CD45+和CD45-儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病的临床特征分析

目的探讨CD45抗原表达与儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)的临床相关性。方法利用多参数流式细胞术(FCM)以CD45/SSC设门对61例B-ALL患儿进行免疫分型检测;采用染色体核型分析和多重巢式RT-PCR技术进行染色体、融合基因分析。结果免疫表型分析显示CD45+组CD13、HLA-DR抗原表达明显高于CD45-组(P<0.05);CD45-组的融合基因主要为HOX11和E2A/PBX1,而CD45+组主要为TEL/AML1、MLL/AF9、HOX11;相关临床参数、染色体核型及疗效比较两组间差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 CD45抗原的表达与否和B-ALL患儿的临床特征、染色体畸变、治疗效果无统计学相关性;CD45+组较CD45-组高表达CD13和HLA-DR。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病124例遗传学异常分析

目的探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）的遗传学特征。方法采用流式细胞仪检测免疫分型,染色体R带或G带显带技术进行染色体核型分析,多重聚合酶链反应（多重PCR）方法同时筛选29种急性白血病常见的染色体易位。结果112例患儿进行染色体检查,异常核型中包括〉47的超二倍体36例,亚二倍体14例,染色体易位13例。对116例ALL患儿进行了多重聚合酶链反应检测。B系ALL中检测到：TEL-AML1融合基因13例、MLL相关基因13例,E2A-PBX1融合基因4例、E2A-HLF融合基因4例、BCR-ABL融合基因3例、TLS-ERG融合基因2例,HOX11融合基因32例。7例T系ALL中检测到SIL-TAL1D融合基因4例。结论本组病例多重PCR的融合基因检出率为50％;染色体异常检出率为60％。多重PCR检出的融合基因加上染色体核型分析检出的畸变,使ALL患儿的遗传学异常的检出率达到77％。全面准确的细胞遗传学检查是ALL诊断、分型和预后评估的可靠依据。     

多重RT-PCR检测儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病融合基因的临床研究

目的研究急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患儿染色体畸变所致融合基因与临床危险度分层及治疗的关系。方法采用多重RT-PCR方法检测儿童ALL的常见融合基因,结合染色体核型分析、免疫表型及临床资料对152例ALL患儿进行临床研究。结果152例ALL患儿中有43例（29．5％）具有9种常见融合基因表达,包括 TEL/AML1、BCR/ABL（P190）、BCR/ABL（P210）、E2A/PBX1、MLL/ENL、MLL/AF9、TLS/ERG、CBF/MYH11、Hox11。TEL/AML1融合基因阳性23例,其中1例放弃治疗,1例因早期治疗反应不良,评估为高危,其他21例均早期治疗反应良好,目前停药10例（停药时间4～30个月）,11例仍为完全缓解（CR）,1例停药18个月后骨髓复发。E2A/PBX1融合基因阳性4例,其中3例评估为中危,目前均CR中,1例因早期治疗反应不良,评估为高危,化疗过程中复发死亡;BCR/ABL（P190）阳性5例,BCR/ABL（P210）阳性3例,其中5例行骨髓移植治疗（4例移植后数月骨髓复发,1例CR中）,1例选择高危方案化疗后骨髓复发,另外2例临床未缓解,放弃治疗;MLL基因阳性2例,均评估为中危,1例MLL/AF9,经强化疗后目前已停药18个月,1例MLL/ENL,在化疗过程中复发,放弃治疗;TLS/ERG融合基因1例,早期治疗反应不良,经强化疗后达CR,目前已停药20个月;Hox11融合基因阳性4例,均评估为中危,化疗后3例CR中,1例因复发放弃治疗。结论 TEL/AML1表达者化疗效果良好;BCR/ABL、MLL基因重排等化疗效果差,需骨髓移植或强烈化疗。采用多重RT-PCR方法可快速同时检测儿童急性白血病29种常见融合基因,完善白血病的MICM分型、指导临床个体化治疗。     

