正视眼角膜表现形态和屈光力分析

目的；为探讨正视眼角膜表现形态和屈光力，方法：８３只正视眼用ＴｏｍｅｙＴＭＳ－２＾ＴＭ型角膜地形图检查角膜表面开矿和屈光力。结果：（１）绝对等级全角膜有２－５种颜色，屈光力有轻微的变化；（２）角膜中央屈光力为４３．８５４±１．３２１Ｄ，Ｓｉｍｋ为４４．１４２±１．３４２Ｄ，平均屈光力（ＡＣＰ）为４３．００７±１．４７３Ｄ，角膜表面规则系数（ＳＲＩ）为０．２４１±０．２１３，角膜表面不对称系数（ＳＡ     

正视眼角膜及有关结构的生物测量

目的：探讨正视眼角膜及有关结构的生物测量和临床意义。方法：７４只正视眼用ＴｏｍｅｙＳＰ－２０００微型超声测厚仪检查角膜厚度，超声波扫描仪Ｘ探头行眼生物测量。结果：中央角膜厚度为０．５４±０．０８ｍｍ，周边角膜为０．６７±０．１１ｍｍ，眼球长度为２４．０７±１．１２ｍｍ。结论：本文可为屈光性角膜手术提供解剖依据，为屈光不正的发病机理研究提供有用的数据。     

STUDY ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL(PBMC) PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT HCV ANTIGENS IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C

为探讨丙型肝炎（ＨＣ）病人细胞免疫功能和丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的致病机制及机体对其免疫保护作用,收集２４例ＨＣ病人（急性３例,慢性２１例）,用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法研究病人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）对不同ＨＣＶ抗原增殖反应,并用流式细胞仪（ＦＡＣＳ）检测了ＰＢＭＣ中ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ８＋淋巴细胞亚群在ＨＣＶ抗原刺激后的变化。结果：ＨＣ病人ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＣＶ合成肽ＣＰ９,ＮＳ４和基因重组抗原Ｃ,Ｅ１,Ｅ２,ＮＳ３刺激后出现不同程度增殖反应,刺激指数（ＳＩ）分别为１．６９±０．５１,１．６１±０．５４,１．６８±０．５８,１．４９±０．４４,１．４４±０．４４和１．３３±０．３３。３例急性ＨＣ中２例病人的ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＣＶ抗原呈有效增殖反应（ＳＩ≥２．１）,且血清ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阴转伴ＡＬＴ正常。细胞表型分析显示：增殖的细胞表型是ＣＤ４＋淋巴细胞,而ＣＤ８＋淋巴细胞增殖反应较弱。结论：ＨＣ病人ＰＢＭＣ确实存在对ＨＣＶ抗原的增殖反应;ＣＤ４＋淋巴细胞比ＣＤ８＋淋巴细胞增殖反应要强,急性ＨＣ病人ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＣＶ抗原有效的增殖反应预示可能有良好的临床愈合     

中国登革2型病毒分离株乳鼠致病性差异与基因变化关系的研究

本文报道１９８７年从广西病人血清中分离的登革２型（Ｄ２）病毒Ｄ２－４３株和１９８５年从海南病人血清中分离的Ｄ２－０４株乳鼠致病性的差异与基因变化的关系。结果表明Ｄ２－４３株对乳鼠致病，Ｄ２－０４株不致病。Ｄ２－４３株和Ｄ２－０４株Ｃ到ＮＳ１基因的读码框架基本相同，均由３３８１核苷酸组成，编码氨基酸总数１１２７。包含三个结构蛋白Ｃ．ＰｒＭ（Ｍ）、Ｅ和一个非结构蛋白ＮＳ１。该两株病毒核苷酸序列同源性为９３．８％，氨基酸序列的类似性为９１．３％。Ｃ和Ｅ基因同源性为９５．０％～９５．８％，ＮＳ１基因为９２．２％，Ｍ基因为８６．７％，两株之间核苷酸序列的主要差异是在Ｍ基因。两株病毒的Ｃ－ＮＳ１基因与国际参考毒株比较，４３株与ＪＡＭ株类侧性最高，其次是ＮＧＣ株，与Ｓ１株类似性最小。而０４株只有Ｃ、Ｅ和ＮＳ１与ＪＡＭ株最高，ＰｒＭ（Ｍ）都与ＮＧＣ株最高。４３株与０４株的Ｍ基因相比较，０４株的ＰｒＭ（Ｍ）基因的同源性低于４３株，说明两株与国际参考毒株比较，主要差异也在Ｍ基因，乳鼠致病性差异可能与Ｍ基因变化有关。     

