio (WHpR) in identifying prevalent and predicting incident diabetes.     

Overweight and abdominal obesity association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly aged 80 and over: A cohort study

Objective

To evaluate the association between overweight and abdominal obesity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly aged 80 and over.

Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting

A population-based study of community-dwelling very elderly adults in a city in southern Brazil.

Participants

236 very elderly adults, number that represents 85% of the population aged 80 and over living in the city in the period (mean age 83.4 ± 3.2).

Measurements

Overweight and abdominal obesity were assessed using recommended cut-off points for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR). The association between these anthropometric measurements and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were independently estimated by Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier was used to assess survival time.

Results

Increased WC (>80cm F and >94cm M) and WHtR (>0.53 F and >0.52 M) were associated with lower all-cause mortality, but only WHtR remained associated even after controlling for residual confounding (HR 0.55 CI95% 0.36-0.84; p<0.001). Additionally increased WC was independently associated with lower mortality from cardiovascular diseases (HR 0.57 CI95% 0.34-0.95; p<0.030). BMI and WHR did not show significant independent association with mortality in the main analysis.

Conclusion

Greater abdominal fat accumulation, as estimated by WC and WHtR, presented an association with lower allcause and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly aged 80 and over, but not by BMI and WHR.