下斜肌前转位术治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直斜视患儿的疗效

目的：探究下斜肌前转位(anterior transposition of inferior oblique muscle)对伴有下斜肌亢进(inferior oblique overaction,IOOA)的分离性垂直斜视(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)患儿的治疗效果及双眼不等量下斜肌转位术对伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD的疗效,为伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者提供更加有效的治疗方案。

方法：随机选取2014-01/2015-12在我院住院治疗的80例120眼伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者,均采用下斜肌前转位术对患者进行治疗。术后进行回访,回访时间为1～30mo,将患者手术前后远(5m)、近(33cm)距离原在位垂直斜度及IOOA程度进行比较,并对两者进行相关性分析; 对80例患者中采用双眼不等量下斜肌转位术进行治疗的20例30眼伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD患者手术前后远(5m)、近(33cm)距离原在位垂直斜度及IOOA程度进行比较,并观察所有患者下斜肌前转位术后抑制上转综合征(antielevation syndrome,AES)的发病情况。

结果：患者术前5m平均三棱镜度(prism diopters,PD)为19.5±0.15PD,术后平均PD为3.5±0.18PD,5m原在位平均矫正16±0.21PD; 术前33cm平均PD为18.6±0.20PD,术后平均PD为4.5±0.26PD,33cm原在位平均矫正14.1±0.16PD,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。行下斜肌前转位术前下斜肌功能亢进+2和+3者各50眼,+1者20眼,术后有12眼仍表现为下斜肌功能亢进,但是亢进程度为+1。IOOA程度与原在位垂直斜度呈正相关,差异具有统计学意义(33cm：r=0.554,P<0.01; 5m：r=0.454,P<0.01)。20例30眼伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD患者原在位DVD垂直斜度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),IOOA程度明显降低。行下斜肌前转位术的患者术后18例24眼出现不同程度的AES,与行双眼不等量下斜肌转位术进行治疗的20例30眼伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD患者发生AES比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：下斜肌前转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直斜视患者具有很好的治疗效果,但是术后AES发生率较高,而行双眼不等量下斜肌转位术进行治疗的患者术后AES发生率能够保持在较低水平。     

下斜肌后固定术在外斜V征中的应用

目的：探讨下斜肌后固定术（IOBT）在伴有轻中度下斜肌功能亢进的V型斜视中的治疗效果。方法： 前瞻性研究。选择2018年1月至2020年4月在徐州市第一人民医院行IOBT 或者部分切除术的外斜 V征患者40例，按照随机数字表法将患者随机分为IOBT组和下斜肌部分切除术（IOMYE）组，各20 例。IOBT 组行双眼IOBT+水平斜视矫正术，IOMYE组行双眼IOMYE+水平斜视矫正术。比较2组手术前后水平斜视度（HD）、V值、黄斑视乳头夹角（FDA）及下斜肌功能（IOA）等变化情况。随访时间为6个月。数据采用配对样本t检验、独立样本t检验进行分析。结果：IOBT组17例（85%）治 愈，IOMYE组14例（70%）治愈。IOBT组手术前后FDA变化差异无统计学意义（t=1.313，P=0.205）。 2组间手术前后FDA、IOA、V值变化值的差异均有统计学意义（t=-11.788，P<0.001；t=-3.701， P=0.001；t=-8.519，P<0.001）。IOBT组术后无一例过矫为A征。IOMYE组6例V征过矫为A征，IOA 轻度不足8例。结论：IOBT术可安全、有效地治疗伴轻中度下斜肌亢进的外斜V征，是传统下斜肌减弱术的补充。     

下斜肌不等量切除前转位术治疗伴有非对称性下斜肌功能亢进的分离性垂直斜视

目的：探讨下斜肌不等量切除前转位术在伴有非对称性下斜肌功能亢进的分离性垂直斜视治疗中的应用。

方法：回顾性分析2015-06/2017-06在我院行下斜肌不等量切除前转位术治疗伴有非对称性下斜肌功能亢进的分离性垂直斜视病例22例28眼,男10例,女12例,年龄3～28(平均12.32±6.81)岁,从术后双眼视功能恢复情况、DVD疗效、下斜肌功能亢进疗效、眼位及代偿头位、并发症等方面观察,术后随访6～18(平均10.05±3.87)mo。