缺氧大鼠肺组织氧化／抗氧化平衡的变化及其与TXA_2／PGI_2平衡的关系

检测缺氧大鼠肺组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）含量以及血浆ＴＸＡ＿２和ＰＧＩ＿２浓度，以探讨氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）及ＴＸＡ＿－ＰＧＩ＿２在缺氧性肺动脉高压中的作用。结果表明：与对照组比较缺氧大鼠肺组织ＭＤＡ明显升高、ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ明显降低，ＶｉｔＥ可逆转ＭＤＡ和ＳＯＤ的变化；缺氧大鼠血浆ＴＸＢ＿２高于对照组，其浓度与肺组织ＭＤＡ含量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６５．Ｐ＜０．０５）。以上结果提示，ＯＦＲ与ＴＸＡ＿２／ＰＲＩ＿２平衡失调相互作用，可能共同参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的发生。     

正常眼角膜内皮细胞分析及其临床意义

目的：探讨正常眼角膜内皮细胞数目、形态及其临床价值。方法：Ｔｏｍｅｙ分光显微镜（ＥＭ１０００）和内皮细胞分析仪（ＥＭ１０２０）对５２只正常眼角膜内皮细胞进行检测,计算机辅助对细胞数目和形态学进行分析。结果：５２只正常眼角膜内皮细胞密度为２８６５．４１±４３８．８９细胞数／ｍｍ２,细胞面积变异系数为４８．７５±１４．０４％,六角形细胞数占５２．０３±９．７３％。结论：正常眼角膜内皮细胞存有细胞变大、移行和重新组合等修复活动,对角膜内皮细胞的检测和形态学分析有利于指导手术方式的改进。     

MTEC 1分泌的趋化因子引起特定亚群胸腺细胞的定向迁移

分析胸腺髓质上皮样细胞系ＭＴＥＣ１分泌的化学趋化因子对胸腺细胞亚群的趋化作用。方法以抗体加补体杀伤结合免疫磁珠及ｐａｎｎｉｎｇ法，将小鼠胸腺细胞分离纯化，获得ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８＋（ＤＰ），ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８－（ＤＮ），ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８－（ＣＤ４ＳＰ）及ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８＋（ＣＤ８ＳＰ）四亚群细胞，用Ｂｏｙｄｅｎ小室分析ＭＴＥＣ１┐ＳＮ对四群胸腺细胞的趋化作用。结果ＭＴＥＣ１┐ＳＮ对ＤＰ及ＣＤ４ＳＰ胸腺细胞有趋化活性（ＣＩ＝６．６±１．０及６．１±１．８）；对ＣＤ８ＳＰ细胞有中度趋化活性（ＣＩ＝３．２±１．０）；对ＤＮ趋化活性微弱（ＣＩ＝１．３±０．６）。化学趋化因子ＭＣＰ┐１纯品对ＣＤ４ＳＰ胸腺细胞显示强趋化活性（ＣＩ＝５．６），对ＤＮ胸腺细胞则无可测出趋化活性。结论ＭＴＥＣ１分泌的化学趋化因子对ＤＰ，ＣＤ４ＳＰ及ＣＤ８ＳＰ胸腺细胞有显著趋化作用，对ＤＮ胸腺细胞几乎无趋化作用。提示此类化学趋化因子有趋使胸腺发育中后期阶段的细胞向胸腺髓质区迁移和定位的作用。     

