预防妇产科术后下肢深静脉血栓的护理体会

目的：探讨妇科术后下肢深静脉血栓的预防性护理。方法妇科手术患者420例随机分为干预组和对照组各210例,对照组实施常规护理和下肢深静脉血栓的预防性护理,干预组在对照组护理基础上给予干预性护理。结果干预组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率低于对照组,住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ﹤0.05）。结论干预性护理可进一步降低妇科术后下肢深静脉血栓的发生率。     

下肢骨折后预防深静脉血栓形成的护理体会

目的探讨护理干预下肢骨折术后下肢静脉血栓（DVT）形成的有效性。方法 160例下肢骨折术后患者随机分为观察组和对照组各80例。观察组给予系统的护理干预,对照组给予常规护理,比较2组DVT发生率。结果观察组DVT发生率为1.25%,明显低于对照组的12.5%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论系统护理干预能有效降低DVT发生率。     

优质护理干预对骨科下肢手术患者深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨优质护理干预对骨科下肢手术患者深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的影响。方法选择本院2010年6月～2012年6月收治的70例骨科下肢手术患者,全部患者随机分为观察组和对照组各35例,对照组给予骨科髋关节手术常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上,采用针对性护理干预,比较两组护理后下肢DVT发生率和护理满意度情况。结果本组70例患者DVT发生率为30％;观察组DVT发生率（20．0％）明显低于对照组（40．0％）,且观察组患者对护理满意度（82．9％）明显高于对照组（57．1％）,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论优质护理干预对骨科手术下肢DVT形成有重要的预防作用。     

下肢骨折术后深静脉血栓形成的预防与护理干预

目的探讨护理干预对预防下肢骨折术后下肢静脉血栓（DVT）形成的有效性。方法160例下肢骨折术后患者随机分为观察组和对照组各80例。观察组给予系统的护理干预,对照组给予常规护理,比较2组DVT发生率。结果观察组DVT发生率为1．25％,明显低于对照组的12．5％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论系统护理干预能有效降低DVT发生率。     

妇科盆腔手术围术期预防下肢深静脉血栓形成的护理效果观察

目的：观察分析妇科盆腔手术围术期预防下肢深静脉血栓形成的护理效果。方法选取本院2010年11月~2012年10月收治的296例妇科盆腔手术患者的临床资料进行研究分析,并按抛硬币的方法将其分为观察组（148例）和对照组（148例）,对照组患者采用常规临床护理,观察组患者采用整体护理,对比两组患者护理后出现下肢深静脉血栓的发生率。结果观察组患者出现下肢深静脉血栓发生率为0.68%,对照组患者出现下肢深静脉血栓发生率为6.76%,两组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论整体护理在妇科盆腔手术围术期具有显著效果,可有效降低患者下肢深静脉血栓的发生率。     

护理干预对剖宫产术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的预防作用

目的 探讨剖宫产术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的护理干预效果. 方法 选择剖宫产术的孕足月产妇1 500例.按手术日的单、双号将患者分为对照组和护理干预组,其中对照组744例,护理干预组756例.对照组采用传统产科围手术期护理方法,护理干预组在对照组的传统护理基础上予以护理干预.比较两组产妇术后10 d内肺栓塞、DVT、下肢肿胀及疼痛的发生率. 结果 术后护理10 d内护理干预组产妇DVT、下肢肿胀及疼痛的发生率明显低于对照组（x2=12.22、9.04,均P＜0.01）.对照组发生肺栓塞1例,护理干预组未发生肺栓塞,两组产妇肺栓塞的发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）. 结论 护理干预能有效降低剖宫产术后深静脉血栓形成的发生率.     

护理干预对下肢骨折合并糖尿病患者深静脉血栓发生率的影响效果观察

目的探讨护理干预对下肢骨折合并糖尿病患者DVT发生率的效果评价。方法将120例下肢骨折合并糖尿病患者随机分成干预组和对照组,各60例。对照组采用骨科常规护理方法,干预组在对照组基础上对下肢进行护理干预,比较两组DVT的发生率。结果对照组患者出现13例DVT,发生率为21.7%,干预组发生4例DVT发生率为6.7%。干预组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率明显低于对照组,具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论下肢骨折合并糖尿病患者,在常规护理的同时给予下肢护理干预,可降低深静脉血栓的发生率。     

妇科肿瘤术后并发下肢静脉血栓的原因及护理

目的探讨妇科肿瘤术后并发下肢静脉血栓的原因及护理措施。方法我院收治的妇科肿瘤术后并发下肢静脉血栓的患者30例,随机分为观察组和对照组各15例。两组患者均给予相同的治疗方法,观察组患者均给予有针对性的护理干预,对照组患者给予常规的护理。结果观察组患者的治愈率明显高于对照组患者（P〈0.05）;肺栓塞发生率明显低于对照组患者（P〈0.05）。结论妇科肿瘤术后并发下肢静脉血栓的原因有很多,给予患者有针对性的护理干预,可以有效的提高患者的治愈率,降低肺栓塞的发生率,值得临床推广。     

预见性护理程序对妇科肿瘤术后下肢静脉血栓的预防效果

目的了解预见性护理用于预防妇科肿瘤术后下肢静脉血栓（D V T）的效果,避免与D V T相关的并发症发生。方法将本院自行设计的预见性护理程序应用于妇科肿瘤开腹术患者,预防术后D V T,观察组1 2 1例按预见性护理程序护理,对照组122例按妇科肿瘤术后常规护理程序护理,评价两组下肢静脉血流情况及DVT的发生率。结果观察组下肢静脉血流缓慢10例（8.3%）,均未产生DVT。对照组下肢静脉血流缓慢92例（75.4%）,DVT 6例（4.9%）。两组下肢静脉血流缓慢、D V T发生率比较差异有统计学意义。结论预见性护理程序能有效预防妇科肿瘤术后下肢静脉血栓的形成。     

抗血栓泵对具有高危因素妇科围术期患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的预防效果研究

目的：探讨抗血栓泵对具有高危因素妇科围术期患者下肢深静脉血栓形成（ DVT）的预防效果。方法将150例妇科围术期下肢深静脉血栓高危患者依照SPSS 17．0生成随机数字表,随机分为对照组和观察组各75例。对照组采用压力梯度弹力袜和围术期系统护理干预方法,观察组在采用压力梯度弹力袜和围术期系统护理干预的基础上,加用美国SCD六腔式阶梯序贯下肢间歇气囊加压装置感应抗血栓泵。观察两组患者凝血指标[血小板计数（ PLT）、凝血酶原时间（ PT）、活化部分凝血酶原时间（ APTT）、纤维蛋白原（ FIB）]及下肢深静脉血栓发生率。结果两组患者术前凝血指标比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;两组患者术后48 h内凝血指标比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,观察组术后PLT降低、APTT和PT时间延长,FIB低于对照组。观察组DVT发生率4％（3／75）,对照组15％（11／75）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,观察组疗效较优。结论抗血栓泵可增大血流,降低了血液瘀滞,增加纤溶活性,防止凝血因子的聚集及对血管内膜的黏附,能预防妇科手术患者下肢深静脉血栓的形成,值得临床推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.