结果：术后双眼视功能恢复情况：无双眼视功能者11例(50%); 恢复Ⅰ级视功能者6例(27%); 恢复Ⅱ级视功能者3例(14%); 恢复Ⅲ级视功能者2例(9%)。DVD疗效：满意17例(77%),好转5例(23%),无效0例。下斜肌功能亢进疗效：治愈13例(59%),好转9例(41%),无效0例。术后眼位及代偿头位：(1)水平眼位：外斜矫正术后水平眼位欠矫1例,内斜矫正术后水平眼位欠矫1例,过矫0例,正位20例;(2)垂直眼位：垂直斜视度≤5^△者13例,5^△<垂直斜视度<10^△者9例,平均5.55^△±2.35^△,垂直眼位无过矫;(3)代偿头位：术后6例代偿头位消失,1例代偿头位明显改善。并发症：1例患者发生轻微抗上转综合征,1例患者发生轻微睑裂缩窄,睑裂缩窄量<1mm。

结论：下斜肌不等量切除前转位术治疗伴有非对称性下斜肌功能亢进的分离性垂直斜视患者疗效满意,规范的术前检查、个性化手术设计以及手术技巧至关重要。     

下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的矫正作用

目的 探讨下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的垂直分离性斜视(dissociated verticaldeviation,DVD)原在位垂直斜视的矫正作用.方法应用下斜肌转位术治疗34例(46只眼)伴有下斜肌亢进DVD患者的垂直斜视,18例合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正,手术前后测量原在位垂直斜视度及下斜肌亢进程度,并进行统计学比较.结果原在位垂直斜视度5m远距离平均矫正(13.57±9.74)PD(t=9.450,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.67,16.46)PD.33cm近距离平均矫正(13.28±9.98)PD(t=9.029,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.32,16.25)PD.下斜肌亢进程度从术前平均+2降至术后0(Wilcoxon符号秩检验,Z=5.957,P<0.01),差异均具有统计学意义.结论下斜肌转位术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的有效手段.合并之下斜肌亢进同时得以消除.     

下斜肌后固定手术的临床效果

目的：探讨下斜肌后固定术在下斜肌亢进合并小角度上斜视以及V型斜视中的应用效果。方法：回 顾性系列病例研究。收集2017年10月至2018年10月在天津市眼科医院行下斜肌后固定手术的患者 资料16例（22眼）,8例为单眼上斜肌麻痹合并下斜肌亢进,2例为水平斜视合并原发单眼下斜肌亢进 +,6例为V型斜视（3例外斜V征,3例内斜V征）合并原发双眼下斜肌亢进（+～++）。10例患者原在 位轻度上斜视（≤5 PD）。合并水平斜视者均同期予以矫正。术后随访3～6个月。对比分析手术前 后原在位垂直斜视度,V征程度以及眼底客观旋转状态的改变。数据采用配对t检验进行统计分析。 结果：10例上斜视患者术前原在位垂直斜视度为4.9△±1.0△,术后原在位垂直斜视度为0.1△±0.3△, 差异有统计学意义（t=19.24,P<0.001）。V征合并双眼下斜肌亢进组术前上转25º和下转25º斜视度 差值为18.3△±3.2△,术后上转25º和下转25º斜视度差值为1.7△±2.3△,减小了16.6△±2.1△;6例V 征患者术前黄斑中心凹-视盘中心夹角度数（FDA）为13.1°±4.3°,术后FDA为5.4°±3.4°,减小了 7.7°±0.9°。上斜肌麻痹组术前FDA为10.6°±4.2°,术后FDA为4.4°±2.4°,差异有统计学意义（t=5.80, P<0.001）。术前下斜肌亢进程度为1.5（+）±0.5（+）,术后下斜肌亢进程度为0.1（+）±0.4（+）。结论： 单眼下斜肌后固定术可以减弱下斜肌亢进并矫正小度数上斜视,双眼下斜肌后固定术可以矫正轻中 度下斜肌亢进并改善V征。     