B群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌外膜蛋白抗原性分析

挑选了１０株具有代表性的菌株，提取了它们的外膜蛋白（ＯＭＰｓ），ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析发现：１０株菌的ＯＭＰｓ带谱不完全相同，但都含有１，２／３，４和５类外膜蛋白，而且纯化的１类外膜蛋白（ＯＭＰ１）显示一条分子量为（４１或４３）×１０＾３的蛋白带。从中选两株菌５４２８５２（Ｂ：ＮＴ：Ｐ１．２：Ｌ３，７，９：克隆Ｉ：ＲＦＬＰ－ｂ２０）和３４０７（Ｂ：１５：Ｐ１．２：Ｌ３，７，９，克隆群Ｉ：ＲＦＬＰ－ｂ     

"缺血"对大鼠大脑皮层神经元NMDA受体通道的影响

目的：研究“缺血”大鼠大脑大皮层神经元Ｎ－甲基－Ｄ－天冬氨酸（ＮＭＤＡ）受体通道的单通道变化特征。方法：细胞贴附式膜片钳技术。结果：在“缺血”状态下，ＮＭＤＡ受体通道３５ｐＳ和１００ｐＳ电导水平的开放概率分别由对照组的０．０７９±０．００６和０．０６７±０．００４增加到０．３０８±０．１５５和０．４８８±０．１２６（Ｐ＜０．０１），３５ｐＳ通道开放时间常数τ２由对照值（４．１７±０．３８）ｍｓ增加到（８．５４±２．０５）ｍｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１），关闭时间由（７５．５０±１４．１０）ｍｓ缩短到（１１．８０±４．３０）ｍｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：“缺血”可显著开放大鼠大脑皮层神经元ＮＭＤＡ受体通道，使钙内流增加，对胞内钙超载起重要作用，此可能是脑缺血细胞损伤的机制之一。     

载脂蛋白AⅠ－CⅢ基因区域DNA多态性与动脉硬化性脑梗塞关系的研究

为探讨载脂蛋白ＡＩ－ＣⅢ基因区域ＤＮＡ多态性与动脉硬化性脑梗塞的关系，作者利用重组ＤＮＡ技术，对５９名正常血脂汉族个体和４４名动脉硬化性脑梗塞（ＡＢＩ）患者载脂蛋白ＡＩ－ＣⅢ基因区域ＤＮＡ多态频率和特征进行了分析，发现Ｓ２和Ｍ２２种多态性片段，正常人群等位基因频率为０．１５７和０．１９５，而在ＡＢＩ患者中分别为０．３６４和０．４８９．经统计学处理两组有显著性差异，提示Ｓ２和Ｍ２与ＡＢＩ发生有关。单体型分析表明，动脉硬化性脑梗塞患者Ｓ１－Ｍ２单体型频率（０．１２５）明显高于正常血脂人（０．０２９），两组有显著统计学差异，提示Ｓ１－Ｍ２单体型可作为一种遗传标记，有可能在中国人群中预测某些与脂类代谢障碍有关的疾病。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Functional role of fertility α2

Fertility α₂-microglobulin is one of the main proteins expressed between the late lutein phase of the menstrual cycle and the first gestation trimester. It is produced by endometrial secretory glandular epithelium and decidual membrane. It is believed to be involved in the preparation to gestation, conception, normal development of the fetoplacental system, and initiation of labor. The immunomodulating, effect of fertility α₂-microglobulin and its possible involvement in the regulation of fertilization by blocking the spermatozoon reaction with the ovocyte lucid membrane were demonstratedin vitro. The data of structural analysis (appurtenance to lipocalines and unique pattern of N-glycosylation) and analysis of the spatial and temporal parameters of the expression in connection with other events in the organism within the same system of coordinates propated us to investigate the probability of realization of other, so far unknown functions of α₂-microglobulin. The probable mechanisms of realization of the immunomodulating function are analyzed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 10, pp. 364–373, October 1998