不同输液中头孢吡肟的稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用盐酸头孢吡肟与4种常用输液配伍的稳定性。方法:将注射用盐酸头孢吡肟按临床用药质量浓度与5%(50mg/mL)葡萄糖注射液、10%(100mg/mL)葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液与0.9%(9.0mg/mL)氯化钠注射液配伍,并将配伍液分别置室温25℃下光照及避光放置,于不同时间(0,1,2,3,4,6h)时采用紫外分光光度法测定头孢吡肟的质量与pH值以及观察配伍液中外观变化。结果:在25℃下光照及避光放置,0~6h时配伍液外观、pH值及头孢吡肟质量均无明显变化。结论:注射用盐酸头孢吡肟与4种常用输液配伍后在25℃下光照及避光放置,6h内是稳定的。     

注射用盐酸甲砜霉素甘氨酸酯在4种输液中的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用盐酸甲砜霉素甘氨酸酯(TGH)于不同温度下与4种输液的配伍稳定性。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定注射用TGH在乳酸钠林格注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液、木糖醇注射液中于5、25℃温度条件下24h内的含量变化,并考察配伍液的外观、pH值变化。结果:注射用盐酸甲砜霉素甘氨酸酯与4种输液在5、25℃温度条件下配伍后,0～24h外观、pH值、含量均无明显改变。结论:注射用盐酸甲砜霉素甘氨酸酯可与上述4种输液于5、25℃条件下配伍,0～24h内稳定性良好。     

注射用盐酸头孢替安与常用输液配伍稳定性考察

目的考察注射用盐酸头孢替安与4种常用输液配伍的稳定性。方法在室温（25℃）条件下,将注射用盐酸头孢替安按临床用药浓度与5％葡萄糖、10％葡萄糖、葡萄糖氯化钠、0．9％氯化钠注射液配伍,于不同时间采用紫外分光光度法测定含量,观察配伍液外观变化并测定其pH。结果在0～8h内配伍液外观、pH及含量均无明显变化。结论注射用盐酸头孢替安与4种常用输液配伍后8h内稳定。     

注射用盐酸雷莫司琼与4种输液配伍的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用盐酸雷莫司琼在5％葡萄糖注射液等4种输液中的稳定性。方法在25℃,将注射用盐酸雷莫司琼加入到4种输液中,模拟临床用药浓度,用高效液相色谱法测定配伍后不同时间配伍液的含量,同时检查配伍液的pH值和外观变化。结果注射用盐酸雷莫司琼与4种输液配伍后在25℃放置10h其外观、pH值和含量基本不变。结论注射用盐酸雷莫司琼与4种输液配伍,在10h内基本稳定。     

注射用阿魏酸钠与4种输液的配伍

目的：考察注射用阿魏酸钠（注射用心血康）在4种输液（即葡萄糖氯化钠注射液，0.9%氯化钠注射液，10％葡萄糖注射液，5％葡萄糖注射液。）中的稳定性。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍液0－18h内不同时间注射用阿魏酸钠的含量及吸收曲线，并测定pH值，同时观察配伍液的酸钠的含量及吸收曲线，并测定pH值，同时观察配伍液的外观。结果：注射用阿魏酸钠在室温下在4种输液中配伍后18h内吸收曲线、pH及外观几无改变，含量在18h内未低于标示量的95％。结论：注射用阿魏酸钠在室温下在4种输液中配伍是安全可靠的。     

注射用硫酸头孢噻利与3种常用输液配伍的稳定性考察

目的 考察注射用硫酸头孢噻利与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性.方法 建立注射用硫酸头孢噻利在3种输液中的紫外分光光度法含量测定方法,分析混合液在25℃条件下6h内药物含量,并观察其外观、pH值及紫外光谱变化,采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍液中硫酸头孢噻利含量.结果 6h内配伍液外观、pH及含量基本保持不变.结论 注射用硫酸头孢噻利与3种输液的配伍液在6h内稳定,可以配伍使用.     

注射用盐酸兰地洛尔与4种溶液的配伍稳定性考察

目的 研究盐酸兰地洛尔粉针剂与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、10%葡萄糖注射液以及葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍后的稳定性.方法 采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定注射用盐酸兰地洛尔与4种常用输液于室温（25℃）配伍4h内的含量,并测定不溶性微粒及pH值变化.结果 注射用盐酸兰地洛尔与上述4种输液配伍放置4h后,pH值、不溶性微粒、含量均无明显改变.结论 注射用盐酸兰地洛尔在上述4种输液中4h内稳定性良好.     

注射用硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液的配伍稳定性。方法:在25℃下,将注射用硫酸头孢噻利分别与0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、木糖醇注射液、转化糖注射液配伍,在24 h内考察配伍液的外观、pH值、不溶性微粒变化,用高效液相色谱法测定硫酸头孢噻利的含量。结果:硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液配伍在24 h内含量>97%,溶液外观、pH值无明显变化,不溶性微粒符合《中国药典》(2005年版)规定。结论:硫酸头孢噻利与6种输液在25℃、24 h内配伍稳定。     

注射用头孢孟多酯钠在4种常用液体中的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用头孢孟多酯钠在25℃下与0．9％氯化钠注射液、5％葡萄糖注射液、10％葡萄糖注射液和5％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液4种常用输液液体配伍的稳定性。方法将注射用头孢孟多酯钠与输液配伍,采用高效液相色谱法测定头孢孟多酯钠的含量变化,并考察配伍液的外观和pH变化。结果注射用头孢孟多酯钠与0．9％氯化钠及5％葡萄糖氯化钠在室温下（25％）配伍,0～8h内其外观、pH值及含量无明显变化。而与5％葡萄糖注射液、10％葡萄糖注射液配伍稳定性欠佳。结论注射用头孢孟多酯钠与输液配伍时应选择0．9％氯化钠注射液或5％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液,不宜与5％葡萄糖注射液和10％葡萄糖注射液配伍。     

头孢尼西钠与输液配伍的稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用头孢尼西钠与4种常用输液配伍的稳定性。方法:置25℃光照及避光条件下放置,将注射用头孢尼西钠按临床用药浓度与5%葡萄糖、10%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠、0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍,在不同时间内采用紫外分光光度法测定头孢尼西钠的质量,观察配伍液外观变化并测定其pH值的变化。结果:25℃下,光照及避光条件下放置,0~6h内配伍液外观、pH值及头孢尼西钠的质量均无明显变化。结论:注射用头孢尼西钠与4种常用输液配伍后在25℃下光照与避光放置,6h内是稳定的。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.