共同性外斜视矫正手术联合下斜肌减弱术治疗儿童复杂斜视

目的：观察共同性外斜视矫正手术联合下斜肌减弱术治疗儿童复杂斜视的临床疗效。

方法：选取2015-01/2017-02我院收治的68例80眼复杂斜视患儿，均行共同性外斜视矫正手术，对其临床诊治进行回顾性分析，依据是否联合下斜肌减弱术治疗，分为联合组(30例35眼)与非联合组(38例45眼)，比较两组患儿手术前后视功能、5m斜视度、下斜肌亢进程度、Titmus立体试验结果，并观察两组患者术后疗效。

结果：术后6mo，两组具有同时视患者、一定融合范围患者、远立体视功能患者和近立体视正常者(40″～60″)所占比例均较术前明显升高(P<0.05)，但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后6mo，两组患儿下斜肌亢进程度、5m斜视度与术前相比得到明显改善(P<0.05)，组间比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)； 术后1～3d，1a随访显示，两组患儿正位率、过矫率和欠矫率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：对儿童复杂斜视采取共同性外斜视矫正手术治疗时，联合下斜肌减弱术可能不会影响外斜视矫正效果，进行手术设计时，可忽略下斜肌减弱术对患儿水平斜视度产生的影响。     

伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征眼外肌病理学研究

目的:观察伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者及正常人下斜肌和内直肌的病理学改变。方法:将伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者6例术中切除的下斜肌及内直肌作为斜视组,行HE染色,光镜下观察病理学改变,并测量肌细胞的横截面积;角膜移植供体的下斜肌及内直肌（6例6眼）作为对照组。结果:斜视组下斜肌部分肌纤维轻度肥大增粗,粗细不等,排列紊乱,走形不规则,横纹结构欠清晰;可见部分肌纤维出现核内移现象,玻璃样变性及少量胶原纤维增生。肌纤维平均横截面积为854.1±64.8μm²,与对照组（719.7±80.4μm²）无显著性差异（P>0.05）。斜视组内直肌同样发生了病理改变。除了肌纤维走形不规则,横纹结构欠清晰,部分肌纤维出现核内移现象,玻璃样变性外,主要还表现为肌纤维减少,排列疏松、紊乱,间隙变大,胶原增生较明显。其肌纤维平均横截面积为324.9±63.3μm²,较对照组（690.8±67.3μm²）明显减小（P<0.05）。结论:斜视组功能亢进的下斜肌和弱侧内直肌均发生了明显的病理改变。     

下斜肌转位术与下斜肌切断术治疗斜视V征的比较

目的 比较下斜肌转位术(AT)与下斜肌切断术在治疗下斜肌功能亢进引起的斜视V征的作用.方法 回顾性分析行下斜肌转位术治疗的伴有下斜肌功能亢进,同时合并分离垂直性斜视(DVD)的28例斜视V征患者,术前下斜肌功能亢进程度为+1～+3,V征差值不超过30PD,根据双眼下斜肌功能亢进对称性以及双眼或单眼行下斜肌转位术,分为双眼AT组(15例)和单眼AT组(13例),与历史同期行下斜肌切断术治疗的伴有下斜肌功能亢进,不合并DVD的28例斜视V征患者进行非随机埘照研究,对照组根据下斜肌功能亢进对称性及双眼行对称或非对称下斜肌切断术,相应地分为对照1组(15例)和对照2组(13例),分别测最手术前后V征筹值,比较手术矫正V征差值并进行统计学分析.结果 双眼AT组平均矫正V征差值(15.67±4.03)三棱镜度(PD),对照1组平均矫正(15.20±3.51)PD,两组差异无统计学意义(t=0.338,P＞0.05);单眼AT组平均矫正v征差值(14.69±3.71)PD,对照2组平均矫正(14.00±3.94)PD,两组差异无统计学意义(t=0.462,P＞0.05).结论 下斜肌转位术与下斜肌切断术治疗下斜肌功能亢进引起的V征斜视疗效无差别.     

