397例急性冠状动脉综合征急诊介入治疗的即刻和随访结果

目的分析过去59个月期间开展急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的397例急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的即刻和随访结果.方法1999年3月～2004年1月对397例ACS患者经股动脉或桡动脉施行急诊PCI.310例ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者施行直接PCI治疗,补救PCI治疗7例STEMI,急诊PCI治疗80例不稳定型心绞痛或非ST段抬高性心肌梗死(UA/NSTE-MI).结果直接PCI手术操作成功率99%,术中无复流发生率10.6%.42例(13.5%)应用了主动脉气囊反搏术,10例应用了远端保护装置.8例发生支架内急性/亚急性或后期支架内血栓形成,住院死亡17/310例(5.5%),6个月死亡17/250例(死亡率6.8%).补救性PCI术后6例患者的严重心肌缺血和(或)急性肺水肿的症状得到明显改善,1例合并心源性休克的多支血管病变患者术后1小时死亡.UA/NSTEMI的介入操作成功率96.3%,所有患者的临床缺血症状迅速改善.一例发生支架内亚急性血栓形成.结论直接PCI扩大了治疗STEMI的适应证,迅速使梗死相关动脉开通并恢复正常血流,在高危患者存活率高,住院时间缩短.补救性PCI是静脉溶栓治疗失败后的一种有效补救措施,但是同样具有较高风险.急诊PCI对于改善UA/NTEMI患者的缺血症状非常有效,再缺血、再梗死和再闭塞发生率低.     

药物涂层支架内血栓形成特点分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉造影证实的药物涂层支架(DES)内血栓形成患者的临床特点.方法 回顾性收集我中心2005年3月至2009年3月冠状动脉造影证实的支架内血栓形成患者的临床情况、造影结果、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)过程、抗血小板治疗等资料,分析支架内血栓形成特点和治疗及预后情况.结果 20例冠状动脉造影证实的支架血栓形成患者,发生率为 1.03%(20/1946),均表现为ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI),所有患者均为DES[其中18例(90.0%)为西罗莫司及其衍生物涂层支架(SES),2例(10.0%)为紫杉醇涂层支架(PES)].10例(50.0%)为亚急性支架血栓形成,1例(5.0%)为晚期支架血栓形成,9例(45.0%)为极晚期ST;3例(15.0%)再次发生支架血栓形成,1例(5.0%)2支血管同时发生支架血栓形成.所有患者均接受正规的氯吡格雷+阿司匹林抗血小板治疗1年,9例(45.0%)极晚期支架血栓形成均在停用氯吡格雷后发生.12例(60.0%)患者为长支架(支架长度≥30 mm)置入,其中8例(40.0%)患者为串联支架置入;10例(50.0%)亚急性支架血栓形成患者再次PCI时均接受球囊扩张,1例(5.0%)晚期支架血栓形成患者也接受球囊扩张,9例(45.0%)极晚期支架血栓形成患者再次PCI时,5例(25.0%)患者只接受球囊扩张;随访结果显示,2例(10.0%)患者院内死亡,1例(5.0%)患者因反复支架内血栓形成而接受冠状动脉旁路移植术.结论 支架内血栓形成少见,支架内血栓形成常导致STEMI;支架血栓形成与长支架置入和急诊PCI治疗有关;多数支架内血栓形成可通过球囊扩张治疗;某些患者存在多支血管同时、多次发生支架血栓形成的风险.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of angiographically confirmed drug-eluting stent thrombosis (ST). Methods All the angiographically confirmed ST was enrolled in the study from March 2005 to March 2009. Clinical data, angiographic outcomes, procedures of PCI, and anti-platelet treatment of ST were retrospectively collected. Results Total 20 cases of ST included 18 cases (90.0%) of sirolimus and derives eluting stents and 2 cases (10.0%) of paclitaxel eluting stent. Ten (50.0%) stent thromboses were subacute, 1 (5.0%) were late, and 9 (45.0%) were very late. ST reoccurred in 3 cases and occurred simultaneously in two arteries in 1 case. All the cases presented with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ST occurred in 16 cases after emergency PCI and 4 cases after selective PCI. Nine late stent thrombosis occurred after clopidogrel cessation. Long stents (stent length ≥ 30 mm) were implanted in 12 cases (60.0%), of which overlap stents were implanted in 8 cases (40.0%).Balloon angioplasty was used in 16 cases (80.0%). The 2 patients died from STEMI during hospitalization and 1 patient accepted coronary artery bypass graft for repetitive ST. Conclusions Angiographically confirmed ST appears rarely, but most frequent ST presents with STEMI. ST is related with long stent implantation and emergency PCI. Balloon angioplasty is frequently used for ST. Some patients have the risk of multiple arteries and repetitive ST.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术开通梗死相关血管时程变化对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期预后的影响