急性混合谱系融合基因阳性急性白血病患儿的临床特点

目的分析混合谱系白血病(MLL)融合基因阳性的急性白血病(AL)患儿临床特点,探讨其治疗措施及其预后相关因素。方法选取细胞形态学、分子生物学、免疫分型及巢式反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测MLL融合基因阳性AL患儿51例,对其临床表现、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果51例MLL融合基因阳性AL患儿中急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)37例,急性髓细胞白血病(AML)14例。42例涉及11号染色体改变;RT-PCR检测有36例MLL基因重排,15例为串联重复。32例接受正规治疗的AL患儿中24例完全缓解,其中ALL19例,AML5例;缓解时间持续2 a以上者ALL5例,AML仅1例;持续缓解存活者仅16例,ALL12例,AML4例;10例MLL融合基因已转阴,并持续存活。在随访6 a中,32例中复发6例,均为骨髓复发,死亡6例。结论MLL融合基因阳性AL患儿发生率低,化疗效果差,易复发,预后差。少数对化疗敏感的AL患儿MLL融合基因可转阴,并持续存活。     

10例伴TLS-ERG融合基因阳性儿童急性白血病临床病例分析

目的探讨TLS-ERG融合基因对于儿童急性白血病的影响。方法回顾及总结分析2006年1月-2014年12月在北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心诊断急性白血病且TLS-ERG融合基因阳性患儿的临床特征、治疗、危险度评估及预后。结果 1500例急性白血病患儿中检测出10例(0.6%)伴有TLS-ERG融合基因,其中男7例,女3例,中位年龄8岁,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)6例,急性髓细胞白血病(AML)4例。6例ALL患儿中,免疫分型:4例为普通B淋巴细胞表型,1例为前B淋巴细胞表型,1例为带髓系标记的B淋巴细胞表型;危险度评估:2例为标危,4例为中危。4例AML患儿中,3例为AML-M2型,1例为AML-M5型。ALL患儿按照中国儿童白血病协作组(CCLG)-ALL 2008方案进行化疗,6例均在诱导缓解期达到完全缓解,按照化疗方案规律治疗,定期检测微小残留病(MRD)均小于1×10~(-4)。4例AML患儿中,2例患儿在第一疗程ADE(阿糖胞苷+柔红霉素十依托泊苷)化疗第21d复查骨穿提示未缓解,放弃治疗;1例患儿完成第一轮ADE化疗后骨髓完全缓解,按照化疗方案完成两轮ADE、MIT+ARA(米托蒽醌+阿糖胞苷)、CLASP(阿糖胞苷+左旋门冬酰胺酶)化疗后复发,后放弃治疗;1例患儿第一疗程化疗后完全缓解,后经过2疗程ADE、MIT/ARA、CLASP后骨髓细胞学完全缓解,TS-ERG融合基因仍阳性,故行父亲6/10HLA半相合造血干细胞移植,随访至今。结论 TLS-ERG融合基因在儿童急性白血病中阳性率低,但在ALL及AML患儿中均可发生。根据本中心资料,该融合基因对于ALL患儿的治疗及预后影响不大,但伴有TLS-ERG融合基因的急性髓细胞白血病患儿治疗困难,预后较差。该融合基因发生率较低,单中心资料有限,故需要多中心更大宗的资料进一步证实。     

寡核苷酸芯片方法检测儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病融合基因

目的 探讨寡核苷酸芯片在儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)融合基因检测中的应用.方法 针对儿童ALL常见的5种融合基因:TEL/AML1、E2A/PBX1、BCR/ABLp190、BCR/ABLp210、MLL/AF4,设计特异的融合基因片段为芯片探针,合成后用点样仪点片制成寡核苷酸芯片.提取疾病初期白血病患儿的骨髓/外周血标本的总RNA,进行多重巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、荧光标记并与芯片杂交,以检测白血病细胞中特异融合基因.结果 该芯片可以从患儿骨髓样本RNA中准确检测到阳性内参序列、特异的融合基因以及融合位点.结论 采用寡核苷酸芯片方法,可快速、同时筛选出5种染色体结构畸变产生的融合基因及融合位点,为ALL患儿危险分层、治疗选择、预后判断提供重要依据.此种方法应用于筛查初治白血病患儿融合基因表达时优缺点并存,具有一定临床实用价值.     