先天性外斜视合并下斜肌亢进的早期手术治疗

目的探讨先天性外斜视合并下斜肌亢进的早期手术效果。方法通过对38例先天性外斜视患儿眼位的定性和定量检查,得出水平斜视及垂直斜视的度数,根据检查结果设计斜视矫正手术方案。结果先天性外斜视合并下斜肌亢进病人多有代偿头位。本组病人水平斜视15°～45°,合并单眼下斜肌亢进27例,双眼下斜肌亢进11例,全部病人在手术后水平斜视和垂直斜视得到矫正。结论早期手术可使病人尽快获得双眼单视功能,改善和矫正代偿头位。     

下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜

目的:观察下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)。方法:下斜肌前置移位于下直肌附着点颞侧前2mm或下直肌附着点颞侧成一直线处,同时矫正水平斜视。结果:患者8例11眼中,术前6眼DVD程度是1+,术后DVD消失;术前3眼DVD程度是2+,术后2眼垂直斜视消失,1眼DVD程度为1+;术前2眼DVD程度是3+,术后1眼DVD程度为1+,1眼为2+。所有患者下斜肌均不亢进。结论:下斜肌前置移位是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD的有效方式,无明显副作用。     

Effectiveness of modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition for V-pattern exotropia combined with mild to moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction

AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of a modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition for treatment of V-pattern exotropia combined with mild to moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction. METHODS: Thirteen cases (23 affected eyes) of V-pattern exotropia with inferior oblique muscle overaction (+ or ++) who underwent the modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition procedure were retrospectively reviewed. The amount of V-pattern, grade of inferior oblique overaction, degree of vertical strabismus, abnormal head posture, and the fovea-disc angle were evaluated before and after surgery. RESULTS: The V-pattern was corrected in all cases, and the amount of V-pattern reduced by 17.85±5.13 prism diopter (PD) on average (t=16.07, P<0.001). The surgical cure rate for mild to moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction was 87.0% (20/23). The degree of the fovea-disc angle has a mean reduction of 5.45°±2.87° (t=3.95, P=0.003) after surgery. The mean vertical deviation in 5 cases with a small-angle hypertropia (5.23±3.06 PD) in the primary position reduced by 3.15±1.86 PD (t=6.10, P<0.001). No serious complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition procedure can effectively treat mild to moderate inferior oblique overaction and relieve the V-pattern, which is safe and easy to perform.     

Inferior oblique weakening surgery on ocular torsion in congenital superior oblique palsy

AIM:To investigate changes in fundus excyclotorsion after inferior oblique myectomy or myotomy.METHODS:The records of 21 patients undergoing strabismus surgery by a single surgeon between 2009 and 2012 were examined. Only patients who had undergone an inferior oblique myectomy or myotomy, with or without horizontal rectus muscle surgery, were evaluated. Digital fundus photographs were obtained, and the angle formed by a horizontal line passing through the optic disc center and a reference line connecting the foveola and optic disc center was measured. Associated clinical factors examined include age at the time of surgery, presence or absence of a head tilt, degree of preoperative vertical deviation, torsional angle, inferior oblique muscle overaction/superior oblique muscle underaction, and surgery laterality. Whether the procedure was performed alone or in combination with a horizontal rectus muscle surgery was also examined.RESULTS:Mean preoperative torsional angle was 12.0±6.4°, which decreased to 6.9±5.7° after surgery (P<0.001, paired t-test). Torsional angle also decreased from 15.1±7.0° to 6.2±4.3° in the myectomy group (P<0.001, paired t-test) but there were no significant changes in the myotomy group (P=0.093, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that preoperative torsional angle, degree of inferior oblique overaction, and age at surgery independently and significantly affected postoperative torsional angle.CONCLUSION:Mean torsional angle decreased after inferior oblique myectomy. Degree of preoperative torsional angle, inferior oblique overaction, and age at surgery influence postoperative torsional angle.     

伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征眼外肌myogenin的研究

目的：：观察伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征患者下斜肌和内直肌中myogenin活性卫星细胞数量的变化,探讨伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征的可能发病原因。方法：将伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者6例中切除的下斜肌及内直肌作为斜视组,行myogenin免疫组织化学染色,统计myogenin阳性染色的卫星细胞核数;角膜移植供体的下斜肌及内直肌(6例)作为对照组。结果：斜视组和对照组下斜肌中myogenin免疫染色阳性肌卫星细胞数占总细胞数比例分别为(22.7±7.03)%和(4.2±0.75)%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。斜视组和对照组内直肌中myogenin免疫染色阳性的肌卫星细胞数分别为(2.2±0.75)%和(4.5±1.05)%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论：首次报道伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者眼外肌中表达 myogenin 免疫染色阳性肌卫星细胞的变化。myogenin可能是伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜 V 征的致病因素。     

Superior Oblique Tucks for Apparent Inferior Oblique Overaction and V-pattern Strabismus Associated with Craniosynostosis

Introduction: Apparent inferior oblique overaction and apparent superior oblique underaction are common in strabismus associated with craniosynostosis, and in many cases are likely due to excyclotorsion of the globes, with the rectus muscles acting with oblique vectors. We present a patient with craniosynostosis who underwent bilateral superior oblique tucks to specifically address the excyclotorsion of the globes.

Methods: A 16-year-old male with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome presented with apparent bilateral inferior oblique overaction and apparent bilateral superior oblique underaction. He had 30 prism diopter (PD) esotropia and 5 PD left hypertropia by simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT) at distance and near fixation. Fundus exam revealed marked excyclotorsion of both globes. The superior oblique tendons were tucked 10?mm bilaterally, using a 6-0 mersilene suture and the medial rectus muscles were recessed 5.5?mm on an adjustable suture with a 10-mm inferior displacement. Surgical results were reviewed at 6 weeks and 2 years postoperatively.

Results: At 6 weeks and 2 years postoperatively, apparent inferior oblique overaction, apparent superior oblique underaction, and V-pattern esotropia were markedly improved. At 2 years, SPCT measurements were 8 PD esotropia in primary position at distance and 4 PD esotropia and 3 PD left dissociated vertical deviation at near.

Conclusions: Bilateral superior oblique tucks are useful in addressing the excyclotorsion that leads to apparent inferior oblique overaction and V-pattern strabismus associated with craniosynostosis.     

Surgical stress and cytoskeletal changes in lens epithelial cells following manual and femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy

AIM: To study the effect of mechanical stress on the cytoskeleton in lens epithelial cells following conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). METHODS: The cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells of the anterior lens capsules (ALC) removed by CPS and FLACS was examined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity were detected. In order to map the actin network of cells, fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used. The samples were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: GFAP expression was visible in a larger number of the epithelial cells after CPS compared to FLACS. In CPS sample’s epithelial cells, GFAP immunoreactivity indicated robust morphological change. Regarding the actin filaments, the presence of tubular elements connecting epithelial cells, regular actin pattern and marked cortical network after CPS were found. Following FLACS, the actin cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells remained densely structured, and the tubular elements were undetectable, however, the above-mentioned regular actin pattern and the marked cortical network were visible. CONCLUSION: The conventional removal of the ALC induces more robust changes of the cytoskeleton of the lens epithelial cells.     

改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的V型斜视

目的：探讨改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的疗效。方法对68例（106眼）伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视行改良下斜肌切除联合水平直肌后退及（或）缩短术,术后观察评价下斜肌功能、眼位及双眼单视功能。结果术后100眼（94.3%）下斜肌功能亢进消失、6眼（5.6%）下斜肌亢进、无下斜肌功能不足者。术前水平斜视角平均64.5△,术后9.2△,术前垂直斜视角平均15.8△,术后随访为2.2△,平均降低13.6△。术前7例（12.5%）有双眼单视功能,术后47例（73.5%）有不同程度的双眼单视功能。结论改良下斜肌切断术是伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的有效术式。