目的:观察急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)开通梗死相关血管的时程变化对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)住院期间死亡率及心肌梗死后30 d内心血管事件发生率的影响.方法:急性STEMI患者213例,根据症状发生至第1次球囊扩张的时间分为3组:＜180 min组(A组,27例),180～360 min组(B组,83例),＞360 min组(C组,103例).观察各组术后30 d内主要心血管不良事件的发生率,包括心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、急性亚急性支架内血栓形成.结果:症状发生到第1次球囊扩张的时间中位数为(355.3±223)min,C组老年患者(≥75岁)及女性患者相对多见,前壁梗死和心源性休克发生率较高.住院总心源性死亡率为13.6%,C组住院期间死亡率(17.5%)明显高于A组(3.7%)和B组(12.1%);急性心肌梗死的并发症心源性休克显著影响死亡率(36.5%).随访30 d,心源性休克、≥75岁高龄、女性患者心血管事件发生率显著升高.多因素回归分析显示时间延迟>360 min是影响急性STEMI早期预后的独立危险因素.结论:急诊PCI时间的延迟显著影响急性STEMI早期预后.急诊PCI时间延迟超过6h是影响早期预后的独立危险因素.     

急性心肌梗死急诊冠状动脉介入治疗后支架内急性血栓形成的原因及处理二例分析

由于围手术期抗凝/抗血小板药物的应用,急性心肌梗死急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后支架内急性血栓形成已经大大减少.本文报告两例急诊PCI后支架内急性血栓形成,以提高将来识别和处理这种情况的能力.过去4年间成功地对195例急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者施行直接PCI,但是术后有2例(1%)发生支架内急性血栓形成.     

氯吡格雷与替格瑞洛辅助阿司匹林对STEMI病人PCI术后慢血流及出血事件的影响

目的探讨氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛辅助阿司匹林对行经皮冠脉介入(PCI)术ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)病人术后慢血流及出血事件的影响。方法选取我院2013年7月—2016年7月收治行PCI术STEMI病人共220例,根据抗血小板方案不同分为对照组(120例)和观察组(100例)。分别在阿司匹林基础上术后加用氯吡格雷与替格瑞洛治疗,比较两组病人术后慢血流发生率、大出血和小出血事件发生率及支架内血栓发生率等。结果观察组术后慢血流发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组大出血和小出血事件发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组急性支架内血栓发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组亚急性和晚期支架内血栓发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相较于氯吡格雷,替格瑞洛用于行PCI术STEMI病人可有效预防术后慢血流发生,避免急性支架内血栓形成,提高抗血小板效果,并未增加远期出血风险。     

急性心肌梗死介入治疗后冠状动脉支架内亚急性血栓分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)支架置入术后支架内亚急性血栓形成的相关因素.方法 612例AMI支架置入术后患者,4例发生支架内亚急性血栓,分析血栓形成的相关因素.结果 4例AMI患者在介入治疗后2～13 d发生原梗死部位的再次AMI,经冠状动脉造影证实支架内血栓形成,发生率近0.7%,3例裸金属支架,1例药物洗脱支架.3例合并高血压,2例合并糖尿病.1例支架贴壁不完全,2例补救性PCI因出血并发症未规范抗凝、抗血小板治疗,再次PCI后,1例因左心衰死亡.结论 AMI后支架内亚急性血栓多发生于合并高血压、糖尿病患者,以及介入治疗后明显残余狭窄、血栓残留病变患者,合理选用支架,规范抗凝、抗血小板治疗是防止发生支架内亚急性血栓的关键措施.     