儿童核心结合因子相关急性髓系白血病临床特征及预后分析

目的 分析儿童核心结合因子相关急性髓系白血病（CBF-AML）的临床特征及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2009年8月至2015年11月于中国医学科学院血液病医院确诊的初诊CBF-AML患儿的临床资料，根据融合基因类型，分为CBFB-MYH11组和AML1-ETO组。总结并比较其临床特征及预后。结果 共纳入91例初诊CBF-AML患儿，其中AML1-ETO组74例（81%），CBFB-MYH11组17例（19%）。38例（42%）患儿伴有附加染色体异常，其中性染色体缺失28例（31%）最为常见。第1个疗程诱导治疗完全缓解率为97%（88/91），复发率为29%（26/91），5年EFS率为65%±6%，5年OS率为75%±5%。AML1-ETO、CBFB-MYH11组5年EFS率分别为62%±7%、77%±11%（P > 0.05）。AML1-ETO、CBFB-MYH11组5年OS率分别为72%±6%、88%±9%（P > 0.05）。结论 儿童CBF-AML以AML1-ETO为主，性染色体缺失为最常见的附加染色体异常，预后较好，AML1-ETO与CBFB-MYH11患儿预后相当。     

儿童急性巨核细胞白血病MICM分型诊断

目的分析2例急性巨核细胞白血病(AMKL)患儿的诊断过程,探讨儿童AMKL的MICM分型诊断方法。方法细胞形态学按急性白血病FAB标准诊断分型;免疫表型检测应用流式细胞仪;细胞遗传学检测采用G显带技术分析核型;白血病融合基因采用多重巢式RT-PCR方法。结果 2例AMKL患儿均为男性,婴幼儿期发病,以出血、发热和贫血为主要表现,血小板和血红蛋白减少,骨髓原始巨核细胞异常增生超过30%;免疫分型表达CD41a、CD42b、CD61;复杂染色体核型;1例融合基因阴性,1例EVI1融合基因阳性。结论儿童AMKL较为少见,完善相关检查明确MICM分型诊断,有利于治疗及改善预后。     

21例伴有AML1/ETO融合基因表达的儿童急性非淋巴细胞白血病的分析

目的 对急性髓细胞性白血病1(AML1)／ETO(eight twenty one)融合基因阳性及阴性的两组病例的主要临床指标进行比较分析,并探讨AML1／ETO融合基因检测在儿童急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)的临床诊断及预后判断中的意义。方法 采用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR))检测白血病患儿AML1／ETO融合基因,并进行法-美-英(FAB)及形态学-免疫学-细胞遗传学(MIC)分型。诱导治疗主要采用柔红霉素、阿糖胞苷(DA)、DA 依托泊甙(足叶乙甙,DAE)、柏林-法兰克福-慕尼黑(BFM)方案。结果 在21例AML1／ETO融合基因表达的ANLL中,经FAB及MIC分型,17例为急性粒细胞白血病部分分化型(M2),占81％,另外4例分别是骨髓异常增生综合征-转化中的原始细胞增多的难治性贫血(MDS—RAEB—T)后转为M2型1例,急性粒单细胞白血病伴嗜酸细胞增多(M4EO)1例,急性单核白血病(M5)1例和嗜酸性粒细胞白血病1例。可评定疗效的20例中,18例达到完全缓解(CR),CR率达90％。8例同期收治的ANLL无融合基因和基因异常的病例,CR率达87．5％。结论 AML1／ETO融合基因阳性及阴性的两组病例,在各主要临床指标方面差异没有显著性。采用RT—PCR检测白血病患儿AML1／ETO融合基因是一种快速、简便、灵敏的辅助诊断方法,对ANLL的诊断及预后判断有重要的临床价值。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.