药物洗脱支架置入术后亚急性支架内血栓形成的相关因素分析:附5例病例报告

目的分析药物洗脱支架置入术后亚急性支架内血栓形成的相关因素。方法选取2011年7月—2014年6月于重庆医科大学附属永川医院接受治疗的冠心病患者5例,均在药物洗脱支架置入术后出现亚急性支架内血栓形成,分析其临床资料及支架内血栓形成的相关因素。结果 5例患者中入院诊断为心肌梗死4例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)1例;心血管危险因素:原发性高血压4例,吸烟2例,2型糖尿病1例,高脂血症1例;术后停用抗血小板药物3例,坚持服用2例;猝死1例,好转出院4例。2例患者未行冠状动脉造影,为可能的支架内血栓形成;3例患者行冠状动脉造影证实原支架置入部位血栓形成,均有缺血表现(胸痛、左心力衰竭);支架内血栓形成时间为术后6～22 d。结论亚急性支架内血栓形成与氯吡格雷抵抗、停用抗血小板药物、心肌梗死有关。     

替格瑞洛在老年ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用

目的分析替格瑞洛在老年ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)行急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的疗效。方法老年STEMI行PCI的患者,分别应用替格瑞洛或氯吡格雷预防心血管血栓事件。观察两组30 d心血管事件及出血等不良反应情况。结果替格瑞洛组血管原因死亡率、再发心肌梗死发生率、复发严重心肌缺血发生率、冠脉支架血栓形成发生率低于氯吡格雷组。两组严重出血事件无差异。结论在STEMI PCI患者中,与氯吡格雷比,替格瑞洛可显著降低血管原因死亡率、再发心肌梗死或脑卒中发生率,同时不增加总体主要出血发生率。     

抗血小板药物不同用法预防PCI术后亚急性血栓形成的观察

目的 观察阿司匹林联合硫酸氢氯吡格雷抗血小板时不同用法预防冠状动脉支架术后亚急性血栓形成的效果.方法 以2004年-2010年行经皮冠状动脉成形术(PCI)术患者为观察对象.2004年-2007年的669例患者为对照组,择期PCI 650例,急诊PCI 19例;2008年-2010年的582例患者为治疗组,择期PCI 569例,急诊PCI 13例.抗血小板药物给予不同用法,观察1月,比较亚急性血栓发生的情况.结果 对照组发生亚急性血栓5例,治疗组未见亚急性血栓形成.结论 抗血小板药物不同用法对预防冠状动脉支架术后亚急性血栓形成安全有效.     

药物洗脱支架血栓形成并发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的预后研究

目的 分析药物洗脱支架(DES)血栓形成引起急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床和直接冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)特征及预后.方法 31例因DES血栓形成引起STEMI(ST组)和93例由原发冠状动脉病变所致STEMI患者(对照组)接受直接PCI治疗.记录各例临床和PCI特征及1年随访结果.研究主要终点为院内及1年累积主要心脏不良事件(MACE),包括死亡、非致命性再梗死及靶血管再次血运重建(TVR).结果 与对照组比较,ST组年龄较大(69.9±11.4岁比63.7±13.6岁,P=0.01),糖尿病(41.9%比22.6%,P=0.04)和既往心肌梗死史(29.0%比11.8%,P=0.02)明显增多;直接PCI后冠状动脉TIMI 3级血流显著降低(45.2%比92.5%,P＜0.001).ST组院内死亡率(16.1%比3.2%,P=0.01)和MACE发生率(25.8%比7.5%,P:0.007)显著增高,术后1年总生存率及无MACE生存率显著降低(分别为77.4%比92.5%,P=0.016;59.4%比85.1%,P=0.001).结论 DES血栓形成引起STEMI患者即使接受直接PCI治疗,其院内死亡及MACE发生率仍显著高于由原发冠状动脉病变所致的心肌梗死患者.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.